摘要:

AbstractLittle information has been published on the reproductive biology and behavior of the emperor tamarin (Saguinus imperator). We analyzed twelve years of data on emperor tamarins at the Los Angeles Zoo and made comparisons with data on cotton‐top tamarins (Saguinus o. oedipus) and golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia) from the same collection. Secondary sex ratios did not differ significantly from 50:50. Births were not strictly seasonal for any species. The number of infants reared had a significant effect on interbirth interval for all species, with shorter intervals when only one or no infants were reared, but females did sometimes conceive early in lactation. In emperor tamarin families, all fathers and most older siblings carried new infants, usually beginning within a few days after a birth. Previous exposure to younger siblings did not appear to be critical to the development of competent parental behavior by zooborn emperor tamarin female

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350260104

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn nonhuman primates, surgical castration reduces plasma testosterone levels and male sexual behavior, and testosterone replacement restores them. Chemical castration with compounds that lower plasma testosterone levels is used clinically in the treatment of certain forms of cancer and to reduce aberrant sexual behavior in male sex offenders. In the United States, medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) is the drug most used to help reduce serious sexual behavioral problems in men. We were therefore interested in comparing the behavioral effects of MPA treatment (40 mg once a week) in 4 intact male cynomolgus monkeys (4 pairs, 120 tests) with data from an earlier study in our laboratory on 4 males observed before and after surgical castration (16 pairs, 192 tests). Both MPA treatment and surgical castration reduced plasma testosterone to very low levels and decreased ejaculatory activity, but MPA treatment additionally affected measures of male sexual motivation (decreased numbers of male mounting attempts and increased mounting attempt latencies) which were not primarily affected by surgical astration. However, surgical castration decreased intromission ability (percentage of intromitted thrusts per test) and male yawning behavior more rapidly than did MPA treatment. This suggested a hypothesis that different mechanisms could be involved in the behavioral effects—namely, that surgical castration may act primarily via testosterone‐dependent peripheral mechanisms, while chemical castration with MPA does so primarily via central mechanisms regulating sexual motivat

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350260105

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMarmosets and tamarins have a communal rearing system in which all group members help to care for the twin infants characteristic of this family of primates. Helpers are likely to incur time and energy costs by contributing to infant care. Predictions that cotton‐top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus) helpers would change their behavior when carrying infants because of reduced mobility and/or a need for increased vigilance were tested in a captive colony. Tamarins carrying an infant spent significantly less time feeding, foraging, moving, or engaging in social activities such as grooming than they did when not carrying. Frequencies of scratching, autogrooming, and scent marking were significantly reduced in carriers, suggesting that their mobility was reduced. However, carriers were significantly less likely to be vigilant (measured by direction of gaze) than when not carrying. Further observations showed that carriers spent more time in concealed areas than they did when not carrying and were probably therefore adopting a cryptic strategy to reduce predation risks to themselves and to infants. These results demonstrate that tamarin helpers pay costs by carrying infants. Some possible compensating benefits are indicate

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350260106

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe immunological and biological activities of growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) in the pituitary gland and serum of the squirrel monkey (Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis) have been studied. Proteins in pituitary homogenates were solubilized in 1% SDS, electrophoresed on 12% polyacrylamide gels, and transferred to nitrocellulose. Squirrel monkey GH and PRL were identified by immunoblotting with anti‐human GH antibodies and a monoclonal antibody to ovine PRL, 6F11, respectively. Squirrel monkey GH appeared predominantly as two proteins of apparent molecular weight 22 and 20 kD, corresponding to native and variant forms of human GH. Squirrel monkey PRL appeared as two proteins of apparent molecular weight 24 and 26.5 kD, which co‐migrated with native and glycosylated forms of ovine PRL. The cross‐reactivity of neutralizing antibodies to human GH and PRL with squirrel monkey GH and PRL were examined using the Nb2 lymphoma bioassay. One of three monoclonal antibodies to human GH (2A1) neutralized squirrel monkey GH with an apparent affinity for squirrel monkey GH (IC50= 70 ng IgG/ml) which was fourfold lower than for human GH (IC50= 15 ng IgG/ml). Both polyclonal [AR38‐5(1)] and monoclonal (9C3) antibodies to human PRL inhibited the activity of squirrel monkey PRL, athough their affinities for squirrel monkey PRL were four‐ and twentyfold lower than for human PRL. The activities of antibodies 2A1 and 9C3 on GH and PRL in squirrel monkey serum were also examined by the Nb2 bioassay. The anti‐glucocorticoid RU486 was used in all incubations with squirrel monkey serum to eliminate the effect of high glucocorticoid levels on Nb2 cell growth. The mitogenic activity of squirrel monkey serum in the Nb2 assay was completely eliminated in the presence of 2A1 and 9C3. This study represents the first description of the biochemistry of GH and PRL in the squi

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350260107

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractCensuses of the Tana River red colobus (Colobus badius rufomitratus) and crested mangabey (Cercocebus galeritus galeritus), primate species endemic to riverine forests of the lower Tana River in eastern Kenya, showed significant population declines for both species between the mid‐1970s and 1980s. Red colobus declined in terms of group size and number of groups per forest; the mangabey population declined only in numbers of groups per forest. There was no significant change in mean group age/sex composition between the two time periods for either species. Differences in the feeding and ranging ecology of the two species may explain why the mangabey population suffered a less severe decline than the red colobus. Similarities in census results over 3 years in the late 1980s suggest that the primate populations are no longer decreasin

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350260108

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper describes the development and validation of a plasma and urinary gonadotropin immunoassay for golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia), an endangered New World callitrichid primate. The assay is derived from a macaque chorionic gonadotropin assay and was validated for both plasma and urine samples inL. rosalia. Levels of immunoreactive LH/CG in lion tamarin urine were highly correlated (r= + 0.98) with gonadotropin bioactivity. Immunoreactive LH/CG levels were examined in two contexts: in the urine of adult females and in the plasma of adult males after administration of estrogen. Peaks of gonadotropin excretion were detected in samples collected from nonpregnant adult females. The peaks occurred immediately prior to cyclic elevations in urinary estrogen excretion. Plasma LH/CG concentration in males measured 24 and 48 hours after a single 50 μg injection of estradiol benzoate were significantly lower than levels at these time points measured after control treatment. Together, the results of this study point to the utility of the gonadotropin assay for monitoring reproductive function in both female and male lion tamarins

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350260109

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractInteractions are reported between white‐handed gibbons (Hylobates lar) and pig‐tailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) in Khao Yai National Park, Thailand, in which gibbons selected ripe fruit from sources before macaques arrived on 4 occasions during June and July of 1989. The macaques foraged near gibbons or from shared fruit sources during 13% of gibbon observation time. Gibbons made their presence known in fruit trees when macaques approached on 3 occasions and macaques did not enter fruit trees occupied by gibbons. An aggressive interaction is reported in which a single white‐handed gibbon vigorously excluded 22–28 macaques from a rare and valuable fruit tree (Sandoricum koetjape). The observations suggest that exploitative and interference competition may exist between these

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350260110

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractFrequencies of eight nonsocial behaviors (object contact, environmental exploration, mouthing, self‐directed behavior, display behavior, solitary behavior, rest, and locomotion) were obtained for 20 infant lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) between 14 and 36 months of age. They lived in 13 groups in 10 zoological collections. Approximately 12 hours of one‐zero data were collected on each animal. Behavioral data were analyzed with regard to the following independent variables: rearing history of the focal animal (mother‐reared vs. human‐reared), time of day (a.m. vs. p.m.), sex of the focal animal, age of the focal animal, and complexity of the physical and social environment. Results indicated significant differences in the frequency of behaviors within each independent variable, including selfdirected behavior, rest, environmental exploration, and display behavior with rearing history. Additional significant differences in the frequencies of behavior were also found, including mouthing behavior and locomotion with inf

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350260111

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350260112

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350260103

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY