摘要:

ABSTRACTThis article describes nine ways in which biological approaches can inform issues of central and long‐standing concern to personality psychologists These include (a) developing an adequate description of human nature, (b) providing several solutions to the puzzle of within‐species genetic variabihty, (c) identifying the most important ways m which individuals differ, (d) giving precision to the concepts of adaptation and adjustment, (e) identifyingthe ongms of personality dispositions, (f) providing insight into personality development and the life course, (g) providing conceptual and evidential standards for mvokmg personality types as opjwsed to personality dimensions, (h) addressing the psychophysiology of personality, and (i) focusing attention on psychological mechanisms as evolved dispositional strate

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1990.tb00906.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe concept of a universal human nature, based on a species‐typical collection of complex psychological adaptations, is defended as valid, despite the existence of substantial genetic variation that makes each human genetically and biochemically unique These apparently contradictory facts can be reconciled by considering that (a) complex adaptations necessarily require many genes to regulate their development, and (b) sexual recombination makes it improbable that all the necessary genes for a complex adaptation would be together at once in the same individual, if genes coding for complex adaptations varied substantially between individuals Selection, interacting with sexual recombination, tends to impose relative uniformity at the functional level in complex adaptive designs, suggesting that most heritable psychological differences are not themselves likely to be complex psychological adaptations Instead, they are mostly evolutionary by‐products, such as concomitants of parasite‐driven selection for biochemical individuality An evolutionary approach to psychological variation reconceptualizes traits as either the out‐put of species‐typical, adaptively designed developmental and psychological mechanisms, or as the result of genetic noise creating perturbations in these

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1990.tb00907.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTConsiderable progress has been made in behavioral genetics toward providing theoretical accounts of individual differences One theoretical task, however, has been largely neglected—that of constructing evolutionary accounts of behaviorally relevant genetic variance We attempt to address this task with respect to the genetic variance underlying sociosexuality, that is, the differences in the implicit prerequisites (in terms of time, attachment, commitment, etc) to entering a sexual relationship Specifically, we argue that genetic variance on this trait for females could have been maintained through frequency‐dependent selection In our evolutionary past, restricted females‐those who require relatively more time, attachment, and commitment‐could have benefited through paternal investment in their offspring Unrestricted females—those who require relatively less time, attachment, and commitment—could have benefited through the quality of their mate's genes passed on to their sons Moreover, the value of these alternate „strategies” could have been frequency‐dependent One prediction that follows from this evolutionary history is tested and supported in three studies Those females genetically predisposed to be unrestricted are found to produce relatively more sons than females predisposed to be restricted Additional predictions are offered and alternative acco

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1990.tb00908.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTIndividual differences are explicitly connected to social interaction in Darwin's notion of sexual selection Traits that increase the probability of successful reproduction will tend to increase in frequency This process operates partly through differential choice, by one sex, of certain traits in the other According to the parental investment model, females frequently have more stringent criteria for the traits they will accept in a mate because they have a relatively larger investment in each offspring Because human mating arrangements often involve a substantial commitment of resources by the male, it is necessary to invoke a distinction between the selectivity involved during casual mating opportunities and the selectivity exercised when choosing a long‐term partner Ninety‐three undergraduate men and women rated their minimum criteria on 24 partner characteristics at four levels of commitment In line with an unqualified parental investment model, females were more selective overall, particularly on status‐linked variables In line with a qualified parental investment model, males' trait preferences depended upon the anticipated investment in the relationship Males had lower requirements for a sexual partner than did females, but were nearly as selective as females when considenng requirements for a long‐term

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1990.tb00909.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTIn this article, an evolutionary perspective is applied to individual differences Among the issues discussed are (a) the seminal contributions of Francis Galton and the subsequent ideological reaction, (b) the distalproximal continuum for understanding levels of explanation in social behavior, (c) consistent patterns of group differences in behavior (age, sex, social class, and race), (d) the heritability of personality and the role epigenetic rules play in guiding development in one direction over alternatives, (e) the genetic similarity theory perspective on friendship and mate choice, and (f) the view that personality is part of an r‐K reproductive strategy involving a compensatory exchange between the production of gametes and parental care It is suggested in conclusion that personality traits be considered aspects of a coordinated life cycle deeply embedded in evolutionary histo

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1990.tb00910.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTA relationship between personality processes and evolution can be seen when behaviors associated with sexual maturation, mating, and parenting are examined This article stipulates the types of proximal cues implicated in the shaping of personality variables that become important in the development of the individual's reproductive behavior

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1990.tb00911.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTFreud's Oedipal theory sees parent‐offspring conflict as a within‐gender rivalry, whereas most modern evolutionary models interpret it as a gender‐blind disagreement about resource allocation New analyses of family homicides and a critical review of prior evidence do not support the central Freudian claim of a same‐sex contingency in parent‐offspring antagonism during the Oedipal phase Several errors of fact and interpretation in psychoanalytic theorizing about family relations are discussed We argue that psychoanalysts mistake substantive conflicts between nonrelatives for symbolic manifestations of family

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1990.tb00912.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTAlthough research on personality and behavioral genetics has focused on the continuity of traits, both fields and their interface will profit from the consideration of trait change In this article we review personality research on age differences in hentabdity and propose the counterintuitive hypothesis that, when developmental changes in hentabihty are found, hentability tends to increase We also focus on behavioral genetic analyses of long‐term developmental change Research to date suggests that genetic involvement in adult personality change is slight whereas personality change in childhood is governed substantially by genetic factors Finally, we consider a new topic, genetic influence on short‐term change in persona

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1990.tb00913.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTPersonality changes over time can be analyzed by the same twin and adoption methods used to analyze the genetic and environmental influences on a trait at a given time Composite parent rating measures of Extraversion, Socialization, and Stability made on two occasions approximately 10 years apart on 229 adopted and 83 nonadopted children from the Texas Adoption Project were used to illustrate this point in two ways The first was based on correlations among family members, from which it appeared that by far the chief source of individual change was neither the genes nor shared family environment, but individual experience (and/or measurement error) The second was via a path‐analytic approach to changes in the means of adopted and natural children, from which it appeared that, nonetheless, the children were tending to change on the average in the direction of their genetic parents' personaliti

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1990.tb00914.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThis article deals with the contribution of genetic and environmental factors to individual differences in the three major dimensions of personality (Psychoticism, Extraversion, and Neuroticism) Twin studies indicate, and family studies confirm within limits, the strong genetic determination of these and many other personality factors, additive genetic variance accounting for roughly half the total phenotypic variance On the environmental side, shared family environment plays little or no part, all environmental effects being within‐family Assortative mating, important in the formation of social attitudes, has little impact on personality Dominance may be important for Extraversion Epistasis (emergenesis) may account for the comparative low values of dizygotic (DZ) twins' correlations Evidence for differential heritability of traits is present, but not very strong It is concluded that behavioral genetics forms a vital part of the psychological understanding of the causes of individual differences in personali

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1990.tb00915.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY