摘要:

ABSTRACTThe suitable personality traits for optimal leadership may depend on the type of leadership, the criterion of leader effectiveness, and various situational constraints This point was illustrated via the specific area of presidential leadership The working relationship between the Chief Executive and Congress, as defined by regular vetoes and vetoes overturned, provided the criterion variables for a congressional time‐series analysis (N= 99) of all 39 American presidents The impact of a single personality attribute, presidential inflexibility, was examined in the context of several variables suggested by past research The relation between inflexibility and willingness to exploit the regular veto varied according to the incumbent's electoral mandate, while the association between inflexibility and the propensity of Congress to override a veto depended on the extent to which the president's party controlled Congress—this last interaction was labeled the Johnson‐Wilson effect In the context of the person‐situation debate, these findings illustrate how certain situations can determine whether, and to what degree, a stable individual attribute will have behavioral manife

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1987.tb00425.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe construct of empathy may be located conceptually at several different points in the network of interpersonal cognition and emotion We discuss one specific form of emotional empathy—other‐focused feelings evoked by perceiving another person in need First, evidence is reviewed suggesting that there are at least two distinct types of congruent emotional responses to perceiving another in need feelings of personal distress (e g, alarmed, upset, worried, disturbed, distressed, troubled, etc) and feelings of empathy (e g, sympathetic, moved, compassionate, tender, warm, softhearted, etc) Next, evidence is reviewed suggesting that these two emotional responses have different motivational consequences Personal distress seems to evoke egoistic motivation to reduce one's own aversive arousal, as a traditional Hullian tension‐reduction model would propose Empathy does not The motivation evoked by empathy may instead be altruistic, for the ultimate goal seems to be reduction of the other's need, not reduction of one's own aversive arousal Overall, the recent empirical evidence appears to support the more differentiated view of emotion and motivation proposed long ago by McDougall, not the unitary view proposed by Hull and his fol

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1987.tb00426.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTA field experiment was conducted to examine the influence of social sanctions and self‐monitoring on willingness to help handicapped persons Compared to low self‐monitoring individuals, those high in self‐monitoring tendencies were more likely to offer help if told that significant social rewards were attached to the act of helping, but were less likely to help if led to believe that these consequences were weak Implications for research on helping and self‐monitoring are considered with particular attention being given to the relationship between social sanctions and self‐

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1987.tb00427.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThis study examined the effect of positive and negative behavioral feedback on subsequent behavior The results indicate that positive and negative feedback concerning how well individuals have acted on their attitudinal in the past have different effects on subsequent behavior These effects are moderated by individual differences in self‐monitoring and in the frequency with which an individual has acted on his or her attitude in the past–variables which can be seen as reflecting differences in the extent to which individuals see themselves as persons who act on their attitudes, either in general or in regard to a specific attitudes domain Implications of the findings for understanding the literature on labeling and on feedback about energy use are discussed, as are the practical implications for using behavioral feedback in an effort to increase attitude‐related

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1987.tb00428.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTHigh and low self‐monitors, who either anticipated or did not anticipate further interaction with a same‐sex confederate, alternated with that person in disclosing personal information on three very private topics The confederate spoke first on each topic, presenting either highly intimate or nonintimate information in response to all three issues Content analyses of subjects' disclosures revealed that both high and low self‐monitors reciprocated the intimacy and (to a lesser extent) the emotionality of a partner with whom future interaction was not anticipated, but that only the high self‐monitors reciprocated the partner's self‐disclosures when future interaction with that person was anticipated Supplementary measures suggested that the anticipation of future interaction increased the agentic concerns of all participants, thereby inducing high self‐monitors to become even more attentive to situational cues when deciding how or what to disclose, while prompting low self‐monitors to rely even less on situational cues and more on personal thoughts and feelings as the basis for their self‐presentations Taken together, the results indicate that the prospect of future interaction is an important situational moderator of the self‐disclosing tendencies of both high and low self‐monitors, and they provide little if any support for recent “instrumental hedonism” interpretations of se

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1987.tb00429.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTParticipants (N= 103) engaged in an incidental memory study in which they made one of three decisions about trait terms i e, regarding its physical nature (upper or lower case), semantic meaning (synonymity) or self‐reference (i e, does the word describe you?) In each condition, one‐half of the trait terms were relevant descriptors of creative persons, chosen from the creative personality scale of Domino (1970), whereas the other traits were irrelevant as descriptors of creativity Following the rating task the participants completed a short version of the Remote Association Test (RAT), a test with predictive validity for creative activity Participants were then unexpectedly asked to recall as many of the trait terms as possible High creatives (RAT scorers) recalled more creative‐relevant trait terms than did low creatives, there were no memory differences between groups for creative‐irrelevant descriptors This memory difference was observed only under the conditions in which self‐schemata would be activated (the self‐referent condition) and was not observed under conditions in which the word's meaning (semantic) or physical appearance (case) was manipulated A second study (N= 53) replicated the self‐referent effect and discounted confounds due to differences in IQ or time spent studying the trait terms These results were consistent with the hypothesis that the self‐concept is aroused when persons engage in self‐referent decision‐making in contrast to models which downplay a special

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1987.tb00430.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTWilson and Barber (1981) identified a “personality type” characterized by an extensive and deep involvement in fantasy that they termed “fantasy prone personalities” This study investigated the developmental antecedents of fantasy proneness as part of a larger research project designed to examine the construct validity of the fantasy prone personality Fantasy prone (n= 21, upper 4% of college population), medium range (n= 20) and nonfantasy prone persons (n= 18, lower 4% of college population) were selected with the Inventory of Childhood Memories and Imaginings (Wilson and Barber, 1981) Subjects completed quantitative pencil and paper measures of early life experiences and participated in individual semi structured interviews Strong support for the construct validity of fantasy proneness and confirmation of previous findings regarding the developmental antecedents of extensive adult fantasy involvement were secured While six fantasy prones reported being severely physically abused during childhood, abuse was not reported in other groups Fantasy prones also reported greater frequency and severity of physical punishment, greater use of fantasy to block the pain of punishment, more thoughts of revenge toward the person who punished them, greater loneliness, and a preference for punishing their own children less severely than did the comparison groups, suggesting compensatory and adaptive functions of fantasy invo

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1987.tb00431.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe purpose of the present study is to examine the ability of certain psychological attributes to predict performance in six National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I collegiate sports Eighty‐four athletes from the varsity sports teams of cross country running, alpine and nordic skiing tennis, basketball, and track and field at the University of Colorado completed a questionnaire adapted from Martens (1977, Martens et al 1983) that measured their trait levels of self‐confidence (Bandura, 1977), somatic anxiety and cognitive anxiety (Martens, 1977 Martens et al, 1983) In addition, at three to six competitions during the season, the members of the cross country running and tennis teams filled out a state measure (Martens et al 1983) of the three attributes from one to two hours prior to the competition Following each competition, subjective and objective ratings of performance were obtained, and for all sports coaches' ratings of performance and an overall seasonal team ranking were determined as seasonal performance measures The sports were dichotomized along motor and physiological dimensions Results indicate that all three psychological attributes were significant predictors of performance in both fine motor anaerobic sports and gross motor, aerobic sports Further, clear differences in these relationships emerged as a function of the dichotomization In addition, unexpected sex differences emerged The findings are discussed relative to prior research and their implications for future rese

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1987.tb00432.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1987.tb00424.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY