摘要:

AbstractPatterns of self‐disclosure were explored by means of a questionnaire administered to pairs of roommates and hallmates (non‐roommates living on the same floor) in freshman dormitories. It was predicted and found that friendship was more highly related to self‐disclosure in intimate than in non‐intimate topic areas, whereas proximity was more highly related to disclosure in non‐intimate than in intimate areas. It was also found that friendship and intimate disclosure were more highly related among women than among men. These findings emphasize the interplay of personal, role‐related, and environmental factors which underlie patterns of friendship and self‐disclosure. They also point to the importance of viewing self‐disclosure in differentiated terms, rather than as a single monolithic entity. Other findings of both substantive and methodological interest are reported. For example, there was a strong tendency for respondents to overemphasize the degree to which their patterns of giving and receiving personal information were symmetrical. There was also a tendency for respondents to report giving more disclosure than they received in non‐intimate areas, but not

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1978.tb00599.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTwo studies exploring the use of physical/verbal aggression are reported, the first using women and the second using men as subjects. Both studies allowed subjects to choose between and control the intensity of two response modes: verbal aggression (insults) and physical aggression (electric shock). Aggressive style was investigated over two levels of arousal, sex of experimenter, and sex of provocateur‐victim. Results indicated that women aggressed discriminatively in the verbal mode as a function of their arousal, while men were capable of aggressing discriminatively in both the verbal and physical modes. Men who had been disagreed with and punished by a female victim‐provocateur in the presence of a male experimenter or by a male victim in the presence of a female experimenter demonstrated high levels of physical aggression compared to the other gro

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1978.tb00600.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe development and validation of an S‐R inventory of dominance is described. The inventory was found to have high reliability, adequate convergent and discriminant validity, and a meaningful factor structure. In samples of 18 and 164 college students the interaction between persons and situations contributed more to total score variance than did either persons or situations taken separately. Moreover, the percentage of variance due to the person‐situation interaction for dominance was found to be substantially larger than those obtained for other personality characteristics that have been studied with S‐R inventories. These considerations suggest that this new S‐R inventory is particularly appropriate for future research on dominance and the nature of person‐situation int

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1978.tb00601.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe relationship between perceived self‐environment similarity and satisfaction with the environment was tested in two differing kinds of organizational structures. It was hypothesized that the perceived similarity‐satisfaction relationship was mediated by the salience or importance of the particular reference group involved. Two kinds of public high schools—traditional and alternative—were selected as examples of organizations where the same reference groups (e.g., teachers and students) play differentially salient organizational roles. Using a semantic differential technique, 46 traditional school students and 40 alternative school students rated various reference groups and school satisfactions. Differing patterns of perceived similarity and satisfaction found in the two schools support the notion that organizational structure—as embodied in organizational roles—causes the perceived similarity‐satisfaction relationship to be different in different settings. The relationship of the findings to prior research is discussed and the importance of evolving more sophisticated notions of person‐environment relationsh

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1978.tb00602.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThirty‐two male and 32 female introductory psychology students were given the opportunity to falsely report success (i.e., to cheat) on a series of objectively unsolvable achievement tasks. Consistent with previous evidence, a Personality × Situational Locus of Control interaction effect, accounting for 24% of the variance, was found whereby persons classified as having generalized internal locus of control beliefs (internals) cheated more when the task was described as requiring skill while those with external control beliefs (externals) cheated more when chance presumably determined performance outcomes. Differing rates of task persistence, postperformance belief and affect ratings, and stated reasons for cheating (or not) were consistent with both affective and cognitive theories in explaining the cheating behavior. It was hypothesized that whereas internals cheated to conform to their status on the internal stable dimension of ability, externals were concerned with maintaining a belief in their status as fortunate individuals, also conceived as an internal stable attributional determinant. No sex differences in cheating or persistence behavior were fou

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1978.tb00603.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIf people work on a hard task before proceeding to one of intermediate difficulty, success will be relevant (predictive of future success) while failure will be irrelevant (not predictive of future failure). However, if they work first on an easy task, success will be irrelevant (not predictive of future success) while failure will be relevant (predictive of future failure). Previous research thus suggests that experience with hard tasks should always lead to more favorable evaluations of one's performance and better future performance than experience with easy tasks. The present study tested these predictions by manipulating initial expectancy (high or low), perceived difficulty of a set of practice problems (practice problems easier, harder, or equal in difficulty to those on a subsequent test), and practice problem feedback (success or failure). As predicted, experience with hard practice problems was most beneficial, regardless of the level of the feedback which students received. This was more true for males than females and for students with high ability than students with low ability.

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1978.tb00604.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis study investigated how causal belief for prior success or failure affected preferences to delay gratifications in task contingent versus task noncontingent conditions. Success or failure on the Treatment Task and belief about the outcome were experimentally induced to lead fourth‐and fifth‐grade pupils to perceive task performance as resulting from one of four factors (Ability, Task Difficulty, Effort, or Luck). Thereafter, each subject chose between smaller, noncontingent rewards and delayed, larger rewards that were contingent on waiting only or on successful performance on tasks which varied in similarity to the initial task. As predicted, preferences to delay were not differentially affected by success or failure when subjects believed unstable factors of effort or luck caused the outcome. However, delay was affected by prior success or failure when the belief was that the outcome resulted from stable factors of ability or task difficulty, with subjects delaying more after success than following failure. Furthermore, the outcome predicted delay on tasks identical or similar to the Treatment Task whereas belief about causality predicted delay on the Different Task. Delay was greater by subjects with ability or effort inductions than by subjects with a luck induct

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1978.tb00605.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTwo experiments were conducted to examine the influence of male height on interpresonal attraction. In Experiment 1, short, medium, and tall women evaluated pictures of men whom they believed to be either short, medium, or tall. On the basis of previous research, it was predicted that women's attraction to the men would be an increasing linear function of the men's height. This prediction was not confirmed; men of medium height were seen to be significantly more socially desirable than either short or tall men. This was true whether the female evaluator was short, medium, or tall; women did not differ in their evaluations. In Experiment 2, short, medium, and tall men evaluated the same male stimuli the women had evaluated in Experiment 1. These men not only gave their own evaluation of the male stimuli, but they also estimated how socially desirable the males pictured were to women. While men showed no evidence that they believed height was important to women, their own evaluations revealed that they liked and rated short men more positively than they did tall men. This was true regardless of the height of the male rater. These results were discussed in terms of social stereotypes and the importance of specifying situational context in the prediction of attraction.

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1978.tb00606.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAn experiment was conducted to determine whether the phenomenal experiences associated with the states of objective and subjective self‐awareness are those which typically are associated with the states of individuation and deindividuation. In order to test this hypothesis, 20 male and 20 female matched pairs of subjects completed 15 self‐descriptive statements on a Who Am I questionnaire under conditions of experimentally manipulated self‐awareness (high vs. low). The obtained responses were then coded on 21 dimensions of self‐conception, including several suggested by Gordon (1968). Converging results from a number of different measures indicated that increased objective self‐awareness led to a more individuated conception of self. More specifically, objective self‐awareness appeared to increase responding on dimensions which reflect individuation but to decrease responding on dimensions which reflect deindividuation. The analysis of a more global measure of individuation suggested that this effect held strongly for low self‐monitoring subjects. The self‐descriptions of high self‐monitoring subjects, however, appeared to be relatively unaffected by situationally induc

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1978.tb00607.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAn experiment explored the relative effectiveness of two strategies for controlling interracial aggression: observing other individuals censured for aggression and potential direct censure of the aggressor himself. Subjects were provided with an opportunity to aggress under conditions designed to maximize or reduce each type of censure. A principal components analysis of the data revealed two orthogonal variates: direct aggression and indirect aggression. It was found that both observed censure and potential direct censure were effective in modifying directly aggressive responses. However, these forms of censure interacted in their effect on indirect aggression, such that observed censure was effective in reducing indirect aggression only under conditions of potential direct censure.

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1978.tb00608.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY