摘要:

No abstract available for this article.

ISSN:0363-0242    

DOI:10.1300/J013v16n03_01

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1990

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

This study examined blood pressure and heart rate responses to a mental arithmetic task in a sample of 16 regularly menstruating women during the follicular (postmenstmal) and luteal (premenstrual) phases of their menstrual cycles. Self-reports of physical and psychological symptoms (mood) were obtained prior to testing. A control group of men was matched to the women with regard to age and yoked to the women's cycle phases. Both women and men were told the study involved "phases of the moon" in order to eliminate subjects' awareness of participating in a biological cycle study. Consistent with prior studies that have eliminated women's awareness of taking part in a study on menstrual phases, no phase differences in mood were evident nor did the women's mood ratings differ from those of men's. In addition, there were no phase differences in blood pressure and heart rate reactivity. These findings suggest that hormonal variations characteristic of the luteal and follicular phases do not assert an influence on common assessments of cardiovascular stress reactivity.

ISSN:0363-0242    

DOI:10.1300/J013v16n03_02

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1990

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

This study analyzes the relationships of cigarette smoking to attitudes toward equal opportunities for women, attitudes toward appropriate roles for women and men, and attitudes toward marriage, sex and family. Our analyses utilize data for white high school seniors from the 1985 Monitoring the Future national survey. Smoking was not related to attitudes toward equal opportunities for women, attitudes toward sex roles, or attitudes concerning the parental role. However, students who had favorable attitudes toward cohabitation by unmarried couples and unfavorable attitudes toward marriage were more likely to smoke than students who had more traditional attitudes toward sex and marriage. The association between smoking and non-traditional attitudes toward sex and marriage was observed for both females and males. Additional findings suggest that rejection of conventional values and acceptance of deviance contribute both to non-traditional attitudes toward sex and marriage and to teenage smoking, and this is one reason why non-traditional attitudes toward sex and marriage are assoc~ated with smoking.

ISSN:0363-0242    

DOI:10.1300/J013v16n03_03

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1990

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Elderly women and men have different patterns of disease and utilize health services differently. This essay examines the extent to which Medicare covers the specific conditions and services associated with women and men. Elderly women experience higher rates of poverty than elderly men; consequently, elderly women are especially likely to be unable to pay high out-of-pocket costs for health care. Using a new method for simulating out-of pocket costs, the Illness Episode Approach, the essay shows that Medicare provides better coverage for illnesses which predominate among men than for those which predominate among women. In addition, women on Medicare who supplement their basic coverage by purchasing a typical private insurance "Medigap" policy do not receive as much of an advantage from their purchases as do men. The calculations also show that the Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act would have had little impact on the gender gap in financial vulnerability.

ISSN:0363-0242    

DOI:10.1300/J013v16n03_04

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1990

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Despite the frequency of incompleted pregnancies (an estimated 20-30% of all pregnancies), a veil of silence surrounds pregnancy loss in our culture. The last fifteen years organizations have sprung up throughout the United States which protest the cultural denial of perinatal loss and seek to define a miscarriage or stillbirth as a legitimate source of grief. Participants in support groups are for the most part members of the white middle class and cannot be taken to represent 'American society' but because they are organized and vocal, members of such groups hold the potential for significantly changing the way miscarriage and stillbirth are treated in American society. This article explores a number of recurrent themes observed among participants of pregnancy loss support groups: the angst of an incompleted rite of passage; the struggle for defining the embryo, fetus, or neonate as a 'child' and of oneself as a 'parent'; the search for and attribution of meaning to a seemingly unexplainable event; and the link between changing attitudes towards birth, death, and personhood. The impact of new technologies on the experience of pregnancy and consequentially on the experience of pregnancy loss is also explored. Most prior studies of pregnancy loss have been quantitative and have focused on the individual. The anthropological approach, with its emphasis on the cultural construction of meanings and special understanding of ritual process adds an important dimension to this area of research.

ISSN:0363-0242    

DOI:10.1300/J013v16n03_05

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1990

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

This paper discusses follow-up data from physicians who were studied ten years earlier when they were medical students. Seventeen physicians were practicing ob-gyn, and 57 of the physicians studied had been interested in an ob-gyn career when they were medical students. At Time 1, women were more likely than men to be strongly interested in ob-gyn, but they were no more likely than men to be ob-gyn physicians at Time 2. The desire to have a surgical specialty was much more important to men than to. women practitioners. Men ob-gyn practitioners were significantly more traditional in their sex-role outlook as medical students than were either women practitioners or women who had been stron ly t interested in the field but did not enter it. The data suggest t at women ob-gyn physicians are more likely than their male peers to be egalitarian in their relationships with female patients.

ISSN:0363-0242    

DOI:10.1300/J013v16n03_06

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1990

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Eighty college women were queried about their knowledge of three aspects of the menstrual cycle (menstruation, ovulation, and menopause). Questions concerned the biology of each event and the physical, emotional, and cognitive changes believed to be associated with them. Reasoning from the biases and limitations in the scientific and popular literature, it was predicted that: (1) women would be relatively uninformed about the menstrual cycle, but more informed about menstruation than about ovulation or menopause, and (2) negatively valued changes would be described more frequently than positively valued ones. Results indicated that basic knowledge of the menstrual cycle, even among well educated women, is at times incorrect, generally incomplete, and negatively biased. These findings confirm the need for a more comprehensive approach to menstrual education that speaks both to the biology of the menstrual cycle and to norms and variability of associated physical and behavioral changes.

ISSN:0363-0242    

DOI:10.1300/J013v16n03_07

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1990

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The action imperative inherent in amniocentesis, one that emphasizes the detection and selective abortion of disabled fetuses, exerts a powerful influence on women's decisions to undergo prenatal diagnosis. In this paper, the construction of this imperative 1s considered through an examination of medical research that contributed to the development and clinical practice of amniocentesis. It is argued that this research reflects medical judgments about socially "undesirable" human attributes, professional interests, and individual, technical solutions to the "burden" of congenital disability. The necessity to consider the implications of this technology within both a feminist and disability rights framework is discused.

ISSN:0363-0242    

DOI:10.1300/J013v16n03_08

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1990

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Misrepresentation in the media portrays women prostitutes as sexual transmitters of AIDS to men. Yet careful study of the available data shows male-to-female transmission of the HIV virus is the overwhelming mode of hetereosexual transmission of AIDS. Content analysis is performed to analyze the role newspaper coverage played from 1985 through early 1988 in the social construction of prostitutes as a new target group for AIDS. The results show little concern for the health of prostitutes at risk for AIDS, but rather for their role as possible disease vectors. That women prostitutes were eagerly singled out as a target group despite a dearth of evidence points in large measure to their precarious position in society. And it highlights the impact media has when it acts as an uncritical sounding-board for government and medical press releases about a disease with dire social as well as physical consequences.

ISSN:0363-0242    

DOI:10.1300/J013v16n03_09

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1990

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

A sample of community women was surveyed to determine exercise habits, weight control methods, and perceived barriers to sustaining and initiating exercise and weight management programs. Lack of time was reported to be the most significant factor limiting exercise, while lack of willpower and time constraints were the most frequently reported obstacles to weight management. Suggestions to aid adherence to exercise and weight control programs among women are outlined.

ISSN:0363-0242    

DOI:10.1300/J013v16n03_10

出版商:Taylor&Francis Group    

年代:1990

数据来源: Taylor