ISSN:0748-8386    

DOI:10.1002/smi.2460110102

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIt was hypothesized, based on the cybernetic stress model, that the occupational stress‐strain relationship is moderated by private self‐consciousness (PSC) and control. If the possibility to control is perceved as favourable, high PSC was assumed to buffer against strain by inceasing the likelihood of active coping with stressors. In the opposite case, when the possibilities of controlling job stressors are experienced as low, high PSC was assumed to exacerbate the relationship between stress and strain, because paying attention to internal reactions to stressors beyond one's control only intensifies the experience of distress. Support for these hypotheses was obtained by the questionnaire method and hierarchical moderated regression analyses with a sample of 377 nurses. Consistently with the cybernetic model, the effects of work overload on mental strain symptoms depended on perceived control, especially among high PSC individuals. Work overload produced fewest mental symptoms when PSC and control were high, and most mental symptoms when PSC was high but control low. If PSC was low, the effects of stressors were between the two extremes. Implications for further research on the cybernetic stress model are discus

ISSN:0748-8386    

DOI:10.1002/smi.2460110103

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe demand‐control‐support model was developed by R. Karasek and his colleagues during the 1980s. The model operates with three main dimensions: job demands, job decision latitude and job social support. According to the model, workers with jobs characterized by high demands, low decision latitude and low social support (so‐called iso‐strain) have a higher risk of poor psychological well‐being and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The model has been tested in relation to CVD in 16 epidemiological studies of which only two have been negative. Moreover, the model has been used in studies with a large number of other endpoints. Recently the model and the methods used in connection with the model have been criticized by several research workers. In this article the studies on iso‐strain and CVD are reviewed and a number of methodological problems are discussed. It is recommended that future studies are prospective and use non‐representative population samples of well‐chosen occupations. Each of the key variables ‐job stressors, stress and sickness ‐ should be measured in three independent ways in order to increase the methodological and theoretical strength of the

ISSN:0748-8386    

DOI:10.1002/smi.2460110104

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn order to contribute to the study of psychological adaptation to extreme environments, a discourse analysis was carried out on 10 European lowlanders during a 3‐week scientific expedition under survival conditions at the top of Mount Sajama (6542 m). This discourse analysis was part of a large scientific investigation (involving 12 scientific and medical research procedures) on human adaptation to high altitude chronic hypoxia. The study of discourse was carried out on several freely delivered oral accounts on the same topic, which was always the survival experience itself. This study involved a method developed by Benzécri and Reinert which is partly described in the first part of the article. With this textual analysis technique, it was possible to determine the main word distribution patterns within a discourse and to identify the repetitive language patterns most frequently used. The results on the overall corpus, consisting of the pooled discourses, indicated three specific classes of vocabulary from which three different types of discourse were identified. The data showed that the speaker's discourse did not change during exposure to extreme environmental conditions; the discourse was not correlated with the events but referred only to the speaker himself. The three types of discourse had one main focus: the anxiety, fear or extreme fear (anguish) experienced by all the subjects as psychological states. In response to these feelings, they used various psychological strategies to escape or to face the situation in different ways, as shown by the terms of the different types of discourse. One question which arises about this discourse analysis is: what was tested when the subjects were examined with regard to their psychological acclimatization to altitude? The biological effects of severe chronic hypoxia, or those of stress in response to the fear caused by the extreme environment or/and by psychological adaptation to high altitu

ISSN:0748-8386    

DOI:10.1002/smi.2460110105

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis study examines the personal and situational characteristics associated with health status change in a sample of 572 managers. Organizational, social and demographic characteristics, environmental perceptions, coping resources and constraints, self‐focused beliefs, characteristics of recent stressful events, appraisals of the event and coping strategies all make an independent contribution to symptom increases. When relatively stable background characteristics are held constant, the greatest associations with symptom increases are for trait anxiety, comforting physically coping, the nature of the most recent stressful event, environmental uncontrollability and organizational instability through mergers and acquisition

ISSN:0748-8386    

DOI:10.1002/smi.2460110106

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis study examined a research model developed to understand emotional well‐being among managerial and professional women. Data were collected from 792 women using questionnaires completed anonymously. Although considerable diversity was present in the sample, most women were in early career, married but still without children. Four groups of predictor variables identified in previous research were considered: personal demographic variables. Organizational and situational characteristics, work experiences associated with job and career satisfaction and work outcomes. Work experiences and work outcomes were fairly consistently and significantly related to self‐reported emotional well‐being. Implications for managerial women and their employing organizations are of

ISSN:0748-8386    

DOI:10.1002/smi.2460110107

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractUsing unanaesthetized and free‐moving mature female cats, we examined changes of cortisol levels in 24‐hr urine accompanying emotional behaviour such as restlessness elicited by electrical stimulation of the anteromedial hypothalamus(AMH). Urine was collected every 24 hr for 9 consecutive days and stimulation was applied for only the middle 3 days with chronically implanted electrodes placed in the AMH. Cat urine was hydrolysed with β‐glucuronidase and sulphatase; the levels of free cortisol, glucuronide and sulphate were determined by fluorescence polarization immunoassay. The mean (fSD) of the total cortisol level calculated in terms of the creatinine level in the 3 days before stimulation was 13.04 ± 4.89 ng/mg creatinine; the mean for the 3 days during stimulation was 19.06 ± 7.56 ng/mg creatinine; and the mean for the 3 days after stimulation was 13.97 ± 4.10 ng/mg creatinine. The cortisol level during stimulation showed a significant increase compared with that before stimulation (p<0.05) and almost recovered to the prestimulation level 3 days after stimulation. These results indicate that the emotional behaviour such as restlessness induced by AMH stimulation in cats may have some relation to emotion

ISSN:0748-8386    

DOI:10.1002/smi.2460110108

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0748-8386    

DOI:10.1002/smi.2460110109

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0748-8386    

DOI:10.1002/smi.2460110110

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0748-8386    

DOI:10.1002/smi.2460110111

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY