摘要:

ABSTRACTIn this study, we investigated the relationship of participants' observable attributes to measures of their personality and intelligence; we also studied the ways in which strangers formed their perception of participants' personalities and intelligence. Fifty pairs of intimate acquaintances were videotaped in a standard situation, were administered an intelligence test, and provided self‐reports of their personality and descriptions of their partner's personality. In addition, various observable attributes (such as hair color, stature, physical mannerisms) of the targets were measured. Strangers watched the videotapes and rated either the observable attributes or the personality traits of the targets. The observable attributes were then correlated with the personality measures and the intelligence and trait inferences by strangers. Extraversion was the trait with the most external manifestations and the strongest match between cue utilization and cue validity. Intelligence was inferred from visual as well as from acoustic attributes, but only acoustic cues mediated the correlation between psychometric intelligence and perceptions of intelligence by stranger

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1995.tb00799.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTA quantitative case study of one woman's development was conducted in order to explore psychosocial change in early adulthood. A contentanalytic coding system for identity, intimacy, and generativity themes derived from E. H. Erikson's writing was applied to letters and diaries of the British writer Vera Brittain written when she was 20 to 21 and 30 to 31 years old. Over time, Brittain used more intimacy and generativity themes and fewer identity themes. Even though Brittain used fewer total identity themes in her writing in her early 30s, her use of one identity subcategory—occupational role—increased in frequency, and the way in which she expressed her identity concerns indicated greater certainty about her ident

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1995.tb00800.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTShy people are characterized as engaging in self‐derogatory thinking leading to anxiousness and inhibition, while people who are publicly self‐conscious are focused on the impression they create on others. In addition, public self‐consciousness has been described as an antecedent of shyness. In the present research, we tested additive versus interactive hypotheses about the association of shyness and public self‐consciousness with dysfunctional social interaction. Undergraduate men varying in shyness and public self‐consciousness engaged in a conversation with an unfamiliar woman confederate. Following the conversation, subjects completed self‐report measures focusing on their responses during the conversation. Only main effects for shyness and public self‐consciousness were found, supporting an additive hypothesis. Shyness was related to all dependent variables reflecting a negative self‐bias, while public self‐consciousness was not. In particular, shyness was inversely related to the balance of subjects' positive and negative thoughts and to reported use of protective as well as avoidance of acquisitive self‐presentation responses. Public self‐consciousness was positively related to use of protective self‐presentation responses but unrelated t

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1995.tb00801.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTBoth theory and research suggest that obese women may have relatively poor social relationships even if their self‐reports about their relationships do not differ from the reports of nonobese women. Seventy‐seven obese and 78 nonobese women completed self‐report measures of social anxiety, social self‐esteem, social competence, social network size, and perceived social support from friends and family. Friends and coworkers also rated these women on the same measures. The self‐reports of obese and nonobese women did not differ significantly on any of these social measures, and ratings from friends and coworkers of obese women were not different from ratings of nonobese women by friends and coworkers. These results suggest that obese women may be able to overcome prejudice against obese people in their relationships wi

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1995.tb00802.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThis research examines factors which influence the lay‐explainer in everyday life. Correspondence bias (cf. Gilbert&Jones, 1986) and Jones and Nisbett's (1971) actor‐observer hypothesis are reviewed. Descriptions and explanations of behavior were obtained in everyday life via experience sampling. Traits as explanations were accessed minimally. The only significant difference between actor and observer was that actors used the person explanation more than observers did. Whether actor or observer, situational explanations were preferred most, then person, and finally purpose. Actions were explained significantly more by purpose and somewhat less by situation than were emotions. Reasons for such findings are discussed, along with the importance of description (e.g., an action‐emotion descriptive contrast, cf. McArthur, 1972) and explanatory purpose, the purpose explanation, and everyday life for studies of correspondence bias and the actor‐observer hyp

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1995.tb00803.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThis research investigated the association of two individual difference moderators of psychological phenomena with the time of semester students choose to participate in experiments. The Personal Need for Structure (PNS) scale and the Stein Self‐Description Questionnaire were administered to the students in an introductory psychology class at the beginning of a university semester. Students' responses on these measures were related to their chosen dates of required participation in psychological research. Higher levels of PNS predicted earlier experiment participation and quicker completion of the experiment requirement once started. Personality types distinguished by the Stein Self‐Description Questionnaire revealed that those indifferent or hostile to authority participate in experiments later in the semester than do the curious or more conforming types. Implications of these findings for external validity of social psychological research at different points in the semester are discu

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1995.tb00804.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY