摘要:

AbstractThis report describes observations on the ontogeny of food choice in mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei), made during a 17‐month field study of mountain gorilla feeding ecology in the Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda. Data are presented on the feeding behavior of two infants observed from birth to the age of 8 months and on older infants and juveniles. This information is compared with data on the composition and diversity of the diets of young adults and adults in the same social group. Initial feeding by infants is usually synchronized with the mother's behavior: infants ingest the same food, or a different part of the same plant species, currently being eaten by the mother or just eaten by her. This suggests that observational learning is largely responsible for the transmission of food preferences. Most feeding by young infants, whether or not synchronized with the mother's, is on those foods eaten most frequently by adults. Infants also independently sample potential foods, some of which are apparently not consumed by adults. The frequency of sampling declines with age, although even adults occasionally ingest foods not observed to be eaten by other adults. By the age of 3 years, young mountain gorillas have developed the basic dietary patterns of adults, in terms of the number of foods eaten, the proportions in which specific foods are consumed, and diet diversity and equitability. There is a strong possibility that chemical cues influence food choice, but their role remains unclea

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350080102

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe stumptail macaque speciesMacaca thibetanaandMacaca arctoidesreplace one another from north to south in subtropical and tropical China. These species differ in external and cranial characters. Neonatal pelage color is pale grayish‐brown inM. thibetanaand whitish inM. arctoides. In adults, ventral pelage is whitish inM. thibetanaand brown inM. arctoides. The forehead and cheeks are thickly furred in adultM. thibetanaand bald inM. arctoides. Facial skin color typically is sexually dimorphic inM. thibetana—buffy in males and reddish in females—and monomorphic inM. arctoides—reddish in both sexes. Head and body length, weight, relative tail length, and relative ear length all tend to average greater inM. thibetanathan inM. arctoides. Skull length, rostral‐postrostral ratio, and relative canine length in males average greater inM. thibetana. than inM. arctoides;relative zygomatic breadth and relative bimalar breadth average greater inM. arctoidesthan inM. thibetana. Reproductive anatomy in both sexes is strikingly divergent in these two species. Although these species are adapted to different climatic zones, many aspects of their natural history are generally similar, as far as is now known. One apparent behavioral difference is thatM. thibetanausually sleeps in caves or rocky crevices, whileM. arctoidesusually sleeps

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350080103

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMuch information has been published concerning the accurary of various techniques commonly used for censusing primates. The sources of bias may vary according to the technique used. Accuracy may depend on population density as well as on differential visibility and hence detectability between areas. This paper provides evidence that primates may alter their behavior between areas of primary and selectively logged habitat, which in turn could affect census results. Adoption of cryptic behavior, changes in behavioral profile, and reduction in calling rates reduce the detectability of certain species. Increases in the frequency of subgrouping or in group dispersion may introduce a danger of overestimation of other species, unless differences in the size of foraging units are taken into account.

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350080104

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAn analysis of 3,774 episodes of agonistic aiding collected during a two‐year study of a rhesus monkey group (Macaca, mulatta) indicated the differential influence of kinship and rank relationships on the participation of different age‐sex classes in both aid to victims and aid to aggressors. Most aiding favored victims rather than aggressors and was much more likely to occur when matrilineal kin were involved. Females were more likely to aid than were males, and the frequency of their participation increased with age. Females were much more influenced by kinship than were males and defended or aggressively supported kin against any third party regardless of dominance relationships. Adult males seldom aided against animals that were dominant to themselves; the rare exceptions occurred when adult males defended kin. Aiding was far more likely to occur if the victim was squealing, and noisy agonistic episodes often involved multiple aiders on both sides. Aiding patterns had some potential to insure dominance rank inheritance within families, in accordance with the Kawamura hypothesis. In aiding animals outside of their own matrilines, however, group members aided randomly with respect to this model. There was little evidence that aiding functioned to support individuals when they targeted animals to which they should be dominant as adults based on matrilineal dominance relationships. Most defensive aiding seemed to function primarily to defend victims (primarily kin) of aggression. Aggressive support of the attacker, on the other hand, seemed to function primarily to reinforce coalitions with the attacker. The identity of the victim was unimportant as long as it was neither kin to nor dominant to the aider. Aggressive support of attackers did not overturn existing dominance relationsh

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350080105

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPrevious studies of affect perception in nonhuman primates have involved young animals and/or manipulations of early experience. Based upon data suggesting that middle‐ranked monkeys in small social groups show patterns of behavior different from their low‐ or high‐ranked counterparts, the current study examined the role of social rank in affect perception by normally reared, adult female pigtailed macaques. Employing color videotapes as the presentation medium, we observed animals as they watched unfamiliar animals display social (aggressive or submissive) or nonsocial behavior. Virtually all threats were recorded as the subjects watched the submissive presentations, and most submissive signals occurred while watching aggressive behavior tapes. Middle‐ranked monkeys were most attentive during all presentations, and levels of disturbance behavior were related to rank of the watcher and type of presentation observed. The results suggest that dominance status is an influence in the process of affect per

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350080106

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractArtificial insemination in the great apes has not achieved its potential as a tool in maintenance of the endangered captive population. Three factors can influence the success rate of artificial insemination: sperm preparation, site of insemination, and timing of insemination. We have tried to optimize methods regarding these three steps. A modified method for insemination is described which has resulted in a 21% success rate (six term pregnancies from 29 inseminations) in the chimpanzee and which has successfully initiated a pregnancy in a gorilla.

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350080107

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe hormone calcitonin, which occurs predominantly within the C cells of the mammalian thyroid gland, is also found within the pulmonary endocrine cells of the epithelium of the tracheobronchial tree. A study was made of the distribution of immunoreactive calcitonin (iCT) in the African green monkey. Using two different region‐specific antisera, the total respiratory iCT comprised 2.5% and 5.8% of the total thyroid iCT. The mean concentration of iCT in the right lung exceeded that in the left, and the mean concentration of the right middle or right upper lobe exceeded that of all other lobes. Embryologically, the ultimobranchial bodies contribute their iCT‐producing C cell primordia to the thyroid gland near the level of the primitive laryngotracheal cleft and shortly after the early arborization of the bronchial tree. In monkeys and most other mammals, the right main stem bronchus is larger and develops earlier than the left. The data suggest an early migration of cells from the ultimobranchial bodies to the bronchi, eventually giving rise to the iCT‐containing pulmonary endocrine

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350080108

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350080109

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350080110

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350080111

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY