摘要:

AbstractSeveral studies have found a substantial association between subjects' judgments about the co‐occurrence of personality items and the items' actual co‐occurrence, lending support to the validity of implicit personality theory. This work has recently been called into question by an investigation of Mirels (1976) that reported a nonsignificant relationship between judged probabilities of item pairs and the pairs' empirical coendorsement probabilities (actually calculated conditional probabilities) derived from self‐report responses. Using Mirels' data as well as new data, an appreciable and highly significant association between judgments of behavioral co‐occurrence and empirical coendorsement was found, when the latter was measured by correlational‐type indexes instead of conditional probability. This outcome indicates that the divergent results in the Mirels investigation were due to its use of the conditional probability index as a measure of empirical coendorsement. These findings add to the accumulating body of evidence pointing to the validity of implicit personali

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1979.tb00611.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA conception of locus of control attribution was advanced as an alternative to the generalized expectancy view presented by Rotter. That alternative stems from regarding the individual as actively constructing a pattern of specific choice consequence relations out of his/her ongoing experience. An integration of structural and factor approaches was used to analyze the Rotter I‐E scale. The structural analysis categorized items on four dimensions (focus, area, self‐attribution and world attribution) and indicated that the I‐E scale unevenly represents the domain it encompasses. Nevertheless, specification of that structural matrix helps to provide a more comprehensive framework for interpreting I‐E response patterns of 216 high school juniors and seniors. For example, male responses cohered around asserting active control over tasks hut attributing control to external sources with regard both to personal issues and to more abstract systems‐related issues. Females organized their senses of self‐efficacy with a central theme being that of a passive agent stance, plus an expectation that circumstances would provide equality of opportunities to which they could respond. Thus the present approach has demonstrated its utility in interpreting I‐E findings and its conceptual advantage for personality research on locus of control and on similiar attributional ch

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1979.tb00612.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSeveral hypotheses concerning the use of ingratiation tactics were tested in a paradigm where subjects believed that monetary rewards were contingent on a favorable evaluation from a supervisor. Manipulated variables in the 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design were (a) the nature of the supervisor's values (i.e., efficiency vs. sociability), (b) the level of threats issued by the supervisor (no threat vs. high threat), and (c) the extent to which the subjects were dependent on the supervisor's evaluation (low dependency vs. high dependency). The dependent variables were the extent to which the subjects used the ingratiation tactics of other‐enhancement (flattery) and selective self‐presentation. Findings indicate that the manipulation of the supervisor's values affected the form of other‐enhancement used by subjects; more flattery in terms of efficiency occurred in the efficiency values condition, while more flattery in terms of sociability occurred in the sociability values condition. The supervisor's values also affected self‐presentation; subjects claimed to hold efficiency ideals when the supervisor held efficiency values, but (in line with earlier findings) they did not claim to hold sociability ideals when the supervisor held sociability values. The manipulation of threats issued by the supervisor had a significant effect on the subjects' use of other‐enhancement with respect to the target's sociability, but it had no effect on other ingratiation measures. Finally, the manipulation of dependency had no effect on other‐enhancement, but it did produce a surprising “modesty effect” on self‐presentation. Subjects presented themselves as both less efficient and less sociable under high dependency than under low. These findings are discussed in the light of previous research on i

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1979.tb00613.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe effectiveness of causal projection and similarity projection in controlling stress associated with threat to self‐esteem was investigated. To induce threat to self‐esteem, half of the subjects were told that they had done poorly on an important achievement test while the remaining subjects were not told that they had done poorly. The projection strategies were manipulated by encouraging subjects to attribute the cause of their poor performance to the examiner instead of to themselves (causal projection) or to estimate how poorly their friends would have scored on the test had they taken it and not performed well on it (similarity projection). Measures of subjective anxiety, depression, and anger indicated that (a) the testing situation and negative feedback were effective in increasing stress, (b) causal projection was effective in controlling stress, and (c) similarity projection was partially effective in controlling stress. The results provide evidence that causal projection can be effective in controlling stress and also have implications concerning the conditions under which the use of projection will and will not be effective for coping with stress. The importance that situational factors may have on the effectiveness of cognitive coping strategies was emphasi

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1979.tb00614.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPast studies suggest that males tend to be more dominant than females in task‐oriented, mixed‐sex groups. It was hypothesized that one factor accounting for this sex difference is performance‐self‐esteem. Subjects were 44 male‐female pairs (college undergraduates) who participated in a decision‐making task. As predicted, female performance‐self‐esteem level was related to the dominance cluster of opinions, disagreements, and decision outcome scores (p<.035). Females were more dominant and males less dominant in dyads containing high performance‐self‐esteem females; the reverse was true in dyads containing low performance‐self‐esteem females. No relationship was found between male performance‐self‐esteem level and dominance. Also, with performance‐self‐esteem level controlled, no overall sex difference in dominance occurred. However, some sex differences were found in the relationships between outcome satisfaction and dominance for high and low p

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1979.tb00615.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAn experiment was conducted to investigate the extent of caloric compensation to differential preloading among normally restrained and unrestrained female subjects. Subjects' eating was either explicitly observed or unobserved by the experimenter. Unrestrained eaters compensated appropriately for the preload, whether or not they were observed. Restrained eaters failed to compensate when unobserved, but compensated strongly when observed. A subsequent unobserved eating task revealed that restrained eaters failed to compensate for prior consumption when the observer was withdrawn. Implications for research and therapy are discussed.

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1979.tb00616.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAn experiment was conducted to assess the effects of a same‐sex model on females' eating behavior. The model ate either a large or small quantity along with the subject in anad libsatiation context, and either did or did not identify herself as a dieter. Subjects were 86 female undergraduates, split into normally dieting or nondieting subgroups. Number of sandwich quarters consumedad libfollowing a small fixed preload was found to vary as a function of (a) model's consumption (b) model's dieter status and (c) subject's dieter status; there were no significant interactions. A subsequent taste‐rating assessment of nut consumption, in which the model was present but could neither see nor be seen by the subject, indicated that the three factors which had previously affected sandwich consumption independently combined to affect nut consumption interdependently. The results were interpreted in terms of the effect of the model on the quantity and pattern of consumption, and conclusions were drawn about the dynamics of restrained and unrestrained eating and implications for ther

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1979.tb00617.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSeveral investigators report a distinction between inward (withdrawn, somaticizing, fearful) behavior and outward (antisocial, hostile, aggressive) behavior. The present study was designed to clarify the relationship between type of coping behavior and locus of control (i.e., the attribution of causality to internal vs. external factors) for children aged 4 to 12 years. Two locus of control (LOC) instruments were administered—the Nowicki‐Strickland and a new measure which distinguished between LOC for desirable and undesirable events. Measures of coping behavior were completed by parents. Results indicated that the new LOC scale related to type of coping behavior: external LOC children tended to have a greater proportion of inward behavior. Furthermore, desirable‐event items were better able to distinguish between inward and outward behavior than were undesirable‐event items. The Nowicki‐Strickland scale was significantly correlated with the new scale, but not with coping behavior. Replication of the findings was obtained in a subsequent study. Discussion centered on the relationship between generalized perceptions of control and situationally manipulated perceptions of control, and differences between perceptions of control involved in inward and outward

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1979.tb00618.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe relationship between object and person perception is explored in free‐response person descriptions. A taxonomy which applies to both person and object descriptions, that is, a theoretically extensible taxonomy, potentially provides theoretical continuities across areas of perception. Evidence for the taxonomy's validity, or psychological meaningfulness, comes from differential usage of its components in (1) describing familiar and stranger target persons, (2) for physical versus indepth descriptive purposes, and (3) over the stages of the descriptive output. Descriptions of friends focus relatively more on personality traits and personal origins, while descriptions of strangers focus on context. Physical descriptions not surprisingly emphasize appearance, while indepth descriptions include mostly personality traits, as well as observable behaviors, appearance terms, and relationship descriptors. Differential usage of the components over stages of the description reveals that descriptions usually begin with appearance and later include typical behaviors and personality terms. Relationship labels, when used, occur at the beginning. Parallels with object description are discussed, and structural implications for concept storage are explore

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1979.tb00619.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSelf‐esteem and self‐complexity of first‐term Maine legislators were assessed at the beginning of a legislative session, using Ziller's (1973) topological method. Peer ratings of the freshman members' promise and likeability, and measures of their legislative activity were collected. Legislators rated as successful by their colleagues were of two distinct self‐other types: low self‐esteem, high complexity, or high self‐esteem, low complexity. These two types were termed the Pragmatist and the Ideologue, respectively. The distinctions implied by these labels were supported by analyses of activity and voting records. High complexity of the self‐concept, interpreted here as defensiveness, seems to moderate the effects of self‐esteem on pol

ISSN:0022-3506    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1979.tb00620.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY