摘要:

AbstractThree head‐injured clients had difficulty performing vocational tasks and routine activities of daily living. Memory checklists, which consisted of a task analysis for each activity, were introduced. All three clients were immediately able to perform the task

ISSN:1072-0847    

DOI:10.1002/bin.2360060102

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe traditionally accepted approach to treatment in residential facilities for adults with mental retardation is examined in terms of its impact on the lives of the intended recipients and its interaction with emerging standards for treatment. It is noted that the primary emphasis in traditional treatment providing services to meet individual needs often results in the preponderance of service being directed toward the acquisition of skills required for later independent living, rather than the immediate facilitation of independence. We offer several reasons why a heavy emphasis on skill building is not only impractical but also inappropriate for meeting the real needs of adults with retardation. We suggest that a functional definition of independence from the individual's perspective would be to have a daily routine that is as free of outside assistance as possible and that is rewarding to the individual. We suggest that many persons with mental retardation already exhibit a sufficient array of behaviors from which appropriate personal routines could emerge. It is argued that functional assessments of the need for new skills should be conducted only from within such routines. We conclude that active treatment provided in this way will improve individual self‐worth because its focus is on producing immediate competence and independence, rather than perpetuating the ‘student’ status of adults in residential facilities. We refer to this as a ‘supported routines’ approach. The implementation of this approach within the current standards for ‘active treatment’ is discussed, as well as the individual's right to be supporte

ISSN:1072-0847    

DOI:10.1002/bin.2360060103

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA 43‐year‐old man with severe mental retardation and sensory impairments and a long history of behavior problems was taught to interact more appropriately with staff members at his community‐based group home. The following behaviors were targeted for change within a multiple baseline design: use of an appropriate cueing response to initiate a conversation; keeping his hands to himself when conversing with another; and not ‘badgering’ people by repeating the same question over and over. Instructions and feedback produced small, unstable improvements in the subject's behavior. When token reinforcement was added to the treatment package, large and immediate improvements were noted. The improved levels of social interactions were maintained after token reinforcement was withdrawn, suggesting the operation of naturally occurring contingencies of rein

ISSN:1072-0847    

DOI:10.1002/bin.2360060104

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA procedure for operant analysis of aggressive behavior was derived from multi‐element assessment methods that have been previously applied to both self‐injurious and stereotypic responding. Analog sessions included No Interaction Baseline, Social Disapproval, Demand, Social Reinforcement, and Discriminated Extinction conditions, repeatedly presented within a multi‐element design. Three men with differing severity of mental retardation, communicative deficits and aggressive behavior were exposed to multiple brief analog sessions embedded within their normal meal‐time routines in group home settings. Mean frequencies of aggressive behavior and concurrent eating indicate that, while aggressive behavior was negatively reinforced in all three participants, both social and non‐social contingencies were also prominent. The same contingencies which have been demonstrated to maintain self‐injury and stereotypic behavior can therefore also maintain aggression. Results suggest the feasibility of conducting relatively non‐intrusive analog assessments in community residences, and support the‐extension of functional analysis across differing classes of ab

ISSN:1072-0847    

DOI:10.1002/bin.2360060105

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe application of techniques for reducing verbal and physical aggression can be problematic when the procedures are applied to high functioning adults who have sustained a traumatic head injury. In this investigation, the effect of a ‘cool down’ training procedure on two adult males with brain injuries was examined using the same strategy, which was simultaneously applied to both behaviors for 1 subject and applied only to verbal aggression for a second subject. The cool down training procedure included 2 training sessions per week, plus implementation of a modified training program in the test situation. Results revealed that the cool down training program was effective in reducing both verbal and physical aggression and therefore provides an alternative treatment for adults with head injur

ISSN:1072-0847    

DOI:10.1002/bin.2360060106

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1072-0847    

DOI:10.1002/bin.2360060101

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY