ISSN:0748-8386    

DOI:10.1002/smi.2460010102

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThere is a considerable experimental literature concerning the psychophysiology of high blood pressure, but many difficulties arise in extrapolating data derived from laboratory studies in animals to the human condition. Nevertheless, a familiarity with basic laboratory results should be a prerequisite for all clinically orientated mental health professionals interested in the relationship between psychological functioning and hypertension. Profound cardiovascular alterations can result from exposure to environmental situations which are perceived as stressful. In particular, the relationships between stress and acute elevations in blood pressure and heart rate have been well documented. It is, however, a much more difficult problem to establish the relationship between repeated and/or prolonged exposure to stress and the pathogenesis of chronic hypertension. It is the purpose of this article to illustrate this relationship with a series of fundamental experimental observations.

ISSN:0748-8386    

DOI:10.1002/smi.2460010103

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis review begins by summarizing the evidence to show how the neuroendocrine and central neurotransmitter systems are interconnected in the adaptation of the mammal to environmental stress. Depression may result from a failure of such systems to adapt and evidence is provided showing that these systems are abnormal in the depressed patient. The function of antidepressant therapy, whether by drug or ECT, is largely to normalize noradrenergic and serotonergic receptor responsiveness. There is little convincing evidence to suggest that the qualitative effects of any of the antidepressants differ following their chronic administration despite their well‐established differences after acute administration to animals. The superiority of the new antidepressants lies almost entirely in their greater safet

ISSN:0748-8386    

DOI:10.1002/smi.2460010104

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe spectrum of stress,inter alia, comprises: the concept of stress — originated in its present form by Hans Selye; technosocial contributory factors — urbanization, oral contraception, television, microelectronics; individual vulnerability — overall effects, age and personality factors, common sources; reactions and responses — getting emotional support, coping behaviour, the development of illness(es); and depressive illness as a stress paradigm — its nature, management and growing importance in the wo

ISSN:0748-8386    

DOI:10.1002/smi.2460010105

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAlthough not a new phenomenon, unemployment is now a feature of most industrialized societies. Previous research has highlighted the nature of physical and psychological problems associated with this major life event. Before describing the nature of the response to unemployment, it is essential to analyse why work has become so important for social and psychological adjustment. The response to unemployment can then be described as a predictable set of phases similar to other experiences of loss, such as bereavement. Pathology in unemployment, both physical and psychological, has been observed, and the nature of these disorders is described, as well as those groups more likely to suffer and the possible pathways from health to illness.

ISSN:0748-8386    

DOI:10.1002/smi.2460010106

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract‘Placebo’ and ‘placebo effect’ have different meanings in pharmacology and in clinical practice. The action of almost all drugs, especially of psychopharmaca, has a placebo component. Drug effects are altered by relationship and emotional concomitants, especially by the doctor, one of the most powerful ‘drugs’. Human responses to psychopharmaca are often inexplicably variable, and cannot be understood without taking into account the effect of the doctor and of the relationship between the doctor and the patient. It is therefore of the utmost importance to study the pharmacology of the drug ‘doctor’ in therapeutics, both in isolation and in its relationship to medicaments. Drugs, ie chemical compounds administered for therapeutic purposes, and not only psychopharmaca, are also able to affect relationships and emotions. These effects, often disregarded, should also be studied, not least because the alteration of relationship (eg the doctor—patient relationship) and emotions will secondarily influence the pharmacological actio

ISSN:0748-8386    

DOI:10.1002/smi.2460010107

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe definition of stress is briefly discussed, and a plea is made for scientific consistency in terminology. Operational definitions of stress and strain are provided. The physical and psychological components of pain stress are then examined, and pain stress is held to comprise the complete process from onset of tissue damage or other noxious condition to the experience of pain itself. The pain‐gate theory as an explanation for the psychological anomalies of pain is briefly described. A distinction is then made between conditions of acute and chronic pain: the former presents with a pattern of anxiety, while the latter matches a psychiatric depressive condition. Chronic pain and depression are inextricably interwoven and interactive, and exist as a discrete and identifiable syndrome. Psychological pain management techniques have a minimal part to play in the treatment of acute pain, but become of increasing relevance and importance as the duration of the pain increases. Various types of psychological intervention for pain relief are listed, and it is suggested that the psychologist's most useful role is that of detailed comprehensive appraisal of the pain patient and the planning of a programme of psychological treatment specific to the individual concerned. Such therapy to reduce pain stress and eliminate pain strain can then be carried out by appropriate trained health care workers under medical supervisio

ISSN:0748-8386    

DOI:10.1002/smi.2460010108

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMalignant hyperthermia (MH) is a very rare but frequently fatal complication of anaesthesia. The identification of susceptible patients depends on a family history of anaesthetic difficulties, increased serum creatine kinase activity and the pharmacological assessment of a muscle biopsy. Dantrolene has been introduced recently as a specific therapeutic agent for MH. Detailed investigation of MH in pigs has drawn attention to the possible role of circulating catecholamines in initiating and potentiating the syndrome. Only certain breeds of pigs develop MH and these breeds are also susceptible to the occurrence of the porcine stress syndrome (PSS) and pale, soft, exudative pork (PSEP). There is increasing evidence that isolated cases of ‘awake MH’ can be triggered by excessive fatigue, emotional stress and high environmental temperatures. It is possible that in some MH‐susceptible families death may occur from ventricular arrhythmias in emotional stressful situations, possibly associated with an underlying cardiomyo

ISSN:0748-8386    

DOI:10.1002/smi.2460010109

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe changes occurring in the skin as a result of stress are initially physiological and temporary. However, if repeated frequently enough, they eventually become permanent and so pathological. It has been estimated that, in 34 per cent of cases of dermatological disease, stress was the precipitating factor.Dermatological stress disorders can be classified into the following: exclusively emotional; partly organic and partly psychological; emotional predisposing, perpetuating or precipitating factors; and unsightly diseases affecting the psyche.Pruritus is an important factor in many diseases, since it produces the itch‐scratch vicious cycle. No matter what the cause of the itch, the current emotional state, including anxiety, tension and fear, are factors which influence i

ISSN:0748-8386    

DOI:10.1002/smi.2460010110

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractOne hundred and twenty‐one patients who were admitted for breast biopsy were interviewed on the day before the operation. They were asked to recall all stressful life events which had occurred during the two years that preceded the onset of cancer. An appropriate control group of 42 healthy patients from a well woman clinic were also interviewed. All patients also completed a self‐rating questionnaire. Scaling of life events was done by another group of hospital inpatients.The results showed that cancer patients experienced significantly more stressful life events in the two years that preceded the onset of cancer than the non‐cancer and well woman patients. Cancer and non‐cancer patients experienced events with medium and high stress factors, while the well woman patients experienced events with low and medium stress factors. The main difference in personality was that cancer patients tended to ‘conceal their feelings’, while the non‐cancer and well woman patients were more ‘expressive of their feelings’. The differences in personality profile and experience of stressful life events between the three groups of patients could be explained in terms of coping strategies and locus of control. The implications of this study a

ISSN:0748-8386    

DOI:10.1002/smi.2460010111

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY