摘要:

AbstractDifferences in the social organization and dental morphology ofPan paniscus(bonobos) andPan troglodytes(chimpanzees) have been related to differences in the spatiotemporal availability of food and its exploitation. The presence of abundant terrestrial herbaceous vegetation (THV) in the bonobo's habitat and the apparent greater reliance on herbs for food has been used to explain differences in party size and, by extension, social organization. Using fecal analysis, we assess quantitatively the amount of herbaceous foods consumed byPan paniscusin the Lomako Forest, Zaire, compared to similar data forPan troglodytesin the Kibale Forest, Uganda. We examine this data in the context of spatiotemporal patterns of availability of herbaceous foods and fruit, as well as their nutritional content. The results support the suggestion that bonobos consume more herbaceous food than do the Kibale chimpanzees and that these foods are more prevalent in the bonobo's habitat than in the Kibale Forest. However, temporal changes in fruit availability and herb consumption, along with nutritional analyses, suggest that chimpanzees consume herbs as a fallback source of carbohydrates, whereas bonobos consume herbs as a source of protein regardless of season or fruit abundance. Available data suggest that party size while feeding on terrestrial herbs is restricted at both sites, but a determination of the relative strength of this constraint is not possible at this time. Difficulties in methods used for data collection are discussed and areas where more information is needed are highlighted. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, I

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350320102

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractFemale transfer is common in mountain gorillas, but most adult females reside with female relatives for at least some of their lives. In four mountain gorilla social groups, co‐resident relatives had higher rates of affiliative interaction and lower rates of aggressive interaction, and were more tolerant of each other, than non‐relatives. These differences were greater for maternal than for paternal relatives. Non‐relatives typically had few affiliative interactions, but some (mostly but not entirely long‐term co‐residents) had friendly relationships. Females showed reciprocity in affiliative behavior. Long‐term residents in two groups maintained less tolerant relationships with more recent immigrants than with each other and than did most pairs of immigrants. The effects of relatedness and residence status on relationships may sometimes be complementary because both factors can lead to similar reproductive interests. A potential exists for some resemblance between female‐female social relationships in mountain gorillas and those in female‐bonded primate species. However, even female relatives usually spend little time interacting socially with each other, and the benefits of relationships with males outweigh those of relationships with other females. © 1994

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350320103

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractFecal samples were collected systematically during a 6‐week period, from 13 September‐24 October, 1990, from four nonlactating female muriquis (Brachyteles arachnoides) inhabiting an 800 ha forest at Fazenda Montes Claros in Minas Gerais, Brazil. All four females were experienced mothers; one had most recently given birth in June 1988; the other three had most recently given birth in August 1988. Fecal assays measuring progesterone, estradiol, and estrone indicated consistently low levels in the one female who had given birth in June 1988 and in two of the three females who had given birth in August 1988. Elevated steroid levels did, however, appear in fecal samples from the fourth female on day 15 of the collection period. Steroid levels subsequently dropped and then began to rise again during what appeared to be a second cycle. The cycling female was the only one of the four females examined observed to copulate during the collection period. These preliminary data indicate that nonlactating female muriquis do not cycle year‐round, resumption of cycling is not tightly synchronized among females even when their prior parturitions were tightly synchronized, and resumed sexual activity appears to be associated with resumed cycling. © 1994 Wiley‐L

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350320104

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis study reports a case of infant abuse by a pigtail macaque mother living in a captive social group. Patterns of abusive behavior appeared three weeks after the birth of the infant and were in strict temporal as sociation with the repeated kidnapping and severe harassment of the infant by the alpha‐female in the group. Before and after the period of social stress, the mother exhibited proper caregiving behavior towards her infant. The analysis of the abusive mother's style of interaction with her infant relative to three control mothers indicated that she was an extremely permissive mother. It is argued that the mother's failure to adapt her mothering style to better protect her infant during the period of repeated kidnappings and the resulting lack of control over the situation may be the mechanism by which stress precipitated infant abuse. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss,

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350320105

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAntibody levels were determined in adults and newborn offspring of five primate species. This cross‐species comparison of intant IgG levels indicated that prosimians and New World monkeys transfer lower levels of maternal antibody via placental transmission than do Old World monkeys, apes, and humans. The evolutionary trend toward an increased reliance on prenatal antibody transfer in the higher primates appears to be most pronounced in the human infant, because our placenta has evolved an active transport process that elevates IgG in the full‐term fetus over maternal levels. Higher IgG levels in the young infant ensure a more prolonged and successful period of passive immunity against pathogens previously encountered by the mother. © 1994 Wiley‐Lis

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350320106

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractFrom 1975 through 1991, three sets of twins were born from a total of 693 live and stillborn births (0.43%) at the UCLA/Sepulveda Veterans Administration Medical Center Nonhuman Primate Research Laboratory, CA. None of the twin's mothers were related. Positive patrilineal relationships have not been established; however, a brother (not a twin) of the first set of twins may have fathered the third set. All twins were born to multiparous females and, in each case, only one infant survived beyond 4 days. One set of twins was dizygotic; the genetic status of the others is unknown. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, I

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350320107

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350320108

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350320109

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractInhabiting these pages are odd boundary creatures—simians, cyborgs, and women—all of which have had a destabilizing place in the great Western evolutionary, technological, and biological narratives. These boundary creatures are, literally,monst

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350320110

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350320111

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY