摘要:

AbstractIn a situation where an “ailing” confederate needed help, three experimental conditions varied the permissibility of interrupting a task to perform prosocial acts. A Situation by Moral Judgment interaction was predicted: Stage 3 and 4 subjects defining right action in accordance with conventional expectations and obligations, respectively, would not help in any of the three conditions; stage 5 subjects defining right action in accordance with human rights and contractual obligations would help in the permission condition. It was hypothesized that only within the boundaries of the permission condition would stage 5 subjects be able to resolve the conflict between their responsibility to the welfare of the “ailing” person and their obligation to maintain a contractual agreement with the experimenter to continue working on the task. Results supported the prediction. The greatest incidence of helping, both in terms of responding to the “ailing” person's distress and providing active help, occurred among stage 5 subjects in the permission condition. Implications of a situational interaction approach for the study of moral action/moral behavior relationship ar

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1981.tb00842.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn the sphere of interpersonal behavior, R. F. Bales and others have taken the position that the analysis of interpersonal situations best proceeds by way of the dimensions of dominance‐submissiveness, friendliness‐hostility, and taskorientedness‐expressivity. This study offers a convergent validation of those dimensions. On the basis of descriptions of the conceptual content of the Bales dimensions and of the scales of the Jackson Personality Research Form (PRF), predictions were made as to convergence based on the degree of conceptual overlap. Fifty‐five members of 4 small groups rated their peers on the three Bales dimensions and also completed the self‐report Jackson PRF. As predicted, peer ratings of dominance‐submissiveness correlated with dominance and exhibitionism (p<.001), friendliness‐hostility with affiliation, nurturance (p<.001) and aggression, and taskorientedness‐expressivity with play. The findings represent a substantial convergent validation of the Balesian dimensions. Implications of the dimensional approach for emerging cognitive interactionist models of personalit

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1981.tb00843.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractFour studies (totaln= 469) examined correlates of loneliness in order to explore explanations for the persistence of loneliness among college students. Self‐report and attitude scales, ratings of others following dyadic interactions, and self and other ratings at two points during an extended period of group interactions indicated that lonely students (a) rated themselves more negatively and reported deficits in social skills and self‐concept, (b) rated specific others and people‐in‐general more negatively and were more alienated and externalized, (c) expected others to rate them negatively, but (d) in general were not differentially rated by others except in the initial phase of group interactions and by lonely others following dyadic interactions. Results suggested that loneliness may be perpetuated by its cognitive and affective concomitants, with some evidence for gender differences, whereas inconclusive evidence was found regarding responses of others to the lonely

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1981.tb00844.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAn experiment investigated reactions to expectancies as a function of the reasons from which the expectancies were derived. Each subject was told that he was expected to feel inhibited performing a singing task. The expectancy was presented as based either on the subject's description of his personality, on the past performance of others with interests similar to those of the subject, or on the past performance of others with the same birth order position as the subject. Subjects then sang a piece without accompaniment for a tape recorder, ostensibly providing data about the effects of inhibition on the physical properties of the human voice. Subjects expected to be paid proportionally to the duration of their singing. The expectancies based on self‐descriptions and on others with similar interests elicited faster singing, implying a willingness to sacrifice financial rewards in order to end an embarrassing situation, than the singing of no expectancy control group subjects, suggesting that these subjects actually did feel more inhibited than the control subjects. The expectancy based on birth order did not produce singing durations that differed significantly from the control group. The findings are interpreted as implying that persons will come to feel the way they are expected to feel only if the expectancy is perceived as deriving from some characteristic reflecting free choice and contro

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1981.tb00845.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAlthough performance expectancies have been shown to be important mediators of achievement behavior, few specific determinants of personal expectancies have been identified, the ecological validity of previous results is limited, and factors influencing group performance expectancies have not been determined. Therefore, the purpose of this field study involving 11‐ and 12‐year‐old male soccer players was twofold. First, we examined specific intrapersonal and situational factors influencing players' pregame personal and team performance expectancies. Second, we investigated the effects of winning and losing a competitive soccer game on players' postgame team expectancies involving a hypothetical rematch with the identical opponent. The pregame findings revealed that (a) the intrapersonal factors of ability and self‐esteem were related to personal performance expectancies while competitive trait anxiety was not, and (b) the situational factors of past win‐loss record and a prior game win or loss against the same opponent influenced team performance expectancies. The postgame findings revealed that future expectancies were affected by the interactive effects of game win‐loss and

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1981.tb00846.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis study investigated how individual differences in level of self‐monitoring relate to the use of consensus information. We predicted that higher self‐monitors would utilize consensus information more than would low self‐monitors when making predictions about their own and another person's behavior, since high self‐monitors are theoretically more responsive to the social norms surrounding situations. Low self‐monitors, in contrast, were expected to rely more on self‐based consensus. Subjects read a description of Darley and Latané's (1968) bystander intervention study in which the participants purportedly rarely helped the victim (socially undesirable consensus) or frequently helped the victim (socially desirable consensus). As predicted, higher relative to lower self‐monitors predicted slower helping when consensus was for nonhelping. The prediction that higher relative to lower self‐monitors would predict faster helping when consensus was for helping, although in the right direction, was not supported strongly. Evidence was found for the prediction that low self‐monitors rely to a greater extent on se

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1981.tb00847.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractDiscrepancies in perceptions of control and responsibility have been depicted as paradoxical because both types of perceptions are presumed to reflect perceptions of causality. The paradox may, in part, reflect a failure to distinguish between two dimensions of an actor's causality: sufficiency and necessity.Sufficiency of an actoris defined as the ability of the actor to bring about or prevent an outcome.Necessity of an actoris defined as the inverse of the sufficiency of other actors. In the studies described here, the sufficiency and necessity of an actor is varied, and subjects are asked to rate the actor's control and responsibility. The findings from Studies 1 and 2 support the prediction that variations in sufficiency have a greater effect on perceptions of control than on perceptions of responsibility; the findings from Study 2 support the prediction that variations in necessity have a greater effect on perceptions of responsibility than on perceptions of control. Studies 3 and 4 further demonstrate the occurrence of the paradox, and support the general conclusion that the effect of sufficiency relative to the effect of necessity is greater for perceptions of control than for perceptions of responsibility. The tendency of sufficiency to have a greater effect on males than on females, and the tendency of necessity to have a greater effect on females than on males, are linked to findings from previous research.

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1981.tb00848.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThree experiments examined the relationships among test anxiety, stress, and social support. In the first experiment, social support was defined in terms of the opportunity for social association with peers. In the second, it was defined as contact with an experimenter who displayed acceptance and empathy. The dependent measure was the ability to solve difficult intellective problems. In the third, measures of both performance and self‐preoccupation were obtained for groups differing in access to social association. Social support had an especially positive effect on the performance of highly test‐anxious subjects and seemed to reduce self‐preoccupation. The results were discussed in terms of the role played by social support in the ability to cope with s

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1981.tb00849.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY