ISSN:0004-8682    

DOI:10.1111/j.1445-2197.1990.tb07343.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0004-8682    

DOI:10.1111/j.1445-2197.1990.tb07344.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0004-8682    

DOI:10.1111/j.1445-2197.1990.tb07345.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

It is generally accepted that genetic and environmental factors combine in the aetiology of bowel cancer. Epidemiological studies have shown that the environmental factors effects are shown more clearly in the left colon, and that they are related to living in western societies whose diets contain high levels of protein, fat and energy. There has been recent awareness that consumption of alcoholic beverages, particularly beer, may be causally related to cancers of the left colon and rectum. This review attempts to relate the general epidemiological data to more specific mechanisms of colorectal carcinogenesis. Dimethylhydrazine (DMH) and N‐nitroso chemicals are potent colorectal carcinogens in animals. They have not been thought very relevant to humans because their existence in appropriate forms in the environment has been debatable and analytical methods for the specific detection of non‐volatile nitrosamines and nitrosamides have not been available. Recently, however, relevant alkylating activity has been detected in foods incubated in quasi‐gastric conditions, and several epidemiological studies have shown a protective effect for Vitamin C, which may inhibit the development of rectal cancer through beer consumption. As Vitamin C prevents nitrosation and as precursors of nitrosamides are present in prepared foods, further dietary studies with hypotheses based on N‐nitroso carcinogenesis are required. Unfortunately, these studies will probably not show clear doseresponse relationships. Many of the complex reasons for this are discussed: however, one of the most important could be related to an interplay between inherited and environmental factors. The inherited factors demonstrated by chromosomal analysis in cancer and polypo, yndrornes are a reminder that other genetic (oncogenetic) changes may occur in sporadic colorectal cancer. Oncogenetic changes may be related to infective agents because of homology between viral and colorectal carcinoma oncogenes. Viruses and chemicals act synergistically to produce colorectal cancers in animals. Furthermore, cancer prevalence may’ be determined by the frequency of mucosal cells which are susceptible to malignant transformation. This susceptibility may be related to recently demonstrated cell and sialomucin hete

ISSN:0004-8682    

DOI:10.1111/j.1445-2197.1990.tb07346.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The accuracy of ultrasound in predicting the extent of local tumour spread through the rectal wall and in identifying involved perirectal lymph nodes was evaluated prospectively in 25 patients with rectal cancer. For each patient, the ultrasonic appearances recorded on videotape were compared with operative findings and/or the histology of the tumour. The extent of direct spread was classified into four curable and two incurable categories and was correctly predicted in 20 of 25 patients (80% accuracy). Lymph node status was correctly predicted in 16 of 20 patients (80% accuracy). These results suggest that pre‐operative assessment of patients with rectal cancer using transrectal ultrasound is a useful technique which may assist the surgeon in his choice of operation and in the selection of those patients who may benefit from pre‐operative radiother

ISSN:0004-8682    

DOI:10.1111/j.1445-2197.1990.tb07347.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Computerized tomography (CT) imaging provides detailed information on the paranasal sinuses that is not available from standard radiographs. The planning and safety of endoscopic sinus surgery is greatly improved by CT imaging. Frequently standard radiographs are ordered because of the reduced cost. The four‐slice CT Mini‐series outlined in this paper provides high resolution bone and soft tissue imaging of the key surgical areas. The Mini‐series comprises three precisely placed coronal slices and one axial slice. An average Mini‐series takes 20 min to perform at a cost of $NZ66.00. Standard radiographs take up to 30 min to perform at a cost of $

ISSN:0004-8682    

DOI:10.1111/j.1445-2197.1990.tb07348.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Fine needle aspiration cytology was performed on 121 occasions in 100 patients with various thoracic lesions. The investigation was performed chiefly with the help of straight and lateral chest skiagrams regardless of the size or depth of the lesion. The cellular yield was 87.6%. Positive diagnosis of malignancy could be made in 50 cases. The histopathological correlation in malignant cases was 80%. Non‐malignant cytology including neoplastic and inflammatory pathology was also found useful in patient management. This report highlights the versatile role of this procedure in arriving at a diagnosis and planning the treatment for malignant as well as non‐malignant thoracic disea

ISSN:0004-8682    

DOI:10.1111/j.1445-2197.1990.tb07349.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a widely employed tool in the investigative work‐up of patients with single thyroid nodules. Although its advantages are well documented, the limitations and problems in interpretation of FNAC in this condition are not well known.Experience with FNAC in 150 patients with solitary thyroid nodules is presented, highlighting the pitfalls of this technique. There was an inadequate specimen rate of 22.7% which declined with increasing experience. Follicular carcinomas could not be differentiated from follicular adenomas by cytology. Difficulties may arise in the detection of papillary carcinomas due to occult lesions, mixed papillary and follicular carcinomas or due to associated thyroid pathology. False positivity is, however, much rarer and is generally due to cellular adenomatous goitres with marked papillary activity.In view of these cytologic limitations, care must be exercised by the treating physician in interpreting cytological result

ISSN:0004-8682    

DOI:10.1111/j.1445-2197.1990.tb07350.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A retrospective review of cancer of breast in Papua New Guinean females for a period of 10 years revealed an annual reporting rate of 2.7 per 100 000. It contributed to 4.8% of all malignancies. The Islands region has the highest incidence. The most common age group at diagnosis was 40–49 years. Histologically invasive ductal carcinomas formed 66% of the tumours. Resembling the African experience, the incidence of breast carcinoma in Papua New Guinea appears to be low and most patients report quite lat

ISSN:0004-8682    

DOI:10.1111/j.1445-2197.1990.tb07351.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A microsurgical method of orthotopic renal allotransplantation in the rabbit is described, and the result of 179 consecutive procedures are presented. There were 10 (5.5%) deaths within I week of transplantation. Earlp complications included vascular thrombosis (4.4%), and obstruction (6.7%) and fistula formation (0.6%) at the uretero‐ureteric anastomosis.This method of end‐to‐end vascular and ureteric anastomoses is straightforward and, in contrast to other models, does not require occlusion of the recipient inferior vena cava or aorta. use of a lone segment of donor ureter, or operation on the recipient bl

ISSN:0004-8682    

DOI:10.1111/j.1445-2197.1990.tb07352.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY