摘要:

The role of cognition in child development is reviewed with respect to the role of cognitive processing and cognitive deficits. Cognitive processing is discussed with respect to the self‐system; the effects of psychosocial experiences; risk, vulnerability and protective mechanisms; vulnerability to depression; aetiology and treatment of depression. Cognitive deficits are discussed with respect to the socio‐emotional consequences of language delay and reading difficulties; hyperkinetic/attentional deficit syndromes; schizophrenia; and autism. It is concluded that the ways in which we appraise our life circumstances and the ways in which we react to experiences of all kinds are greatly influenced by how we think about ourselves and our environment. Biases and distortions in such cognitive processing may be associated with social and emotional malfunction. These biases may derive from earlier experiences, from intensive temperamental styles, or from deficits in the ability to process incoming information. The further study of cognitive processing and cognitive deficits is likely to be rewarding and helpful for clinical pract

ISSN:0007-1129    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1987.tb02712.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A system of describing attitudes towards others and ways of relating to others is presented. The system is constructed around two dimensions, the one concerned with closeness vs. separateness, the other concerned with dominance vs. submissiveness. Each dimension has two extreme positions and each of these incorporates a range of attitudes and types of behaviour which are systematically described.The two extremes of the closeness‐separateness dimension are attachment and detachment. Attachment is a need for proximity and a fear of being alone. Detachment is a need to remain distant and a fear of closeness. The two extremes of the dominance‐submissiveness dimension are directiveness and receptiveness. Directiveness is an inclination for giving or doing things to others. It is characterized by a fear of being controlled or taken over. Receptiveness is an inclination to assume a recipient attitude towards others and is characterized by a fear of assuming responsibility.This system lends itself to the development of measures which place an individual on each of the two dimensions. It also provides a conceptual framework within which to frame hypotheses which will have relevance both to clinicians and to researchers. An important consideration is the effect which a person occupying a particular position within the system has upon the attitude and behaviour of oth

ISSN:0007-1129    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1987.tb02713.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The attitudes of Catholicism and Judaism to scrupulosity are presented and the similarity between their management programmes and present‐day behavioural psychotherapy is noted. Two famous cases are presented from 16th‐century Europe and a further four cases from our 20th‐century clinic in Jerusalem. Certain common features are noted, typical of obsessive‐compulsive disorders, while some features, typical of scrupulosity, are best understood by considering both their religious and psychological imp

ISSN:0007-1129    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1987.tb02714.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The authors propose using the in‐patient psychiatry unit community meeting for large‐group interpretive psychotherapy, employing the model of Winer&Lewis (1984). This model rests heavily on interpretation of group transferences in the here and now. The staff has the task of discovering patients' veiled references to them and interpreting the patients' resistance to direct expression of their experience of the staff. The authors discuss the impact of introducing the technique upon staff members. Staff members resist this new model in order to defend against self‐esteem injury, loss and regression, staff‐staff conflict, and the recognition of their own disavowed internal motives. Staff self‐esteem can be endangered by any programme change, by the loss of accustomed roles, by the patients' hostility and direct criticism, and by the staff's own sense of failure to realize therapeutic ambitions. Some of the resistance specific to interpretive group psychotherapy arises from the threat of group silence or alienation. The group leader, in addition, faces the difficult task of understanding the dynamics of a large group with only minima

ISSN:0007-1129    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1987.tb02715.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

During an investigation into the self‐esteem of early rheumatoid patients and controls matched individually by age and sex, it was found that at their first visit to out‐patients, patients had lower self‐esteem. The items of low self‐esteem showed a similarity with features of the rheumatoid personality. An observation that the word attractive in the Carlson Adjective Checklist was rarely used by both groups, and that items at the beginning and end of the checklist were less often ticked, led to a second study of 67 undergraduates where the position of the word attractive was experimentally varied in three forms of the scale. The results show that position only marginally affects response to this item. Probability analyses confirm that the word attractive is used very rarely by patients, rarely by healthy adults and less often than expected by healthy students, possibly demonstrating the respective effects of pain and illness, and age. Attractive tends to be included in the self‐concept only after self‐esteem reaches a relatively

ISSN:0007-1129    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1987.tb02716.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The Defence Mechanism Test, the DMT (Kragh, 1969), is claimed to measure defence mechanisms and to reveal important and forgotten experiences in a subject's life. The nature of the responses to this test and the results achieved with it are examined in the light of the psychoanalytic definitions of the defence mechanisms. It is argued that although the responses resemble Freudian defences there is no strong evidence for their validity. Similarly it is shown that the purported parallelism between psychobiography and test responses must be treated with caution. Despite these interpretative caveats the evidence supports the claim that the DMT is a useful test in the clinical setting.

ISSN:0007-1129    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1987.tb02717.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY