摘要:

AbstractNaturally occurring prosocial and dominance behaviors were observed via multiple methods in four groups of adolescents. Individuals varied considerably in their frequency of prosocial and dominance behaviors, regardless of the method employed. These interindividual differences were maintained across situations and over time. The data are consistent with a trait conceptualization of dominance and prosocial behavior. The strength of the present findings suggest that personality researchers need to employ research strategies which extensively observe individuals in the contexts in which they live.

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1983.tb00850.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract“Actor” subjects engaged in a brief getting‐acquainted conversation while “observer” subjects watched. Ratings of and causal attributions for behavior during the conversation were obtained immediately upon its conclusion and three weeks later from the same subjects and from an independent group of subjectsnotasked for immediate attributions. Comparison between immediate and the independent, “postponed” assessments showed that attributions by actors and observers tended to emphasize situational factors more over time, and personal factors less. Attributions by the “repeated assessment” subjects did not show a significant change over time, but their delayed attributions were significantly less likely to emphasize situational factors than were the delayed attributions of the “postponed assessment” group. The relative accuracy of these attributions could not, of course, be directly assessed. However, valid attributions presumably must be based upon valid perceptions or memories of the behaviors they seek to explain, and reliable criterion ratings of behaviors in the present study could be obtained from the experimenters. Actors' and observers' delayed behavior ratings agreed less with these criteria than did their immediate ratings, an indirect indication that attributions do not increase, and may decrease,

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1983.tb00851.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to examine the relation between personality variables and the way an individual cognitively represents and interprets various interaction situations. A sample of typical and recurring interaction episodes within a student milieu was first elicited using a free response diary method. In the main study, subjects from the same subcultural milieu were asked to (a) complete a battery of personality assessment measures, including measures of social anxiety and social competence, and (b) indicate their perception of the interaction episodes of the group. Their judgements of the episodes were analyzed using Carroll and Chang's (1970) Individual Differences Multidimensional Scaling (INDSCAL) procedure, indicating that four characteristics, subjectiveself‐confidence, evaluation, seriousness, andinvolvementdefined subjects' implicit view of the episode space. A canonical correlation analysis between the personality measures and each subject's episode cognition weights indicated a significant relation between these two groups of variables. The link between social skills and episode cognition style was further explored by a multiple discriminant analysis of the episode cognition weights of subjects who scored in the top and the bottom third of the sample on a composite social skills measure. The results are interpreted as providing significant support for recent cognitive theories of personality, and the link between episode cognition and personality variables is considered. The role of episode cognition in social skills assessment and therapy is also discussed, with a view toward exploring the relevance of the findings for applied area

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1983.tb00852.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThese studies continue the exploration of variables related to a person's use of the mental illness categorization. The central concern in the present studies was the effect of perceived variation in a target person's level of involvement in a social situation. While a low level of involvement, as portrayed in videotaped scenarios, prompts attribution of mental illness, other features of implicit personality theories also relate to greater or lesser attribution of mental illness. Those participants who gave evidence of having attributed lower levels of involvement, regardless of filmed information, also attributed higher levels of mental illness. Social workers, compared to general population participants, attributed higher levels of mental illness at all levels of target involvement. We discuss the implications of these findings for dissemination and assignment of the mentally ill role.

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1983.tb00853.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn each of 84 mixed‐sex dyads, a low performance self‐esteem woman was appointed to the role of leader in the dyad's decision‐making task. Situation and person‐centered approaches to promoting the woman's leadership behavior were tested by providing information regarding the women's task‐relevant competence to one, both, or neither dyad member prior to the day of the task. Decision outcome scores and ratings of audio tapes served as measures of dyadic influence. When women were given the leadership information beforehand, they were more leaderlike and their partners were more acquiescent; informing men beforehand had little effect on the interaction, especially when the women had not been informed. Subjects' postdiscussion self‐ratings, partner ratings, and perceived partner ratings suggested subtle forms of male defensiveness and more obvious forms of female discomfort with the

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1983.tb00854.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTwo groups of children (mean ages = 7–0 and 10–1) were presented with eight video vignettes depicting unpleasant child‐related situations. The child's defensive reaction was evaluated by means of an open‐ended free response and by choice of one of four response alternatives: turning against the object, turning against the self, projection, and reversal. Sex‐ and age‐related differences were predicted, and found in the younger age group: Boys chose turning against the object more often than did girls, who chose reversal more often th

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1983.tb00855.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractArmy male enlisted personnel were tested in two experiments to assess the psychological correlates of volunteering for a hazardous combat simulation, (Experiment 1) and a riskless, psychological experiment (Experiment 2). Subjects were given a biographical and personal habit questionnaire, the IPAT Anxiety Scale, Rotter's Locus of Control Scale, and Torrance and Ziller's life experience inventory. Results from Experiment 1 indicated that volunteers were significantly less anxious, and more willing to take risks than were nonvolunteers. Noncommissioned officers, smokers, laterborn children, and children of lower socioeconomic class parents were significantly overrepresented among the volunteers for this hazardous experiment. In Experiment 2, which solicited volunteers for a routine, nonhazardous experiment, the only variable to discriminate the volunteers from the nonvolunteers was mothers' education level. Results are in agreement with findings, using college students, that volunteer samples differ significantly from nonvolunteer samples, and that the characteristics that discriminate these two groups vary as a function of situational factors.

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1983.tb00856.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe paper presents a social‐psychological approach to the empirical study of sexual jealousy, after surveying the philosophical, sociological, anthropological, psychoanalytic, and nonscientific literature on the subject. The social‐psychological approach focuses on the environmental and situational factors that cause people to act in a jealous manner.One hundred and three men and women varying in age, length of relationship, and relationship style responded to a specially designed sexual jealousy inventory. Results indicated that jealousy is a negative physiological, emotional, and mental state, experienced at least at some point of their lives by all the subjects in the study. Numerous antecedents, correlates, and consequences of jealousy were investigated and discussed. Fifty‐four percent of the subjects described themselves as “a jealous person” even when they had good situational reasons to feel less secure in the relationship and to experience jealousy, and even though this dispositional self‐attribution has negative consequences

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1983.tb00857.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY