ISSN:0007-1129    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1988.tb02761.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This article provides an overview of work in two areas of biobehavioural research: the effects of environmental stress and the role of psychophysiologic reactivity in the development of ischaemic heart disease. Attention is given first to evidence that low socio‐economic status, low social support, and occupational settings characterized by high demands and low levels of control over the job are associated with increased coronary risk. Also discussed is a promising animal primate model of social stress and its role in development of coronary atherosclerosis. Next, we discuss physiological responsiveness (reactivity) to emotional stress, which is being studied as a marker of processes involved in the development of cardiovascular disease. Stress and psychophysiological reactivity constitute promising targets for research on biobehavioural antecedents of coronary disease and for clinical intervention studies. However, further evidence is needed before these variables can be regarded as proven coronary risk factor

ISSN:0007-1129    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1988.tb02762.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Early research on life‐stress grappled with the question of whether significant lifeevents bring about changes in health status. The emphasis has now shifted to the identification of factors that explain why some people seem to be so severely affected by life's adversities and others are not. From a class of what might be called ‘vulnerability variables’ (Kessler, 1979), support from one's social network has emerged as a significant factor that can account for at least some of the vulnerability differences between groups of stressed individuals. Since Cassel's (1974) review of the evidence linking social upheavals to adverse health consequences for both humans and animals, hundreds of empirical studies have been completed that assess the direct and indirect effects of social support on mental and physical health. This literature is so voluminous as to require several books devoted to reviews of various aspects of it (e.g. Cohen&Syme, 1985; Gottlieb, 1981; and Gottlieb, 1983). In this paper we will distil these as well as highlight some of the recent empirical developments, particularly in those areas that have received less attention in prior reviews.Social support has been defined as the presence of others, or the resources provided by them, prior to, during, and following a stressful event. While there is no general agreement on a single definition, the variety has spawned a number of typologies attempting to organize the literature (e.g. Cohen&Syme, 1985; Cohen&Wills, 1985; Gottlieb, 1983; House&Kahn, 1985). Most of these typologies initially distinguish between functional and structural operationalizations of social su

ISSN:0007-1129    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1988.tb02763.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The Type A behaviour pattern (TABP) is an interesting and controversial construct that has generated debate, empirical testing, and behavioural modification attempts. TABP is depicted as consisting of impatient or hurried behaviour, a strong orientation toward work responsibilities and task completion, and intensive competitive behaviour in situations that involve evaluation. Recently, the importance of what is called the anger/hostility dimension has been emphasized in research studies. After more than two decades of debate, testing, and attempting to modify the entire TABP there is now a growing acceptance of the proposition that a major overhaul or change in the TABP is not necessary or even feasible. The Type A person is also now being presented as possessing many desirable characteristics and healthy behaviours that are worth reinforcing. The present paper provides a brief review of the contradictory research evidence surrounding the Type A syndrome. Theorists, researchers, and organizational practitioners are encouraged to seek improvements in understanding the TABP through improved assessment and how it can be modified in generally healthy individuals. A theoretical model to guide improvement efforts in measurement and intervention is provided as a viable framework to examine causal pathways between antecedents, Type A core behaviours, responses, and consequences.

ISSN:0007-1129    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1988.tb02764.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper reports results from three prospective studies, in which probands were followed over periods of 10 years, before inquiring about death and cause of death. Personality inventories were administered at the beginning of the 10 year period, as were questions concerning smoking, drinking, medical diseases, etc. It was found that personality variables were much more predictive of death from cancer or cardiovascular disease than was smoking, and that different personality types were susceptible to either of these two diseases. Personality type was defined in terms of differential ways of dealing with interpersonal stress, and it was found that stress was a very potent cause of death, in the sense that stressed probands had a 40 per cent higher death rate than non‐stressed proband

ISSN:0007-1129    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1988.tb02765.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This review presents recent studies examining the relationship between acute and chronic stressors, changes in immune function, and interpersonal relationships. Data are given which document immunosuppressive effects of commonplace, short‐term stressors, as well as more prolonged stressors, such as marital disruption and caregiving for a relative with Alzheimer's disease. Immune changes included both quantitative and qualitative changes in immune cells, including changes in herpes virus latency, decreases in the percentages of T‐helper lymphocytes and decreases in the numbers and function of natural killer cells. These effects occurred independently of changes in nutrition. Psychological variables, including loneliness, attachment and depression were related to the immune changes. The data are discussed in a framework in which quality interpersonal relationships may serve to attenuate the adverse immunological changes associated with psychological distress, and may have consequences for disease susceptibility and hea

ISSN:0007-1129    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1988.tb02766.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study attempts to develop an empirical model of the link between stress and mental health, focusing particularly on occupational stress. Three different models were assessed ‐ the person‐stress model, the dispositional model, and the indigenous model ‐ using structural equation modelling. The indigenous model was found to be the most predictive of mental health. In this model, personality and coping strategies precede and determine the perception of job stressors, which ultimately affect the mental well‐being of the ind

ISSN:0007-1129    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1988.tb02767.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book reviewed in this article:Hunger Strike.ByS. Orbach.Biofeedback: Studies in Clinical Efficacy.Edited byJ. P. Hatch, G. Fisher&J. D. Rugh.When Disaster Strikes: A Handbook for the Caring Professions.ByB. Raphael.Living with Breast Cancer and Mastectomy.ByN. Tarrier.The Dynamics of Art Psychotherapy.ByH. Wadeson.Key Cases in Psychotherapy.Edited byW. Dryden.Coping with Disorder in the Family.Edited byJ. Orford.Object Relations: Family Therapy.ByD. E. Scharff&J. S. Scharff.Biological and Psychological Factors in Cardiovascular Disease.Edited byT. H. Schmidt, T. M. Dembroski&G. Blümchen.Medical Thinking: The Psychology of Medical Judgement and Decision Making. By S. Schwartz&T. Griffin.Stress and Health: Issues in Research Methodology.Edited byS. V. Kasl&C. L. Cooper

ISSN:0007-1129    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1988.tb02768.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0007-1129    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1988.tb02769.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY