摘要:

ABSTRACT.1An examination of the phenetics, ecology and distribution ofChlosyne harrisiisuggested that it was a potential mimic of the unpalatableEuphydryas phaeton.2The wing undersurfaces of the adults are very similar and the larvae are virtually identical. The geographic range of both butterflies is the northeastern United States and both are inhabitants of wet meadow habitats where they may fly together. The life histories of both species are closely synchronized.3A series of feeding experiments using blue‐jays as predators showed first, thatC.harrisiiis palatable, and second, suggested that the birds could not distinguish betweenC.harrisiiandE.phaetonon the basis of visual cues. Thus,Charrisiiseems to be an effective Batesian mimic ofE.phaeto

ISSN:0307-6946    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1983.tb00475.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.1Tarsonemusmites phoretic on southern pine beetles were shown to be hypervectors of bluestain fungus,Ceratocystis minor(Hedgcock 1906).2Beetles with phoretic mites had significantly moreC.minorthan did mite‐free beetles.3Over 90% of tarsonemid mites collected from beetle‐infested inner bark and 59% of mites phoretic on emerging beetles carriedC.minorspores.4This association is an interesting example of a three‐way mutualism among insects, mites and

ISSN:0307-6946    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1983.tb00476.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.1The locust displayed clear preferences in the ranking of five possible food plants: wheat>barley =Cypeius alternifolia>chives>lemon grass.2In two‐species stands of constant numerical density, the locust grazed selectively on the less‐favoured plant when it was relatively less abundant.3The behavioural mechanism of selective grazing was a change in the readiness to eat a plant as its relative frequency changed: i.e. the consumption/encounter ratio rose as relative density fell.4With the exception ofCyperus, which nutritionally is below chives, the preference ranking matched nutritional ranking as estimated by rearing‐success on single plant species.5It is suggested that such negative frequency‐dependent selection may be a common strategy for polyphagous herbivores as it permits a wide dietary intake without hazards from potentially toxi

ISSN:0307-6946    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1983.tb00477.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.1Eggs of the British woodland mosquito,Aedes punctor(Kirby), were subjected to a variety of media in an attempt to determine the hatching stimulus.2It was found that continuous immersion in distilled water evoked almost no hatching (0.2%); intermittent removal from the water gave low hatching (8.9%).3Slow deoxygenation of the medium by either bacterial growth or the introduction of nitrogen produced the highest level of hatching (26.0–90.0%). Eggs ofA.punctorwere shown to hatch within a 4 h period of the oxygen concentration in the medium reaching zer

ISSN:0307-6946    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1983.tb00478.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.1Once pupal diapause had been terminated, over‐wintering cabbage root fly (Delia radicum(L.)) pupae from Wellesbourne required a further 14 days at 20°C for most of the flies to emerge.2There were considerable variations in the rates of fly emergence from thirteen populations of cabbage root fly pupae collected between latitudes 50° 42′ and 54° 59′ in England and Wales. These thirteen populations could be grouped into early‐, intermediate‐ and late‐emerging types. In the early‐emerging type, flies emerged within 14 days at 20°C whereas in the late‐emerging type emergence was protracted and was completed only after 100 days at 20°C in one population from Halsall, Lancashire. In the intermediateemerging type, approximately two‐thirds of the flies emerged within 14 days at 20° C, the remainder taking considerably longer.3The intermediate‐emerging types could be just mixtures of the early‐ and late‐emerging types.4Subjecting pupae to diapause‐breaking temperatures (4°C) for up to 1 year failed to shorten the time to subsequent fly emergence in any of the populations.5Populations of early, intermediate‐ and late‐emerging fies could be selected from a parental population, heterogeneous with respect to emergence, within one generation.6The type of emergence that occurred in a locality was not correlated with latitude.7Any models developed for forecasting the most appropriate time to apply insecticide in a locality will have to include information about the emergence pattern of

ISSN:0307-6946    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1983.tb00479.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.1There are significant differences in the effects of larval photo‐period on diapause and pupal colour among the speciesPapilio polyxenesFabr.,P.troilusL.,Battus philenor(L.) andEurytides marcellus(Cramer).2Diapause and pupal colour inP.polyxenesandP.troilusare strongly influenced by larval photoperiod, short photophase eliciting brown diapausing pupae. Photoperiods of 15L:9D permit the expression of the green and brown pupal colour alternatives.3Pupal colour inB.philenorandE.marcellusis not affected by larval photoperiod, but short photophase induces diapause in these species.4All species exceptB.philenorshow an association between brown pupal colour and diapause:Emarcelluswhen reared on long (midsummer) photophase,P.polyxenesandP.troiluswhen reared on short (autumnal) photophase.5InP.polyxenes, short photophase can affect pupal colour responses directly, whether the individual enters diapause or not.6Differences among the species are related to differences in the ecology of their natural pupation site

ISSN:0307-6946    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1983.tb00480.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.1The sexual competitiveness of sterile melon fly males [Ducus (Zeugodacus) cucurbitueCoquillett] was estimated under field conditions.2The value of competitiveness was about 0.8 for flies in the fifth to tenth generation from the beginning of mass‐rearing, but decreased to about 0.2 in the eighteenth generation.3The sexual competitiveness estimated using laboratory data was near unity even in the final stage of our study.4It was concluded that the field evaluation of sexual competitiveness is essential to determine the quality of the insects reared for purposes of pest contro

ISSN:0307-6946    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1983.tb00481.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.1Dung beetle lifestyles are reviewed. Most Scarabaeinae lay their eggs in dung masses that are packed into underground chambers, but Coprini and Scarabaeini typically lay their eggs in free‐standing brood balls and it is in these tribes that parental care of the brood has evolved.2Brood balls are constructed by aggregating fragments of dung. This technique is derived from the method of gathering dung at the surface. Larvae developing in brood balls are better protected against dehydration and parasite attack. The repair technique of Scarabaeine larvae preadapts them to life in brood balls.3Parental care byCopris lunarisdepends on appropriate responses by the female to the brood, and it has the selective advantage of protecting the brood against parasites. Preadaptations for parental care in‘non‐brooding’Coprini are discussed.4Variations in the basicCoprisnesting behaviour are summarized. Similar variations can occur spontaneously inC.lunarisand can also be released by unusual circumstances.5C.lunarisfemales could in principle cooperate but certain factors have prevented this social evolution. The significance of the transient cooperation with the male beetle is di

ISSN:0307-6946    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1983.tb00482.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.1Feeding burrows made byS.carnifexandD.torulosusadults consisted of tunnels filled with sausage‐shaped masses of dung. Brood balls were made by taking fragments of dung from an adjacent feeding burrow and aggregating them into a small sphere which was gradually enlarged and then coated with soil.2S.carnifexadult females showed no response to their own eggs (unlikeCopris lunaris:Klemperer, H.G. (1982)Ecological Erltonzology, 7, 155–167).S.carnifexlarvae made and maintained an air channel to the upper pole of the ball and they are in this respect preadapted to receive parental care.3Compared with a brood mass, a brood ball was less likely to be attacked by Meptoparasitic larvae. The soil coat retarded drying of the brood ball by increasing the total mass of moisturecontaining mater

ISSN:0307-6946    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1983.tb00483.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.1Temporal patterns of seed use were studied from late winter to autumn in three species of seed‐harvesting ants in the Sonoran Desert. Measures of effective foraging activity, dietary niche breadth and dietary niche overlaps were obtained each month and were tested for correlation with estimates of the available seed resource.2Seeds were the only numerically important type of food in the diets of all species.3The ants partitioned the resource according to both seed species and seed size, although there was considerable overlap.4Pheidole xerophilahad the smallest forager body size and is a specialist on small seeds because it harvested them in greater proportion than their rank in the soils and expanded its diet to larger seeds only when the abundance of small seeds declined.5When the abundance of the small seeds ofBouteloua barbatadecreased, the middle‐sized ant,Veromessor pergandei, showed a decrease in foraging activity, increase in niche breadth, and a decrease in overlap withP.xerophila.6Seed size preferences ofV.pergandeidid not vary seasonally, except that during the month of highest seed abundance,V.pergandeishowed no size preference.7Pogonomyrmex rugosuswas the largest ant; it preferred larger seeds and was inactive when small seeds were most abundant. Seasonal foraging activity and niche parameters were random in relation to seed abundance.8We suggest that nocturnal foraging byP.rugosusduring the summer months was a response to interference with diurnal foraging by either predation frorn horned lizards or competition fromV.pergandei.9Seasonal abundance of small seeds explains most of the seasonal foraging patterns ofP.xerophilaandV.pergandei.The summertime abundance of larger seeds during years of adequate precipitation may account for the seasonal activity patterns ofP.rugo

ISSN:0307-6946    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1983.tb00484.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY