ISSN:0907-2055    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2397.1992.tb00001.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The traditionally strong dominance of the state in social security in Sweden has been replaced by a more mixed structure. Individuals are increasingly covered by a mix of private welfare, employment‐based corporate welfare and state programmes. There are several reasons behind this development: shifts in the economic and political conditions, strong tax incentives for the individual to buy private insurance, increasing problems for the public system in covering the loss of income for middle and high income earners, repeated media reports that the public welfare system will go bankrupt in the near future and increasing reports on free‐riding and cheating in the area of public insurance. The advantage of the more mixed system may be its similarities to social insurance in some of the European Community Member States. However, from a social policy point of view there are also some dangers. There will be increasing tendencies towards inequality. In particular, the difference in social security conditions between the skilfully employed and marginal groups will be even more marked. The unemployed, the young and people with physical or mental handicaps will be left outside the private and corporate structures. There is also a marked risk that some individuals be reach a level of coverage well above the loss of income, and this will be a disincentive to work. Private and corporate welfare systems are also largely invisible in the sense that individuals may not even know under what conditions they are covered. Another problem is that public attitudes towards the public welfare system will increasingly become more negative and different in various parts of the population. The effect of this may be a vicious circle: public social policy becomes increasingly inefficient and unpopular among the working population and remains only as a marginal system for small marginal gro

ISSN:0907-2055    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2397.1992.tb00002.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Scholars have always disagreed about the definition and measurement of poverty. This article looks at these issues in the light of Finnish poverty research. The chief target of the methodological criticism is the use of equivalence scales or units of individual consumption in the comparison of individual people's disposable income. The main argument against this method is that it tends to be based on the implicit assumption that “people with low incomes need less money”. Another major concern is to demonstrate the key significance of the empirical definition of poverty. Different methods of calculation single out very different groups of poor people Furthermore, part of the poor people are excluded from all conventional definiti

ISSN:0907-2055    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2397.1992.tb00003.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

From 1945 to the 1980s, Denmark was characterized by the absence of poverty or at least by the lack of any debate over poverty. However, by the mid‐1980s, the presence of new forms of poverty made it impossible for politicians and social scientists to neglect poverty as an issue. The re‐emergence of poverty did not clarify its extent, but it is widely agreed that poverty now is related to social exclusion and marginalization from the labour market. Empirical evidence is given that shows a poverty incidence of about 8%; the extent of marginalization is calculated to include 20‐25% of the population of working age. The existence of poverty can be seen as a critique of the Scandinavian welfare state project, which was developed explicitly to fight and eliminate poverty. The article concludes with a discussion of the latest welfare state development in Scandinavia and possible future trends, summarized as welfare pluralism. The further implementation of the concept of welfare pluralism holds both positive and negative prospects for the poor, since it opens up both a more differentiated yet possibly also more stratified distribution of w

ISSN:0907-2055    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2397.1992.tb00004.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This article presents a theoretical framework that can be used not only for understanding the client but also one's own action as a practitioner. This framework, which has its roots mainly within philosophy and social psychology, uses terms of everyday language that are given a more precise meaning in the conceptual analysis of the Finnish philosopher G. H. von Wright. The application of action theory to social work practice is briefly described. The approach can be seen as an expansion of the problem‐solving method developed by Helen Harris Perlma

ISSN:0907-2055    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2397.1992.tb00005.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The child welfare systems in Sweden and the United States were dramatically reformed beginning in the early 1980s. After 10 years, the different results of these reforms are quite striking. These child welfare systems have different methods for preserving families in crisis; different assumptions about the roles of birth parents, foster parents, and adoptive parents; and different goals for children who will not go home. Each of these areas is explored and recommendations made for re‐examining child welfare services in both countrie

ISSN:0907-2055    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2397.1992.tb00006.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0907-2055    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2397.1992.tb00007.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY