摘要:

AbstractThe gross anatomy of white adipose tissue was studied in seven carcasses representing three lemurid species (Lemur catta, Eulemur fulvus, E. mongoz) to validate in vivo methods of assessing fatness, and to contribute to a comprehensive database on the organization of adipose tissue in Mammalia. During the years preceding their deaths, subjects had been either caged or semi‐provisioned under semi‐captive conditions, and their body masses had been recorded several times annually. All specimens were as fat or fatter than anthropoid primates maintained for long periods under comparable conditions. At least eight superficial, four intra‐abdominal, and two intermuscular adipose depots were described, all of which were comparable to those described previously for macaques and humans. All typical mammalian depots were present. Many superficial depots adhered tightly to the skin and/or underlying muscles. The superficial “paunch” depot on the outer ventral wall of the abdomen, characteristic of anthropoid primates, was found in all specimens. The existence of this depot in lemurs suggests that it evolved early in Primates. As in monkeys and humans, the paunch was very variable in size, massive in obese specimens but almost absent in moderately lean ones, confirming that extensive accumulation and selective depletion of adipose tissue at this depot is a special feature of Primates. In some obese specimens, adipose tissue on the ventral and lateral thorax and on the inner dorsal wall of the abdomen, extending around the kidneys and into the pelvic canal, was also massive. The investigation allowed for improvement of protocols for external measurement in ongoing research on growth, mass, and fatness in ringtailed and redfronted lemurs. Comparisons of subjects' ranges of body mass change during adult life with masses of adipose tissue found upon dissection suggested that much of lemurs' predictable seasonal change in body mass is due to changes in the mass of white adipose tissue. © 1995 Wiley

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350350102

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractBehavioral development was observed for the first 3 months of life on 18 infants from three troops of yellow balloons (Papio cynocephalus) in Mikumi National Park, Tanzania. Developmental rates were determined for each subject on six major behaviors using the slope from regression equations performed on developmental functions changes in behavior with age. These slopes were examined statistically for associations with social and physical variables that were hypothesized to influence developmental rates. Results showed that faster rates of development were significantly associated with certain environmental and social conditions. Infants born late in their cohort, infants born in a more physically immature state, infants living in a large troop, and female infants of low ranking mothers all had significantly faster rates of development than infants at the other extreme in these categories. These results are interpreted as evidence for developmental processes that compensate for environmental or physical conditions that negatively influence survivorship. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, I

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350350103

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn three captive groups of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatto) the intensity of inbreeding avoidance was directly correlated with the closeness of kinship. The incidence of inbreeding between matrilineal relatives was lower than expected were mating to occur randomly with regard to matrilineal affiliation. The avoidance of mating between sons and their mothers and between matrilineal sibs contributed about squally to this outcome. The incidence of mating between more remote matrilineal relatives was lower than, but could not be shown to differ significantly from, that expected at the 0.05 level of probability. Familiarity fostered by interactions among matriline members probably provides a focus for avoidance of matrilineal inbreeding, and might influence male dispersal. Results of this study are consistent with reports of female rhesus macaques' avoidance of sexual activity with matrilineal male relatives as predicted by parental investment theoryThe observed incidence of inbreeding between patrilineal relatives was not different from that expected, but significantly fewer of the patrilineally inbred matings involved father/daughter matings than expected were mating random. Recognition of phenotypic similarities might provide a focus for avoidance of inbreeding between fathers and their daughters, but is loss reliable than strategies for avoiding matrilineal inbreeding. Adaptations for avoiding matrilineal inbreeding that are more effective than those for avoiding patrilineal inbreeding might have evolved because the risk of patrilineal inbreeding, and hence the resulting loss in fitness, is marginal compared to that for matrilineal inbreeding in free‐ranging groups. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss,

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350350104

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis study examined sexual and other social behavior in relation to menstrual cycle phase in four mixed‐sex social groups ofCebus apella. Groups consisted of two adult males and either six or nine adult females. Menstrual cycles of high (rank 1–2) and low (rank 3–7) dominance‐rank females from each group were monitored via vaginal swabs, and correlated with data collected from ongoing behavioral observations. Only cycles bounded by positive detection of menstrual blood were included in this analysis (n = 15 females, 182 cycles; mean ± s.d., cycle length = 20.8 ± 1.2 days). Rates of copulation and female solicitation of males varied significantly with cycle phase, with highest rates at midcycle. While total rates of solicitation and copulation did not vary with female dominance rank, copulation rates with the dominant male were significantly greater for high ranking females than for low ranking ones. Variance observed in affiliative and agonistic behaviors, including those with males, was attributable to female rank rather than cycle phase. Females and males were also observed attempting to interfere with copulations of lower ranking same‐sex individuals. Although further study, particularly of wild populations, is needed, these results indicate that female‐female reproductive competition should be included as a component of the capuchin breeding system. As in other primate species, both social and hormone‐related factors influence the sexual behavior ofCebus apella. © 1995

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350350105

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractFifteen female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatto), ranging in age from 8 to 34 years, were studied for one year to characterize the endocrine and menstrual changes associated with menopause in this species. Five monkeys were premenopausal; these younger monkeys, ages 8–11 years, menstruated and showed cyclic ovarian activity during the 12–month study period, as evidenced by menses and periodic elevations of serum estradiol (E2) and luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations. Four females, ages 24–26 years, were in transition to menopause. Two of these perimenopausal females menstruated and secreted E2and LH in a periodic fashion; the other two females showed elevated LH concentrations, consistently low E2levels, and no evidence of menstruation. Six females, ages 27–34 years, were clearly postmenopausal; LH concentrations were high, whereas E2concentrations were uniformly low. There was a significant inverse correlation between basal E2concentrations and age, and a significant positive correlation between age and LH concentrations across all 15 animals. Hormonal changes indicative of ovulation, when they occurred, were generally restricted to the winter and early spring months. Histological analysis of ovaries from four postmenopausal females revealed little or no evidence of active folliculogenesis. These data indicate that menopause in female rhesus monkeys does not occur until the second half of thethird decade of life. © 1995 Wiley

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350350106

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe grooming behavior of a group of brown howler monkeys was studied for one year in an Atlantic forest reserve of southeastern Brazil. A total of 290 grooming bouts were recorded and analyzed. The two adult females directed most of the grooming (91%), while the adult male was the major recipient (37%). Grooming between females, and between them and their siblings, also occurred quite often. On average, the group spent 2% of its daily time grooming, with a higher frequency around noon. There were significant differences, however, in time spent grooming between seasons; grooming was more abundant during the coldest seasons (autumn–winter) and rarer in hotter ones (spring–summer). A significant negative correlation was found between grooming time and temperature, but contrary to expectations, grooming time failed to correlate with both the group' diet and the demands of food‐gathering, as measured by travelling time and day range length. A comparison of grooming behavior with other species of the genus suggests that brown, red (A. seniculus), and black howler monkeys (A. caraya) are more similar to each other than to mantled howlers (A. palliata), a result that probably is linked with the differing social structure and group size of the latter species. © 1995 Wiley‐L

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350350107

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350350108

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350350109

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350350101

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY