ISSN:0748-8386    

DOI:10.1002/smi.2460040102

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA distinction is made between acute and chronic stress in the workplace. The distinction leads on to two types of question: (1) How does the one relate to the other? (2) Is it possible to distinguish between acute and chronic stress physiologically? Preliminary attempts to tackle the latter question are reported. The subjects were anaesthetists on a cardiothoracic unit and the physiological measures taken were urinary cortisol and salivary flowrate. Perceived stress and arousal were monitored using self‐report techniques. Among the results obtained were the following:1Self‐reported arousal was higher in the morning than the afternoon.2The level of arousal was associated with salivary flow, flow being weaker when arousal was higher andvice versa.3Self‐reports of stress were associated with higher than average urinary cortisol levels.4The mean level of urinary cortisol over 24 hours was significantly higher for the group than that found in the general popul

ISSN:0748-8386    

DOI:10.1002/smi.2460040103

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe rise in unemployment during the 1970s and early 1980s has affected more and more 'ordinary' members of society. Nevertheless, longitudinal comparisons between people's characteristics in 1971 and 198I confirm that the unemployed in 1981 were drawn disproportionately from disadvantaged sections of the community such as men who had previously been unemployed, men who had least skills, resided in local authority housing, or in deprived areas particularly in the North and West and Central regions of the country. Recent entrants to the labour market from socio‐economically disadvantaged backgrounds found particular difficulty in obtaining jobs.While the least skilled and most disadvantaged were at greatest risk of becoming unemployed, ill‐health, marriage breakdown, movement into local authority housing and downward occupational mobility can be shown to have followed unemployment in the early 1970s. These constitute some of the consequences of unemployment for the affected individuals.In this article we described how a study of the antecedents and consequences of unemployment helps explain relationships between unemployment and mortality and also suggests what might be expected at a time of high unemploym

ISSN:0748-8386    

DOI:10.1002/smi.2460040104

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis article reviews findings from clinical observation, developmental research, and research in the neurosciences that demonstrate the developmental significance of skin as an organ of perception, and the importance of appropriate tactile cutaneous stimulation within the context of the mother‐child relationship for healthy physical and emotional development. Psychological regression to that emotional developmental level in inherently predisposed individuals under stress is invoked to account for stress‐induced or stress perpetuated skin symptoms, and stress‐triggered pathophysiologic mechanisms are described. A classification of psychocutaneous disease is offered as a guide to evaluation and treatment and the possible operative psychopathophysiologic pathways are discussed.Complete dermatologic evaluation and treatment must include consideration of possible stress effects and stress mechanisms; the somatopsychic effect‐as‐stress also cannot b

ISSN:0748-8386    

DOI:10.1002/smi.2460040105

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAlthough the central nervous system is critically involved in the regulation of blood pressure, the relationship of anxiety to hypertension remains unclear. However, anxiety is closely related to various habits that affect the cardiovascular system: diet, weight, alcohol, eating and drinking, cigarette smoking, caffeine and life events. There is a high prevalence of mitral valve prolapse in subjects with anxiety disorders, but there is little evidence for a common genetic factor. A number of psychosocial factors are significantly related to the individual risk of CHD and the Type A behavior pattern (TABP) relates certain personality and behavioral characteristics that are important in this respect.

ISSN:0748-8386    

DOI:10.1002/smi.2460040106

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractStress is frequently associated with the prementrual syndrome. In many women there is an underlying increased stress level so that the physiological premenstrual symptoms with which they could normally cope considerably affect their life styles; this is secondary premenstrual syndrome. In others, stress is part of the symptomatology of their primary premenstrual syndrome; they are free from stress at other times. Appropriate management for these two groups of women differs and is discussed.

ISSN:0748-8386    

DOI:10.1002/smi.2460040107

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractBiomedical decision‐making and patient care are not altogether based on rational, scientific, objective factors. Physicians' experience of stress, both as aspects of the current situation and as symbols of personal, often unconscious issues, frequently leads to the use of assessment, diagnosis and treatment as primarily anxiety‐alleviating processes. A not uncommon consequence of these stress‐reduction efforts, by both individual physicians and health care groups, is the 'cascade effect', which the authors define as a sequence of clinical events that proceed inexorably and feel out of the control of those who participate in

ISSN:0748-8386    

DOI:10.1002/smi.2460040108

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSeventy‐two patients were studied with pregnancies of more than 32 weeks, 38 (52.7%) of whom developed either premature labour or pregnancy‐induced hypertension and who were admitted to the high‐risk pregnancy unit of the university hospital in Cali, Colombia.The remaining 34 (47.3%) patients had normal pregnancies and were recruited from smaller hospitals (Selva and Siloi.) in the same city of Cali.Each patient's clinical history included: 1. The level of stress and social support affecting the course of the patient's pregnancy. 2. The patient's lymphocyte activity measured by lymphocyte count on peripheral blood smear. 3. Late hypersensitivity to candidin, all patients having a previous history of candida infection with a positive KOH from a fresh smear. A higher level of stress was found in patients with an obstetric disorder (p<0.005) in whom the relative risk to develop the disorder was 5.1 (95 per cent confidence limits 1.7‐15.6).When the patient had a high level of stress and the social support was inadequate, the relative risk increased to 10.2 (95 per cent confidence limits 1.3−79.0). Absolute lymphopenia was more frequent in those patients with an obstetric disorder (p<0.02) and in 79% of these patients an associated negative candidin test was found.72.7% of the patients with a high level of stress and with inadequate social support showed depression of lymphocyte activity as shown by a negative candidin test combined with absolute lymphopenia in the peripheral blood smear lymphocyte count (<1500 lymphocytes). Psychosocial stimuli, early environmental influences and genetic factors when interacting in a dynamic form, facilitated the depression of lymphocyte activity in those patients with a high level of stress plus inadequate social support. This may be related to the higher relative risk to develop an obstetric disorder shown by this group of patients. The above considerations may induce us to consider both a low socio‐economic status and adolescent pregnancy as risk factors in the obstetric patient. These factors are generators of stress when patients do not have adequate social support in their family or community

ISSN:0748-8386    

DOI:10.1002/smi.2460040109

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0748-8386    

DOI:10.1002/smi.2460040110

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0748-8386    

DOI:10.1002/smi.2460040111

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY