摘要:

AbstractThe hypothesis that people store situation and person‐by‐situation interaction information as well as trait information about one another's behavior was tested by administering modified S‐R Inventories of Anxiousness and Hostility to 54 male and 59 female undergraduates. Subjects rated the strength of affect that would be evoked by a series of situations in the two same‐sex college students whom they knew best, the best‐known opposite‐sex person, a casually known same‐sex person, and the “average college student.” Indices were constructed to measure the extent of (a) perceived average differences among people (traits), (b)perceived average differences over situations, and (c) perceived person‐by‐situation interaction. Analyses of variance showed that: (a) the ratings of the two best‐known same‐sex persons and the best‐known opposite‐sex person contained more interactive information than did the ratings of a casually known person and (b) females perceived more situational variability in the behavior of their own sex than did males. The amount of perceived person‐by‐situation interaction did not differ as a function of sex of rater or affect to be rated. It was concluded that the naive psychologist, like many professional ps

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1982.tb00741.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractOne hundred and seven adults reported their activities, thoughts, and feelings at randomly designated intervals over seven days, resulting in more than 4,800 self‐reports. The present investigation focused on the relation of self‐awareness and voluntariness to the quality of experience. Results indicated that perceived voluntariness is associated with positive experience, while self‐awareness is associated with lower affect, activation, and personal involvement, but only when the activity is felt to be voluntary. This conditional association between self‐awareness and aversive experience is discussed as it relates to current theory on self‐awareness and recent models of human m

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1982.tb00742.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe influence of chronic self‐esteem on self‐presentation was explored. Male subjects were confronted with an experimentally created reputation, in the form of public (bogus) feedback from a personality assessment. High self‐esteem subjects used compensatory self‐enhancement in their self‐descriptions and behaved in ways contrary to what their reputations would imply. Low self‐esteem subjects did not employ compensatory self‐enhancement. Moreover, the behavior of low self‐esteem subjects conformed to the randomly generated feedback when it (the feedback) was public but not when it was confidential. The expectation of future interaction was shown to be a med

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1982.tb00743.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractRepression‐sensitization differences in postdecisional dissonance reduction were investigated. Repressors (who typically employ “avoidance” strategies for dealing with threatening stimuli) and sensitizers (who typically “approach” threatening stimuli) were allowed to choose and keep, as payment for participation in the experiment, one of two pairs of long‐playing record albums. Control subjects indicated which pair of albums they preferred, but did not expect to keep the albums. Measures of postdecisional intellectualization (an “approach” strategy for dealing with dissonance, which involves separating affect from cognition) showed that experimental sensitizers intellectualized more than subjects in any other group. Measures of postdecisional attitude change, on the other hand, revealed no differences between any of the groups. The implications of these results for our understanding of repression‐sensitization differences in responses to a decisi

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1982.tb00744.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractForty college students participated in a study ostensibly designed to obtain measures of the hemispheric activity while they worked on a spatial reasoning task. In fact, our true interest was in determining whether subjects would return to the spatial reasoning task once the hemispheric recordings were completed. Subjects would normally be expected to return to the task by virtue of the Zeigarnik effect because no subject completed the task during the “hemispheric recording” phase. The manipulation involved telling one group of subjects that they would be paid $1.50 for participating in the study (expected reward group). The remainder of the subjects were not led to expect the reward (unexpected reward group). The result was that 86% of the unexpected reward subjects but only 58% of the expected reward subjects (p<.05) manifested the Zeigarnik effect. This differential tendency to return to the task was further reflected in time differences. The average unexpected reward subject spent 3 min 48 sec of a five‐minute free‐choice period at the task, whereas the average expected reward subject spent only 2 min 20 sec (p<.05). Reward expectancy, therefore, led to an undermining of the Zeigarnik effect. This observation supports Condry's prediction that rewarding performance at a task can lead to premature task diseng

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1982.tb00745.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe present research investigated the extent to which mild depressives and normals differed in their self‐referent processing of personal information. In Experiment 1, these subjects made two types of ratings on depressed (e.g., bleak, dismal) and nondepressed (e.g., loyal, organized) content personal adjectives. Half of the adjectives in each content category were rated for a semantic attribute (Does this word have a specific meaning or relate to a specific situation?), whereas half were rated for degree of self‐reference (Does this word describe you?). These ratings were followed immediately by an incidental recall task, in which subjects recalled as many of the adjectives as possible. Consistent with predictions generated from a content‐specific self‐schema model, normals displayed superior recall for self‐referenced nondepressed content adjectives, when compared to recall for self‐referenced depressed content adjectives and recall for semantic ratings (both depressed and nondepressed content). In contrast, mild depressives exhibited enhanced self‐referent recall for both types of content, when compared to their recall for semantic adjectives. This finding suggested that mild depressives utilize a self‐schema which incorporates both depressed and nondepressed content. Experiment 2 explored this suggestion further by substituting an other‐referent rating task (Does this word describe Pierre Trudeau?) for the semantic judgment used in Experiment 1. Again, consistent with a content‐specific self‐schema model, normals displayed superior recall only for self‐referenced nondepressed adjectives. Mild depressives, however, showed enhanced self‐referent recall, relative to other‐referent recall, only for depressed content adjectives. For nondepressed content, mild depressives did not distinguish between the self‐ and other‐referent conditions. This finding hinted that the nondepressed component of the mild depressives self‐schema may operate at a somewhat reduced effectiveness, but only when required to diff

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1982.tb00746.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to examine the relation between masculinity and femininity in women and their responses to induced success or failure. Also experimentally manipulated were the subjects' performance attributions. Psychologically androgynous and feminine women either succeeded or failed at a concept formation task and were provided with internal, external, or no causal attributions for their performance. Then a second concept formation task was administered. The attribution manipulation failed to affect task performance and was not involved in any interactions. For feminine subjects, failure increased the trials necessary to reach criterion on the second task, whereas success had no effect. In contrast, the performance of androgynous subjects was unaffected by failure but facilitated by success. Finally, whereas androgynous subjects attributed success primarily to their ability and failure to task difficulty, feminine subjects attributed success and failure about equally to these two factors. It was suggested that androgynous women's use of the “egotistical” pattern of performance attributions gives them an advantage over feminine women with respect to the maintenance of self‐e

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1982.tb00747.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis research examined gender differences in orientations toward autonomous and social achievement. Three independent samples of subjects (totalN= 359 males and 574 females) completed measures of achievement orientation (including Strumpfer's [1975] Autonomous Achievement Values and Social Achievement Values scales) and relevant cognitive, affective, and behavioral variables. Correlational and factor analyses clearly identified distinct autonomous and social achievement factors for both men and women in each of the samples. Examination of the correlates of achievement orientation indicated that whereas an autonomous achievement orientation is similarly expressed in males and females, there are considerable sex differences in the expression of an orientation toward social achievement. In particular, a social achievement orientation was associated with concerns over social approval and responsiveness to social influence among males, but was generally unrelated to these factors among females. Findings are discussed in terms of several recent hypotheses concerning the effects of sex role norms on the development and expression of achievement needs in men and women.

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1982.tb00748.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1982.tb00749.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY