摘要:

A key distinction in models of social policy and typologies of welfare provision has been a differentiation between residual and institutional types. However, despite the gradual elaboration of models based on this distinction, there has been little effort to apply them in empirical comparative analysis or to assess the strengths and weaknesses of the models. This article initially examines two main approaches in identifying types of welfare states and major welfare state variations. It subsequently applies several dimensions of variation posited by the residual and institutional models in a comparison of the United States, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and Sweden. This comparison forms the point of departure for evaluating the merits and limitations of models based on the residual‐institutional distinctio

ISSN:0080-6757    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9477.1991.tb00403.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Restructuring of central and local government relations has occurred in a number of countries during the 1980s, and has been a striking phenomenon even in such different countries as Poland, Sweden and the US. In the first part of the article a resource framework is presented, designed to make basic comparisons of these relations between different countries. Five sets of resources are identified: constitutional‐legal, regulatory, financial, political and professional resources. It is argued that local‐government disposal of such resources provides a potential for local discretion. The applicability of the framework is illustrated by reference to a study of Poland, Sweden and the US, focusing on the restructuring of central and local government relations in these countries during the 1980s. The conclusion is that decentralization has occurred in all three cases, especially in terms of regulatory and other non‐financial resources. However, in Sweden and the US this trend has been counterbalanced by centralization of financial control. In Poland the post‐communist revolution has paved the way for a restoration of the pre‐war local self‐government system. Democratic elections at the local level are seen as crucial to break down the old, centralized party‐state system, and to reintroduce a dual local government system. In all three cases economic pressure, related to the individual countries' positions in the world capitalist system, seems to have been the main driving force beind the decentralization processes. However, the forms, magnitude and effects of decentralization must be seen in relation to the specific political economies and histories of the three countries. Thus, to understand the causes, mechanisms and effects of central–local government restructuring in depth one has to relate the resource approach to a broader theore

ISSN:0080-6757    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9477.1991.tb00404.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The purpose of this study is to map interparty spatial relationships embedded in non‐unanimous roll call votes recorded during the 1985–86 session of the Norwegian parliament. The analysis is theoretically grounded in the one‐dimensional Scandinavian five‐party model and a two‐dimensional model which assumes that the conventional left–right continuum is intersected by an urban protest/rural traditionalism axis. While the one‐dimensional solution which arrays the parties along the conventional left–right continuum is statistically defensible, a two‐dimensional solution appears better to reflect the reality of contemporary Norwegian politics in which the post‐Second World War welfare‐state consensus is being challenged by the Progressive Party. The resulting divisions among the non‐socialist parties may preclude a stable center‐

ISSN:0080-6757    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9477.1991.tb00405.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book reviewed in this article:Nevil Johnson:The Limits of Political Science.Adrian Leftwich (ed.):New Developments in Political Science. An International Review of Achievements and Prospects.Hans Mouritzen:Finlandization: Towards a General Theory of Adaptive Politics.Nielsen, K.&Pedersen, O. K. (eds.):Forhandlingsøkanomi i Norden.Clarence N. Stone:Regime Politics: Governing Atlanta, 1946–19

ISSN:0080-6757    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9477.1991.tb00406.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY