摘要:

AbstractNo report has confirmed predation on wild chimpanzees by lions. Recently, at least two lions visited the Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania. Chimpanzee remains, including hairs, bones, and a tooth, were found in four samples of lion feces between June and September 1989. The discovery of each fecal sample, widely separated in time, combined with analyses of daily attendance records and fecal contents, suggests that at least four chimpanzees, including two adult females, an old adolescent male, and an early adolescent male, were eaten. Observed responses of chimpanzees to lions included alarm calls, whimpers, climbing into trees, and silence. Predation by lions has been neglected as a factor shaping the social structure of chimpanzees. Nevertheless, the large party size that has often been observed in savanna‐living chimpanzees, which are sympatric with lions, might be an anti‐predator response of this species. © 1993 Wiley‐Lis

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350290102

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis study investigated the effects of water troughs on nonhuman primates housed in a captive environment. Two groups of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were exposed to water‐filled troughs under three conditions: (1) standing water, (2) running water, and (3) a replication of standing and running water with novel objects. The effects of water exposure were assessed using a pretest phase (baseline), test phase (trough present), and posttest phase (baseline) design for each of the three conditions. Standing water produced different effects from running water. Monkeys were more active in the presence of standing water (higher levels of exploration and lower levels of social contact and grooming) than during baseline observations. In contrast, they were significantly more passive during the running water condition (higher levels of social contact) than baseline. Neither physical condition nor responses to dominance testing varied systematically over phases or between conditions. Tool use was observed during the standing water phases of Conditions 1 and 3. Three females from one group used a variety of cup‐like containers as drinking utensils. A larger number of animals used the trough to soak chow prior to ingestion, and virtually all of the animals used the trough as a drinking source. These results suggest that exposure to water sources may elicit a broad spectrum of species‐typical activity and may be a simple and inexpensive way to enrich the environment of captive rhesus monkeys. © 1993 Wiley‐L

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350290103

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine the impact of infant restraint on dyadic interactions and maternal foraging patterns. Five bonnet macaque (Macaca radiata) mother‐infant dyads were observed under three conditions: high foraging demand for the mothers with nonrestrained contact between mothers and infants (HFD‐NRC), high foraging demand with restrained contact (HFD‐RC), and low foraging demand with restrained contact (LFD‐RC). In the restrained contact conditions the infants lived in a nursery within the group pen that allowed dyadic nursing, contact, proximity, and grooming, but prevented the infants from being with their mothers in the remaining portions of the pen, including the foraging area. Observations began when the infants were a mean of 5.4 months old. HFD‐RC resulted in decreased dyadic contact relative to HFD‐NRC, but did not significantly affect foraging task engagement; there were, however, marked individual differences in the response patterns of the mothers. Dyadic contact was also decreased during the LFD‐RC condition, but maternal patterns under low demand resulted in lower levels of infant contact initiation. This study demonstrated the feasibility of a nursery‐restrained rearing paradigm in exploring the strategic patterns of coping with conflicting environmental and maternal demands in bonnet macaque mothers. © 1993

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350290104

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAn in vitro fertilization system utilizing squirrel monkeys was used to compare follicle‐stimulating hormone, clomiphene citrate and prostaglandin E1as follicular induction regimens, analyze culture medium characteristics, and examine the physiological phenomenon of polyspermy. Induction of follicular growth was poor with clomiphene citrate when compared to the control group and increased the incidence of atretic follicles at all levels tested. When prostaglandin E1was administered, larger numbers of mature oocytes were recovered at laparoscopy. There was no difference in fertilization rate between the treatment and control groups.Homologous serum was an adequate protein source in TC‐199 fertilization medium for squirrel monkey oocytes. Although the rate of triploidy was increased with in vitro fertilization, there was no relationship between sperm concentration and the incidence of polyspermy. These findings demonstrate that the squirrel monkey is a valuable primate system for studies of in vitro fertilization and preimplantation development. © 1993 Wiley‐Lis

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350290105

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractEvidence indicates that primate species differ not only in social structure and concordant social propensities, but also in their approach toward novel objects, environments, and procedures. These differences in response dispositions have been described as being based on differences in characteristic stances toward the environment, also called temperaments. This report extends previous comparative primate research by describing behavioral contrasts observed among males of two macaque species, liontailed and cynomolgus macaques. The lion‐tails demonstrated more interest in other animals, more vigilance and instrumental behavior, and more readily adapted to training to enter a small and unfamilar cage than the cynomolgus. These results suggest temperamental differences between the two species. Lion‐tails may be characterized as bold, curious, and instrumental in their approach to the environment, while cynomolgus may be characterized as more passive or “reserved”. These differences may form the basis for the well‐developed sensorimotor abilities observed in liontails such as the manufacture and use of tools, and may also be related to their highly omnivorous diet. © 1993 Wiley

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350290106

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractRadiograph‐based methods were used to assess alveolar bone loss in 12 juvenile and 18 adult baboons (Papio hamadryas, sensu lato) living in the Awash National Park, Ethiopia. Alveolar bone loss, as measured from the cementoenamel junction to the alveolar crest, averaged about 1 mm in juveniles and about 1.5 mm in adults. Densitometry of alveolar bone from the radiographs provides a baseline for comparisons with other adult baboons. Periodontal disease surveys of baboon populations using such methods may identify potential etiological agents. Such knowledge may contribute to a better understanding of periodontal disease etiology in humans. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss,

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350290107

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSpontaneous interactions over fruits and vegetables were observed in a captive group ofCebus apella.The group lacked fully grown males; 3 adult females dominated the remaining 11 individuals, most of which were adolescents and late juveniles. Apart from expressions of interest and unsuccessful attempts to claim food, interactions over food included two types of interindividual food transfer: forced claims (i.e., involuntary transfers) and peaceful sharing. These two categories represented 7.2% and 20.3% of 3,389 observed food interactions, respectively. Sharing of food was subdivided into four categories; the most frequent category was the collection of discarded food items from within reach of the possessor, and the least frequent was active giving of food items by the possessor. The voluntary nature of food transfers was further investigated in an experiment in which two monkeys were placed in adjacent cages with a wire‐mesh partition between them. One subject received food; the other did not. Although this setup made it easy for possessors to prevent food transfers, sharing occurred in all 18 tests on different combinations of individuals. In 10 of the tests, possessors were observed to actively push food through the mesh partition to their partner. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss,

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350290108

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350290109

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350290101

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY