摘要:

AbstractMorphometric analysis of Professor A.H. Schultz's data on the overall proportions of primates reveals differences between the sexes. Univariate examinations of these data confirm the existence of the spectrum of sexual dimorphism already well known. This spectrum relates mainly to differences in the proportions of the trunk. It has a differential expression with largest differences between the sexes in species such as orangutans and boboons, and smallest in species such as spider monkeys and douroucoulis.Multivariate statistical study of these same data reveal, however, further unsuspected sexual dimorphisms. Although differences between the sexes are only small when measures of the relative lengths of bodily parts are examined, they are big when bodily breadths are studied. Investigation of breadths alone reveals that the primates display two major patterns of sexual dimorphisms and seven unique sexual dimorphisms among the 18 genera examined.Such findings mean that sexual dimorphism of bodily structure is not a single phenomenon with differential expression, a concept widely noted in the literature and most recently associated with social organization. There are several different sexual dimorphisms and this suggests that their causation is likely to be multifactorial with multiple complex interactions among the factors. Some of the sexual dimorphisms must have evolved in parallel a number of times, and, given that chimpanzees, gorillas, and humans each display a different sexual dimorphism, at least some of the evolutionary changes in different sexual dimorphisms must be very recent. The findings even imply the possibility of further unique patterns of sexual dimorphism in some fossils. By further extension, the findings may have some implications for our understanding of nonstructural dimorphisms in humans.

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350040102

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractReproductive statistics were gathered over a 5½‐year period on a colony ofErythrocebus patas. Pregnancies occurred throughout the year under laboratory conditions with a suggestion of a mating peak in the late fall and early winter. Menstrual cycles were monitored and found to average 30.6 days in length. Maximal vaginal cornification occured on day 15 of the cycle suggesting a midcycle ovulation. However, production of timed‐mated pregnancies indicated ovulation occurred earlier and that breeding on days 10, 11, and 12 after menstruation was more likely to result in pregnancy. The gestation length was found to average 167.2 days in 142 harem‐bred females and 167.5 days in 11 timed‐mated pregnancies. Sixty‐two percent of all pregnancies resulted in live births; 28% of the conceptions terminated with in‐utero death of the fetus. Stillborn infants were delivered in 9% of the pregnancies. Infant mortality during the first 6 months of life was 10.2%. Females raised in the colony conceived their first offspring at approximately 3 years of age and males were able to sire infants at 3 years

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350040103

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractHematologic reference values have been established for captive adult red‐bellied tamarins (Saguinus labiatus) by carrying out full blood counts and fibrinogen estimations on 25 clinically normal animals. The only significant sex difference detected was in the reticulocyte count which was higher in females than in males. The reference values were used to identify abnormal changes in the blood of nine clinical cases. Hypochromic anemia, neutrophilia, and raised fibrinogen levels were found in animals with self‐inflicted injuries, dermatitis, and ileocecal intussusception. Target cells and jaundiced plasma were noted in a case of yersiniosis. Two animals in which generalized muscle wasting was the main abnormal clinical sign were severely anemic, and in one of these cases a significant number of Heinz bodies was present. The findings in these two animals were compared with those in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) with possible wasting marmoset syndr

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350040104

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA radioreceptorassay (RRA) for macaque luteinizing hormone (LH)/chorionic gonadotropin (CG) was adapted from the clinical RRA for human LH/CG, Biocept‐G™, for the purposes of detection of pregnancy prior to day 20 of gestation and for estimation of the time of ovulation in macaques. The 90‐min assay procedure was simple, accurate, and reliable. Seventy‐five rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) and 20 crab‐eating monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were tested for the presence of CG in the serum on estimated days 17–20 of pregnancy. Of a total of 160 tests, four false negative and 0 false positive tests were obtained, for an accuracy of 97.5%. The preovulatory LH peak was detected in 19 rhesus monkeys by semiquantitative RRA of LH/CG. Ovulation was confirmed in these 19 animals by the presence of a fresh corpus luteum at laparotomy 2–10 days after ovulation, collection of an embryo, pregnancy, or subsequent cycle history. The short, simple assay procedure and the low inter‐and intraassay coefficients of variation (7.3 and 3.7%, respectively) allow use of this assay in an economical, predictive, as well as retrospective, capacity for estimation of the time of ovulation in rhesus monkeys. The sensitivity, reliability, species nonspecificity, simplicity, and rapidity of performance of this RRA for LH/CG are features which add up to a useful new management tool for breeding macaques for re

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350040105

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractObservations on oppositely sexed pairs ofM. fascicularisandM. mulattarevealed certain differences.M. fascicularisshowed single‐mount copulations, higher potency, less grooming activity, and milder but more frequent aggressive exchanges than the rhesus monkey. These differences might be due to the lower dominance gradient between the sexes and less sexual dimorphism inM. fascicularisthan inM. mulatta. There were changes in the sexual, grooming, and aggressive interaction in relation to the menstrual cycle, indicating the suitability ofM. fascicularisfor hormone‐behavior studies. Comparison of data from 30 and 60 min tests showed that important behavioral changes did not become apparent unless animals were given enough time to inter

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350040106

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe effect of testosterone on regulation of epididymal protein synthesis has been investigated in castrated rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). The proteins in the treated monkeys were characterized using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (under nondenaturing and denaturing conditions) and electrofocusing. At least four distinct proteins have been shown to be synthesized by the monkey epididymis under testosterone influence. Two of these proteins were detected following two days of testosterone treatment while the other two proteins were detected after a six‐day treatment period. None of these proteins was detectable in monkeys treated with estradiol for six days. Electrofocusing of epididymal cytosol proteins from untreated and testosterone‐treated and castrated monkeys also confirmed the presence of four androgen‐dependent proteins in this species. The isoelectric points of these proteins were shown to range between 5.8 and 6.4. The molecular weights of these proteins were found to vary between 47,500 and 66,000. The in vitro incorporation of3H‐labeled amino acids was markedly greater in the androgen‐primed epididymis as compared with the contr

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350040107

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractBody temperature, respiration, and heart rate were recorded for 90 perinatal pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) within the first hour after birth. Hypothermia and corresponding depressed respiration and heart rate were evident in all animals. Regression analysis revealed that time‐since‐birth accounted for most of the observed variance in all measures. Temperatures of three pregnant females were monitored during labor and delivery. Declines in maternal temperature during labor suggested that depressed maternal temperature influenced the observed hypothermia in newborns. Increases in ambient (cage) temperatures during labor indicated that the females were emitting heat while declining in temperat

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350040108

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThree abortions and the death of a vigorous infant occurred in a baboon (Papio cynocephalus) group in Amboseli National Park, Kenya, within the two weeks following the immigration of an aggressive adult male. The immigrant male attained top‐ranking dominance status in the group prior to these events. Circumstantial observations suggest that the reproductive losses were related to persistent intense aggression from the immigrant adult male. In the past ten years, only three other miscarriages have occurred in Amboseli. Inducement of abortion is discussed as a reproductive tactic that may be available to males of mammalian species whose life histories favor the evolution of infant‐killing by ma

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350040109

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350040110

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350040111

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY