摘要:

Some history: Number of women employed by federal government rose sharply during World War I, but postwar retrenchment showed that women's permanent gains were largely in clerical occupations. World War II opened doors to virtually all professional fields as well. Women are now found in four‐fifths of all occupations in federal government, including such fields as lighthouse keepers, park archeologists, draftsmen, medical officers, and rural mail carriers. There are now about 576,000 women employed by Uncle Sam. In classified service, there are 25,500 at grade GS‐9 and above.Occupational distribution: Women predominate today in several occupations and in some bureaus of federal agencies. They outnumber men in three broad occupational groups: personnel administration, mathematics and statistics, and library and archives. Counting classified positions only, they outnumber men in two additional groups: accounting and budget, and general administrative, clerical, and office services. There are more women than men as nurses, dietitians, librarians, social workers, stenographers, typists, and telephone operators. Many women workers are concentrated in Children's Bureau of Department of Labor and in Human Nutrition Research and Household Economics Research Divisions of Department of Agriculture. Women in federal white‐collar jobs have increased by more than 20,000 since 1954, mainly in fields of accounting and budget, business and industry, biological and physical sciences, education, law, and mathematics and stati

ISSN:0031-5737    

DOI:10.1002/j.2164-4918.1962.tb02132.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1962

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paperdeals with a descriptive frame‐ work for categorizing individuals with respect to many behaviors and qualities included in the various statements of positive mental health. The concepts of psychological effectiveness and imposed social position are introduced as consistent with the requirements of the descriptive framewor

ISSN:0031-5737    

DOI:10.1002/j.2164-4918.1962.tb02133.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1962

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Centuries agowhen the Christian religion was beginning to make a serious impact upon the Greco‐Roman world, one of the leading thinkers of the early Church, Tertullian of Carthage, raised the question “What does Jerusalem have to do with Athens?” Just as this was a crucial question at the beginning of the third century, so it is a crucial question in our own time, for the traditions of Jerusalem and Athens are still very much with us. Jerusalem is still a symbol for the religious man, and represents faith, revelation, personal commitment, and the truth of personal experience; Athens remains a symbol for the academic man, and stands for reason, analysis, objectivity, and the truth of research and experiment. The tradition of Jerusalem is carried on by the church and synagogue; the tradition of Athens is upheld by our colleges and univers

ISSN:0031-5737    

DOI:10.1002/j.2164-4918.1962.tb02134.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1962

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

As the guidancemovement developed in its first three or four decades, its progress was marked by refinement of tests and other measuring devices. From the development of intelligence tests, it proceeded to interest inventories, dexterity tests, and a variety of devices purporting to measure various aptitudes and personality traits.While the counseling and guidance profession was emphasizing tests, sociologists and social psychologists had begun to discover the importance of social factors relevant to vocational development, such as the relationship between social class membership and attending college [8,14,15]. Some results of sociological studies are reflected in the theories of vocational choice or vocational development outlined by Ginzberg [7], Super [13], and Beilin [1]. The trend from “vocational guidance” to “counseling psychology” may also represent some implicit leaning toward a broader frame of reference which would give more consideration to social factors. It is the purpose of this paper to (1) bring together some of the published sociological information most relevant for counseling psychology, (2) suggest additional inferences from social factors, and (3) outline specific kinds of social information which counseling psychologists would need in order to incorporate sociological knowledge and theory into their professional p

ISSN:0031-5737    

DOI:10.1002/j.2164-4918.1962.tb02135.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1962

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Human behaviormay be viewed as both “cause and effect” in the social milieu within which the individual develops. This dual role is particularly true of personality patterns, because they reflect certain interpersonal behavioral constants between the individual and his peers. Behavioral scientists recognize that peer acceptance or the lack of it is determined in large part by the personality traits which are exhibited by the individual. They have also recognized that the relationship between personality and the learning of school subjects is an intimate one. Nearly every recent text in educational psychology relates the need for peer acceptance to the learning effe ctiveness of the individ

ISSN:0031-5737    

DOI:10.1002/j.2164-4918.1962.tb02136.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1962

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Every professionalworker whose role is to help other people frequently encounters cases which, for one reason or another, involve the referral aspect of counseling. This is true regardless of the amount of training or experience of the counselor. This referral task often presents many complex issues and problems which are not easily resolved. The challenge of this responsibility is felt by ministers, lawyers, social workers, mental health specialists, psychologists, and other professionals who are in a service or helping relationship with persons. There are no easy rules to follow or prescribed ways of handling this important aspect of the counseling relationship, but some contribution may be made by considering some of the issues and problems which are involved in the referral process.Referral is an old, recognized, and frequently used aspect of counseling, but a survey of the literature shows that it is a much neglected topic. It is only meagerly treated in training textbooks and professional journals and almost totally neglected as an area of research. The field of social work has given the most extensive treatment to the subject.

ISSN:0031-5737    

DOI:10.1002/j.2164-4918.1962.tb02137.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1962

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The constructionof residence halls should be planned to suit the population, land usage, and financial structure of the college or university. One step in planning for additional residence halls is to assess current practice on similar campuses. Because there are a great many ways in which one institution can vary from another, this step will supply only general information to the planners. Adaptations must be made to fit the local situation.In an attempt to assess current practices relating to housing for men in moderate‐sized public institutions, questionnaires were sent to 43 colleges and universities of about 2,000 to 8,000 students. Of this group, 39 institutions responded. The operation of residence halls was assessed as to capacity, the reasons for the capacity limits, location, recreation areas, parking areas, food services, types of rooms, lounge areas, equipment, and facilities. The report will be made in terms of percentages of total numbers or actual figures when the percentages are smal

ISSN:0031-5737    

DOI:10.1002/j.2164-4918.1962.tb02138.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1962

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The currentcontroversies over educational practices, past and present, European and American, have produced many heated debates and discussions. While many of the issues brought up have not been resolved, there appear to be two important, consistently stated, and agreed upon beliefs which were significant in developing this study: (1) the desirability of a careful examination and evaluation of all phases of our public school program, and (2) the need for trained guidance counselors and organized guidance programs in the public secondary schools.These would seem to suggest further that the study of current guidance programs would be in order and a number and variety of these have been and are continuing to be undertaken at the local, state, and national levels. However, these studies and evaluations have, for the most part, been undertaken from the adult, staff, guidance specialist, and occasionally parent, viewpoint. This survey represents an attempt to study this phase of the school program from the viewpoint of the group most directly affected—the students, with the belief that an understanding of pupil information about, attitudes toward, and utilization of their school guidance programs would be significant to guidance counselors in secondary school programs and, also, could present implications for counselor trainers directing college training programs in counselor preparatio

ISSN:0031-5737    

DOI:10.1002/j.2164-4918.1962.tb02139.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1962

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The studysummarized in this paper was motivated by concern as to why Michigan State University students change their academic majors and how they feel about having done so. It was believed that such information would be helpful in suggesting ways in which this University and its constituent high schools could be more effective in aiding entering students with their educational‐vocational planning. The findings of this questionnaire study may be useful to other colleges and universitie

ISSN:0031-5737    

DOI:10.1002/j.2164-4918.1962.tb02140.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1962

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Often the usefulnessof an adjustment inventory is questioned on the basis of the appropriateness of its application for a certain group or its accuracy in producing a valid appraisal of the traits it purports to measure. In this study, one of these types of adjustment inventories was examined.

ISSN:0031-5737    

DOI:10.1002/j.2164-4918.1962.tb02141.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1962

数据来源: WILEY