ISSN:0802-6106    

DOI:10.1111/j.1473-4192.1991.tb00001.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Based on an analysis of 238 variables pertaining to 170 polities, it becomes apparent that linguistic heterogeneity is not an independent predictor of either GNP or civil strife. The former is primarily accounted for by modernization and industrialization variables, while the latter is primarily accounted for by long‐ and short‐term deprivation and the inadequacy of prior coercive power. It is hypothesized that linguistic heterogeneity at the polity level will have positive consequences only if positive policies are instituted toward

ISSN:0802-6106    

DOI:10.1111/j.1473-4192.1991.tb00002.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Research on subtypes of developmental dyslexia often implies that dyslexics fall into discrete groups with different reading strategies and underlying deficits. Recently this assumption has been questioned (Stanovich 1989). However, the distributions of reading strategies in groups of dyslexic and normal readers have never been compared. With this aim, the present study compared the individual reading strategies in a group of 26 severely impaired developmental dyslexics with strategies in a reading‐level‐matched group of 26 younger, normal readers. It was found that reading skills and strategies were distributed over a continuum in both groups. The dyslexic subjects were specifically impaired in phonological processing, however, and half of them read by means of more whole‐word oriented strategies than any of the normal controls. These findings contest current subtype theory and clinical practice (e.g. Boder&Jarrico

ISSN:0802-6106    

DOI:10.1111/j.1473-4192.1991.tb00003.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper isolates and discusses some strategies that are involved in the examination and cross‐examination techniques used in the adversarial system of a criminal trial in the U.S., with material drawn from the mock trial of Lee Harvey Oswald. I argue that communication in the courtroom cannot be described in terms of traditional discourse analysis, since the real communication takes place not between the speakers, but between counsel and jury. Semantic, syntactic and pragmatic features are examined in order to explain how counsel establish credibility for themselves and their witnesses, and how they use particular question types to achieve calculated responses from witnesses, which are again used to flash meta‐messages to the judge and j

ISSN:0802-6106    

DOI:10.1111/j.1473-4192.1991.tb00004.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Languages are dying out, without being replaced, at an increasingly catastrophic rate. Languages are being lost as a result of language shift and language murder. Already the most populous 100 languages of the world account for 95% of the world's population. There are good reasons for linguists to publicise this loss of linguistic diversity and to attempt to stem the tide as much as they are able. For example, linguists should be prepared to argue publicly that barriers to communication can be a good thing, that bilingualism is normal, and that all languages are complex and adequate systems of communication.

ISSN:0802-6106    

DOI:10.1111/j.1473-4192.1991.tb00005.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In this article I describe the written language situation of China's minority peoples, and deal in particular with script reforms and the creation of new scripts after the People's Republic was founded in 1949. In spite of great efforts made by minority researchers and administrators, the new and reformed scripts have had little success, and the possible reasons for this are discussed. Extensive information on the minority languages of China is given in appendices to the article.

ISSN:0802-6106    

DOI:10.1111/j.1473-4192.1991.tb00006.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In this paper, we attempt to outline a hierarchical model of acquisition of second language phonology. This is done within strict linguistic parameters. In our opinion, language use involves not only the scrutinization of contexts and evocation of appropriate rules, but also a more global process of referring to the speaker's model of language. Furthermore, we hypothesize that learning the phonology of a second language is accomplished in a contact situation in which a conflict emerges between the native and target phonologies. The contact framework is a dynamic one in the sense that the learner has to carry out a number of operations, such as a selection and synthesis of segments and features and a matching procedure. In more formal settings, the “rehearsal” needs to be reinforced by pedagogical interventions. These help the learner to build a target phonological system with a satisfactory degree of confide

ISSN:0802-6106    

DOI:10.1111/j.1473-4192.1991.tb00007.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper challenges the new, legally‐binding provision that spoken Standard English should be taught to all school pupils who do not already speak it. The rationale for this proposal is contained in a document known as the Cox Report, which sets out the compulsory curriculum for the teaching of English. The general argument of the paper is that this move must be opposed because its implications are socially sinister. More specifically, it is based on a flawed description of spoken Standard and nonStandard; the additive principle is socially naive and ignores well‐documented consequences; the proposed pedagogy has no credibility nor is it grounded in proven practice; the important notion ofcovert prestigeis not accommodated. The critique is then extended to the pervasive use in the Cox Report of the concept ofappropriateness, since it does not resolve how and by whom it is determined and appears to propose replacing the pursuit of one correct language with multi‐correctnesses. Against this is the proposition that appropriateness can be and often is a matter of flexibility, negotiation and contest

ISSN:0802-6106    

DOI:10.1111/j.1473-4192.1991.tb00008.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper deals with a small‐scale empirical study which addresses the questions of what characterizes radio language, and how and why it varies. One way of finding the answers to these questions is to look at them in relation to the traditional modes of discourse, i.e. speaking and writing. The hypothesis is that variation in radio language can be described as variation along a continuum from spoken to written language. The data for this study comprises two hours of broadcasting from morning magazine programmes. The data is divided into text types, with the macrosyntagma (sentence) as the unit of analysis. Based on American theories of spoken vs. written discourse, a number of linguistic variables (e.g. pragmatic particles, interjections, and grammatical irregularities/‘mistakes’) have been established. The methodology consists of ranking the text types on the basis of the relative frequency of these linguistic variables. The results show that there is a connection between language use and social context (realised as text type) in radio language. However, the results are inconclusive about the hypothesis that there is unambiguous variation along a continuum from spoken to written language. Radio languageisa mixture of spoken and written language, but it appears that the relationship between the amount of discourse planning and the type of social interaction is not the same in radio situations as it is in spoken and written situa

ISSN:0802-6106    

DOI:10.1111/j.1473-4192.1991.tb00009.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0802-6106    

DOI:10.1111/j.1473-4192.1991.tb00010.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY