ISSN:0091-2182    

DOI:10.1016/0091-2182(94)90059-0

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0091-2182    

DOI:10.1016/0091-2182(94)90060-4

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTGestational diabetes is a condition that complicates 0.15% to 12.3% of pregnancies, with wide variation in the incidence of gestational diabetes reported among ethnic groups. When gestational diabetes occurs, health implications occur for the mother and infant not only during pregnancy and birth but for the long term as well. This article reviews what is known about gestational diabetes and presents an overview of carbohydrate metabolism in normal pregnancies and those complicated by gestational diabetes. A review of recent research and advances in the field focusing on the screening, diagnosis, and treatment of gestational diabetes is also provided. The most important aspect of gestational diabetes management is client participation. Recommended education and counseling for women with gestational diabetes is discussed for pregnancy, labor and birth, postpartum, and long‐term follow‐up. Although medical consultation is necessary in these pregnancies, many nurse‐midwives continue to provide care for women with gestational diabetes. Appropriate nurse‐midwifery management of women with gestational diabetes is emp

ISSN:0091-2182    

DOI:10.1016/0091-2182(94)90061-2

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTAnemia is a common complication of pregnancy and is associated with preterm birth, low‐birth‐weight infants, and increased perinatal mortality. Anemia during pregnancy is most commonly caused by iron deficiency. This article reviews the etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and nurse‐midwifery management of iron‐deficiency anemia during pr

ISSN:0091-2182    

DOI:10.1016/0091-2182(94)90062-0

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe standards for the practice of nurse‐midwifery declare competence in prenatal diagnosis as one of the core competencies for basic nurse‐midwifery practice. Encompassing the most frequently encountered situations that involve prenatal diagnostic counselling, this article aims at providing insight to the practicing nurse‐midwife into the risks and benefits of invasive prenatal diagnostic procedures and prenatal diagnostic testing, thereby enabling the midwife to counsel the woman and help her to choose an invasive procedure according to her individual

ISSN:0091-2182    

DOI:10.1016/0091-2182(94)90063-9

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTIntrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) occurs in 3% to 10% of all pregnancies. Although it is an uncommon occurrence in a low‐risk nurse‐midwifery practice, as many as 65% of the cases of IUGR are not identified until after the birth of the infant. Identification of IUGR is important because it carries a high risk of antepartum fetal death, anomalies, intrapartum asphyxia, and long‐term morbidity. Additionally, identification of IUGR is essential for appropriate prenatal and intrapartum management. A review of etiologic factors, current assessment, and management of the pregnancy complicated by IUGR is presented, The use and interpretation of new technologies that the clinician may use in diagnosing and managing IUGR is rev

ISSN:0091-2182    

DOI:10.1016/0091-2182(94)90064-7

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe prevention of preterm birth may be the most important problem facing maternity care providers. Preterm birth occurs in 10% of all births in the United States and is associated with 83% of perinatal deaths not caused by congenital anomalies. This article reviews the anatomy and physiology of the uterus, the physiology of uterine contractions, the initiation of labor, the etiology of preterm labor, risk factors and risk scoring for preterm labor, and the diagnosis and management of preterm labor. The components of a preterm birth prevention program are described, and recommendations for clinical practice are made.

ISSN:0091-2182    

DOI:10.1016/0091-2182(94)90065-5

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTPremature rupture of membranes (PROM) is a common obstetric occurrence; yet, the management of a patient who presents with PROM is controversial. This article reviews the etiology of PROM, describes the evaluation of a patient who presents with PROM, and enumerates the pitfalls inherent in making the diagnosis. Research suggests that an expectant approach to PROM at term is preferable to immediate induction. The use of PGE2gel is an option for women who have unfavorable cervices. Clinical management of preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) is generally expectant, with controversies surrounding the use of amniocentesis, corticosteroids, and tocolytics. Each of these topes is reviewed and current research summarized.

ISSN:0091-2182    

DOI:10.1016/0091-2182(94)90066-3

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTShoulder dystocia is a rare but serious obstetric complication that can result in significant neonatal and maternal morbidity and in costly litigation. Conflict exists in the literature regarding definition, incidence, predictability and preventability, relationship to neonatal injury, and appropriate management models. Anticipatory clinical interventions for potential shoulder dystocia have included ultrasound assessment of macrosomia; elective induction of labor, elective caesarean section; altered place of birth, and generous episiotomy/episioproctotomy. The authors note that these interventions often conflict with client desires and nurse‐midwifery philosophy of birth, generate significant risks and costs in themselves, and do not address the poor predictability of shoulder dystocia. In recent literature, the safety and efficacy of maternal position change maneuvers (such as McRoberts maneuver, hands‐knees position, and squatting) have been presented as methods to resolve most cases of shoulder dystocia Despite the success of these more benign, external maneuvers, the episiotomy mandate remains in nearly all obstetric and midwifery texts and handbooks (1–8) and journal references (9–19). A literature review of related professional disciplines was undertaken to study these conflicts and to identify support for applying a philosophy of minimal, appropriate intervention to the complex issue of shoulder d

ISSN:0091-2182    

DOI:10.1016/0091-2182(94)90067-1

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe presence of meconium‐stained amniotic fluid is a matter of importance when considering intrapartum management. Meconium‐stained amniotic fluid is known to be associated with increased fetal and maternal risks, especially when fetal exposure has been extended and the fluid is concentrated. Selected primary and secondary sources are referenced in a summary that examines the implications and management of meconium‐stained amniotic fluid for the newborn. The use of amnioinfusion in selected cases with oligohydramnios or meconium‐stained fluid is di

ISSN:0091-2182    

DOI:10.1016/0091-2182(94)90068-X

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY