摘要:

AbstractThis paper stressesthe need for realistic planning prior to a transit of hazardous waters as opposed to the mere study or review of navigational data, no matter how exhaustive. If the planning is realistic, it should be directed toward the most effective use of nagivational data, methods, and navigational aids. Therefore, during the planning stage the navigator should determine how he can make most effective use of the information and means available.A study of the navigational situation may reveal the applicability or feasibility of employing certain special techniques as supporting methods, or emergency methods in the event of failure of certain primary navigation sensors. The paper indicates that the planning should include drill in those special techniques infrequently used which may be extremely valuable in an emergency during the transit. Drill, or mental preparation at the very least, should be conducted because the procedures are infrequently used. Some special techniques, which could be extremely valuable during an emergency, may require only a few minutes preparation of commonly available materials. During an emergency, there may not be time, even a few minutes, to prepare the materials,—thus, the need for identifying during the planning those techniques and associated special preparations which can be of considerable help during the transit.In relationship to navigational planning, the paper treats of a variety of special visual and radar techniques. It treats of interim procedures which can be employed during an emergency until more accurate and reliable procedures can be employed.The opinions and assertions contained in this article are not to be construed as being officially endorsed by the Naval Oceanographic Office or the Naval Establishmen

ISSN:0028-1522    

DOI:10.1002/j.2161-4296.1972.tb00120.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe intersectionof two circles of equal altitude determines a navigational fix. Manual methods based on this principle are impractical, but it is suited to computer solution. A sight reduction method adaptable to inexpensive desk top computers is presented.

ISSN:0028-1522    

DOI:10.1002/j.2161-4296.1972.tb00121.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0028-1522    

DOI:10.1002/j.2161-4296.1972.tb00122.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPrevious studieshave shown parallel or multirunway operations to be effective in mitigating airport congestion due to recent and projected increases in air traffic. This paper presents a parallel runway landing system concept for which the minimum runway spacing is to be established while ensuring an extremely low collision risk. The approach is based on an active surveillance and control concept which does not require any knowledge about the tails of the probability distributions of aircraft location to establish the collision risk.The parallel runway spacing problem is very complex, incorporating such aspects as the ATC surveillance update rate and accuracy, aircraft/pilot performance and characteristics, ground controller/pilot communication delay, intervention rate, collision risk, and procedures associated with airport operations. The problem is therefore broken down into parametric investigations of two airspace zones: 1) Normal Operating Zone, 2) Intervention Zone. The Intervention Zone is of particular interest in this paper, and is sized in such a way that the penetration probability of this zone by an aircraft will be sufficiently small to ensure the required collision risk. The Intervention Zone includes an airspace for detection as well as the necessary airspace for the recovery maneuver. The Normal Operating Zone is sized to provide a required low intervention rate.The approach yields the sensitivity and trade‐off between various systems parameters in establishing a closely spaced parallel runway system. Furthermore, the design concept may be applied to the general problem of establishing safe minimum separations for parallel traffic under a broad range of condition

ISSN:0028-1522    

DOI:10.1002/j.2161-4296.1972.tb00123.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAnew class of informationprocessing systems has been proposed for vehicle and other process control (Refs. 1 and 2). These systems consist of computers, multiplexers, dedicated processors, displays, sensors, and effectors to execute subsystem checkout, control, communication, and data computation and reduction formerly handled by independent subsystems.This kind of information processing and data management system would relieve system operators of such tedious tasks as pre‐flight subsystem checkout and periodic system status checks, and assist the crew in stepping through nominal and semi‐nominal mission and functional sequences. Second, mission‐oriented sequences could be performed automatically in response to macroscopic commands from the operator. Most importantly, the control system would manage information to enable total crew cognizance and control of the state of the vehicle and its subsystems.The crew's role in this context is seen to be one of vehicle and system monitor, sequence initiator and alternate sequence selector as well as performer of certain control and sensing tasks as alternatives to automated implementations of these tasks. The first two roles require ready availability of full information regarding system and vehicle sequence and status as well as alternative modes and sequences available as desired or required.This paper explores the above system and interface characteristics and the problems and constraints associated with the crew/system interface requirements.A prototype generalized display and command technique is described and discussed in light of system require

ISSN:0028-1522    

DOI:10.1002/j.2161-4296.1972.tb00124.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0028-1522    

DOI:10.1002/j.2161-4296.1972.tb00125.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe effect of the geometricalrelationship between course‐line and ground stations on area navigation errors is analyzed. The analysis is applied to both the RHO/THETA and the RHO/RHO systems. Graphs for determining the along‐course and cross‐course error standard deviations for both systems are presented. The concepts of trading off along‐course precision for cross‐course precision and the selection of geometrically optimal ground station configurations are discussed and illustrated. The results of this paper are of operational value since they can be used to sequence ground station selections and determine the feasibility of existing ground stations to provide area navigation for the traffic patterns of a given geographic

ISSN:0028-1522    

DOI:10.1002/j.2161-4296.1972.tb00126.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe developmentand successful sea test of an acoustic navigation system are described. The system is called Hydroways in the same general context as the word Airways is applied to air navigation. This acoustical beacon system requires at least two fixed bottom‐mounted acoustic projectors for transmitting. The receiving equipment can be the ship's fathometer, which can provide a midchannel indication on a standard fathogram. This simple system can provide steering information similar to that obtainable from a visual range. The significant advantages are the all‐weather capability and a substantial increase in useful range to seaward. Additional transmission coding and hardware could provide for multilane navigational control for ships simultaneously entering and leaving a major p

ISSN:0028-1522    

DOI:10.1002/j.2161-4296.1972.tb00127.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn recent years, society has become more complex, populations have become larger, demands have become more persistent and expectations have gone higher. In these times of rapid change and fast transportation, the thread of consistency is maintained by the unchanging sea and the ever‐present hazards she presents. Equally persistent, even if not always so successful, are the efforts of the navigator to overcome the harshness of his salty mistress–the sea. Because of the extensive requirement for the goods of commerce borne over the oceans of the world, and the recently awakened universal awareness of the environment and its degradation, technology has leaped forward to provide the wherewithal and the hardware to move the enormous quantity of goods from place to place and to satisfy the tremendous energy requirements of civilization while trying to maintain the ledger book in balance with minimum effect on the environment.The impact of the growth of commerce coupled with the restrictions of various harbors provides an interface with the maritime environment which naturally causes an important conflict. The best solution for a conflict of this type short of abolition of commerce is the establishment of an effective marine traffic system that will be all things to all people or a system that will accomplish the greatest good with the least possible disruption of existing conditions and customs. An additional constraint is one of cost which is a most important consideration. In the current language, the term “cost‐benefit” continues to be brought forward and indeed this term must be well considered, as this is the basis for the business. These concepts will be develo

ISSN:0028-1522    

DOI:10.1002/j.2161-4296.1972.tb00128.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTheInternationalRegulationsfor Prevention of Collisions at Sea (33 U.S.C. 1051), the Inland Rules (33 U.S.C. 154), the Pilot Rules, Great Lakes Rules, Western Rivers Rules and the Admiralty Court decisions which interpret them, form a real and complex system of constraints upon the mariner in the navigable waters of the United States and on the open sea. These Rules are law, both international and U. S., and are used by the Courts in the determination of liability in case of collision. Admiralty Court decisions have modified and clarified the Rules of the Road in many cases. They have also added to the difficulty of the watch officer on the bridge of a ship at sea who must know not only the Rules but the Court interpretations in order to comply with them. The nature of the constraints imposed by these Rules is examined as they apply to the information furnished to the mariner from marine radar and radar based collision avoidance systems. The rules which apply when the vessels are in sight of each other and when they are not are discussed. The information needed to comply with the rules in each case is compared to the information available from radar and collision avoidance systems. The informational short comings of these systems are identified and an ideal collision avoidance system to aid the mariner in maneuvering under the constraint of the Rules of the Road is described.

ISSN:0028-1522    

DOI:10.1002/j.2161-4296.1972.tb00129.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY