摘要:

SummaryThe contribution of pre-swarming engorgement by workers to the energetics of long-distance dispersal by swarms of Africanized honeybees was examined, by measuring the volumes and concentrations of nectar from honey sacs of bees from different types of swarms. The extent of worker engorgement varied with the type of swarm; in order of decreasing volumes of honey sac contents, these were: (1) absconding swarms, (2) prime swarms, (3) afterswarms, (4) in-transit swarms, (5) colonizing swarms. Relative to body weight. Africanized honeybees carried greater weights of nectar than have been reported for European honeybees. Calculations based on our measurements of engorgement, and estimates of metabolic rates, indicate that the maximum flight range for reproductive and absconding swarms was 64 km and 131 km, respectively. Colonizing reproductive swarms were moderately engorged, which suggests that these swarms had moved relatively short distances.These observations are insufficient to account for the observed rate of population expansion of Africanized honeybees. The possibility that workers forage from swarms is discussed; such foraging could greatly extend the in-transit period and the distance moved by swarms. Engorgement is discussed as a factor influencing the fitness of swarms.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1981.11100464

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1981

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryUsing a laboratory test, newly emerged worker honeybees(Apis mellifera)were evaluated for their response to four alarm pheromones (isobutyl acetate, isopentyl acetate, 2 heptanone, 1 pentanol), under five temperature/humidity regimens (30°C, 30 6°C, 26°7°C, at 45% RH; 35°C at 30% and 85% RH). With a higher temperature, there was increased probability of a response, and the speed, intensity and duration of that response were also greater. Relative humidity seemed to affect only the intensity, higher humidities increasing it. Occurrence of Nasonov fanning as a part of the response by some bees depended largely on the pheromone being tested; the effects of temperature and humidity were less clear-cut.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1981.11100465

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1981

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryThe recruiting behaviour was investigated of honeybees whose inclination to forage received one of three levels of partial reinforcement, or continuous reinforcement, at feeding dishes. Honeybee foragers receiving an intermediate level of partial reinforcement recruited more new workers than foragers receiving either continuous reinforcement or less rewarding levels of partial reinforcement. It is suggested that the evolution in some plants of intermediate levels of partial reinforcement (by their nectar production) ensured maximal pollination, both by its direct effect on foraging behaviour and also indirectly by stimulating recruiting behaviour in the foragers.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1981.11100466

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1981

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryFrequency of dancing by returning honeybees (Apis mellifera) was shown to be positively correlated with concentration of sugar solution they had collected. Also, sucrose resulted in more dances than fructose, which in turn led to more dances than glucose.Amounts of these three sugars collected, when offered alone and in various combinations, showed sucrose to be the most acceptable sugar and glucose to be generally the least acceptable. However, at concentrations of 40% and 50% bees collected larger loads of glucose than of fructose. Mixtures of equal parts sucrose, glucose and fructose were collected in loads not significantly different in volume from other mixtures of these sugars.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1981.11100467

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1981

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryPrevious results have demonstrated that results of laboratory tests of hoarding, length of life and pupal weight of workers were positively correlated with colony honey production. Here, it is shown that hoarding was not significantly correlated with either life-span (r= 0·396) or pupal weight (r= 0·449), and that life-span was not significantly correlated with pupal weight (r= 0·452). Therefore under these conditions each test measured a different component of the complex behaviour of colony honey production, and each component appears to be controlled by a different group of genes. Selection for increased honey production on the basis of performance on all three tests should thus be feasible.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1981.11100468

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1981

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryThe relationships obtained from observations on 14 colonies in the same apiary suggest that each laboratory test measured a component of colony honey production which is important throughout the year, each component being more important in weeks of good than of poor colony weight gain. It was shown that the three components together were of major importance in determining colony honey production, and there appeared to be other components not yet identified.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1981.11100469

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1981

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryNectar secretion by toria florets reached a peak at about 9 h and decreased thereafter. Anthesis also occurred in the early morning.Apis floreaappeared on the crop later, and in smaller numbers, thanA. cerana, and spent more time on one floret.Apis dorsatawas intermediate in foraging speed. Most bees of all species collected both nectar and pollen, but pollen collection byA. ceranawas observed only in the morning. The highest proportion ofA. ceranaforagers carrying pollen loads followed shortly after anthesis. Maximum numbers of foragers were observed at 10.30 h forA. ceranaand at 12.30 h forA. florea.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1981.11100470

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1981

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryWorker honeybees in cages, fed on honey and pollen treated with ethylene oxide at 900 g/m3without subsequent ventilation, did not show a higher mortality than controls. Mice fed on honey similarly treated showed neither pathological alterations in liver and kidneys, nor higher mortality, than controls. On the other hand, the addition of ethylene glycol to honey, at a concentration as low as 1·25% by weight, had a toxic action in bees, and in mice a concentration of 0·78% caused toxic damage to the liver (steatosis). The effectiveness of the ethylene oxide treatment on vegetative forms and spores ofBacillus larvae(except in dry scales), and on other micro-organisms, was confirmed.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1981.11100471

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1981

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryA method was developed for determining 3 sulphonamide drug residues in honey at the level of 1 ppm. Residues were extracted with acetone, evaporated to dryness, redissolved in twice-distilled water containing sodium hydroxide, and then directly analysed by reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography. The chromatographic conditions of the analyses and the degradation rates of sulphonamide residues in honey are described and discussed.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1981.11100472

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1981

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

SummaryTwenty-two species and/or groups of insects (mostly bees) were recorded visiting commercial sunflowers. Some bee species were abundant and present each season. Observations were made on the daily visitation pattern, amount of pollen carried on body hairs, behaviour of bees during visitation, movement of pollen within the plots, nectar volume and sugar concentration, and effect of bees on seed yields. Data on oil seed content and seed germination were also recorded. A discussion on management of native bees as potential pollinators of commercial sunflower plantings is presented, with special reference to the USA where the work was done.

ISSN:0021-8839    

DOI:10.1080/00218839.1981.11100473

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1981

数据来源: Taylor