摘要:

AbstractTo meet the challengingrequirements of new undersea vehicles the Navy has under development a new breed of systems for navigation and control. These represent a significant size and weight reduction over the large navigation systems developed for submarines and incorporates the use of a variety of navigation sensors such as underwater transponders, a doppler sonar, an altitude/depth sonar and a miniature precision inertial platform. These systems form an integrated navigation suit which is adaptable for use as an accurate dead‐reckoning system, and for precise sea‐floor referenced navigation from acoustic transponders. The development also encompasses a six degree of freedom control system for both manual and automatic positioning of a submersible to an accuracy of a few inches. This will be required for mating with submarines or other underwater work tasks in the presence of ocean currents during rescue, search and recovery missions. Preliminary navigation tests using the ALUMINAUT, equipped for both doppler and transponder navigation, are quite promis

ISSN:0028-1522    

DOI:10.1002/j.2161-4296.1968.tb01578.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractClassical merchantmarine navigation practices are being revolutionized by the advent of the ‘new technology’. The increase in the number, size and speed of ships, the consequent growth in traffic density, and the tendency toward automation have introduced new requirements in navigation for merchant ships. At present, shipboard navigation procedures range from the antiquated to the most sophisticated. We are in a transition period and studies of future time frames indicate the strong possibility of eventual traffic control of ships in certain traffic lanes by the use of satellites. A start has been made in this direction by the introduction at present of recommended traffic lanes in certain areas of the Atlantic.The man‐machine relationship becomes increasingly important with more automation and its implied compression of time for decision making on the part of the nagivator. A prime consideration, therefore, is the human engineering aspects of both techniques and technology. The Maritime Administration, in consonance with its mission of fostering a healthy U. S. Merchant Marine, has undertaken research and development work in this direction which has already culminated in projects which offer great promise for the future.This paper will relate the usual practice of navigation on merchant ships stressing the hardships and the needs of the merchant mariner. At the end, a brief look will be taken at the Maritime Administration navigation pro

ISSN:0028-1522    

DOI:10.1002/j.2161-4296.1968.tb01579.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractRecent accuracy requirementsfor navigational positioning at sea are such as to require the refinements of recent and past geodetic methods. The computational adjustment method, of this paper, is the technique of variation of parameters. All computations are performed directly on the surface of a reference ellipsoid, so as to preclude any distance restrictions.The methods presented are primarily for use with observations from electronic positioning systems of ranging (circular), and time or phase‐difference (hyperbolic) type. A new type of observation equation is presented which, when used with a hyperbolic system, results in the first non‐iterative solution to the positioning problem.When redundant observational data is obtained, as is frequently the case, full use should be made of the data by using weighted observation equations. Through the use of the new equations, all electronic surveying observations can be processed simultaneously, in real time, with an electronic computer. A continuing error analysis, in the form of a variance‐co‐variance matrix for both the observed and adjusted values, provides system error analysis and di

ISSN:0028-1522    

DOI:10.1002/j.2161-4296.1968.tb01580.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSafe navigationalong the Vietnamese Coast is primarily dependent upon the possession of accurate and up‐to‐date charts and the climatic condition which affects all aspects of navigation. Naval and maritime interests in this region demand that a high navigational readiness posture be maintained at all ti

ISSN:0028-1522    

DOI:10.1002/j.2161-4296.1968.tb01581.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper describesthe electronic equipment used by the Coast and Geodetic Survey for navigational control of its hydrographic and oceanographic surveys. These descriptions will include such peripheral systems as computers, sonar, and other aids to navigation. Their advantages and limitations will be discussed.

ISSN:0028-1522    

DOI:10.1002/j.2161-4296.1968.tb01582.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper describesthe past and present problems of chart producers in supplying navigators with the current and selected information in the most convenient format for the many diverse requirements of aviators and mariners. A glimpse at future solutions and a call for improved navigator‐cartographer communicatio

ISSN:0028-1522    

DOI:10.1002/j.2161-4296.1968.tb01583.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe birth dateof inertial guidance is a matter of interpretation, because it was neither the result of any single event nor a discovery attributable to any single individual (1).Sir Isaac Newton is credited with the law of inertia, but the clue was given earlier by Galileo, who wrote in his Two New Sciences: any velocity once imparted to a moving body will be rigidly maintained as long as the external causes of acceleration or retardation are removed, a condition which is found only on horizontal planes; for in the case of planes which slope downward, there is already present a cause of acceleration; while on the planes sloping upward, there is retardation; from this it follows that motion along a horizontal plane is perpetual; for, if the velocity be uniform, it cannot be diminished or slackened, much less destroyed.In 1896, the use of gyroscopes was proposed for marine sextants for those cases where the navigator could see the stars but could not see the horizon. This invention, by Admiral Fleurias (2) of the French Navy, consisted of a small top mounted in a vacuum box attached to the sextant; lines ruled on the glass lenses were used to observe the vertical as the top precessed around the vertical. The shipboard gyrocompass, invented in Germany in 1908 by Hermann Anschütz‐Kaempfe, elevated the spinning rotor from the role of a toy or mathematical novelty to that of useful instrumentation. In 1911, Elmer A. Sperry obtained his first U. S. patent on a gyrocompass. On July 15, 1924, U. S. patent 1501886 was issued to C. G. Abbot for a system with a three‐axis gyro and a gravity pendulum, the first system, as far as we know, with some inertial capability.An inertial guidance system operates in a coordinate system that is not rotating or accelerating with respect to the “fixed stars.” An inertial or Newtonian coordinate system is one in which Newton's laws are valid. This “inside‐out”‐type of definition bothered Einstein (3), who asked; “Can we formulate physical laws so that they are valid for all coordinate systems, not only those moving uniformly, but also those moving quite arbitrarily, relative to each other? If this can be done, our difficulties will be over. We shall then be able to apply the laws of nature to any coordinate system.” He solved the problem with his general relativity theory, which, when applied to inertial coordinate systems, gives the special relativity theo

ISSN:0028-1522    

DOI:10.1002/j.2161-4296.1968.tb01584.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0028-1522    

DOI:10.1002/j.2161-4296.1968.tb01585.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAnew radio sextantoperating in the 2 cm wavelength region has been completed by the Collins Radio Company. It forms a part of the Ships Self‐Contained Navigation System (SSCNS) being developed for the Naval Ships System Command by the A. C. Electronics Division of General Motors. A novel gimbal system and recent technological improvements have made possible order of magnitude reduction of weight and volume, increased pitch and roll range and greater convenience in operation. All‐weather solar and lunar altitude and bearing data can now be made available for use in an independent, passive navigation system which furnishes position, attitude and velocity on a continuous basis with essentially global coverage. The radio sextant characteristics make it practical for use on most naval vess

ISSN:0028-1522    

DOI:10.1002/j.2161-4296.1968.tb01586.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAn inertial platformis described in which three gyroscopes of the two‐degree‐of‐freedom type are disposed in a coplanar configuration with their spin axes at 120° one to another. Cycles of operation are described in which two or all three of the gyroscopes undergo periodic reversals of the direction of rotor spin. The periodic spin reversals are intended to provide a correction for the greater part of the gyro wander, by reversing the precessions caused by extraneous torques. An intrinsic cancellation of the wander results directly from the spin reversals. An alternative method is described in which the signals fed to the gyro torquing motors are compared during successive modes of the operating cycle. This permits the computation of estimates of the gyro wander rates, so that correcting signals may be a

ISSN:0028-1522    

DOI:10.1002/j.2161-4296.1968.tb01587.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY