ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350030502

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350030503

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSteps taken by the Interagency Primate Steering Committee (IPSC) to ensure adequate and continuing supplies of primates for biomedical research and other essential health activities are described. Specifically, recommendations regarding implementation of a National Chimpanzee Breeding Plan are reported, including information in the areas of demographics, reproduction, and behavior.

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350030504

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThere are relatively few gorilla births in North America each year, and the birthrate shows considerable fluctuation. A questionnaire returned by 48 of 52 North American zoos and biomedical institutions known to keep gorillas revealed that only 21% of the adult males sired offspring in 1978 and 1979. The viability and genetic diversity of the captive North American population is therefore threatened. Many males are organically sterile, and there is an inferential suggestion of sterility among females. Environmental and behavioral factors are also operative in reproductive failure. Raising and maintaining gorillas in pairs decreases the probability that they will copulate.

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350030505

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractProcedures for performing electroejaculation on 24 lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) are described, including the following: rationale for use of this technique to establish fertility, anesthetics employed, technique, testicular measurements, and semen characteristics.

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350030506

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMethods of detecting ovulation and conducting artificial insemination in great apes are reviewed and described. Ovulation time can be detected to some extent by measuring timing relative to such cyclic correlates as menstruation, perineal swelling, body temperature, viscosity of cervical mucus, and behavior (copulation, masturbation, aggressivity). The most precise methods are observation of ovarian morphology using laparoscopy or ultrasonography, but the most practical method for great apes is the use of recently developed rapid hemagglutination inhibition test for luteinizing hormone. Using this test, three chimpanzees and one gorilla have been successfully artificially inseminated. Artificial insemination in great apes involves collection of semen by automasturbation or rectal probe electro‐ejaculation. Females are anesthetized and fractionated ejaculate is placed on the cervical os. Complicating factors include potential effect of anesthesia, variation in semen quality, frequency of AI required, and the apparent inherent infertility potential of great apes and human

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350030507

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSurveys on captive gorillas indicate that males at the blackback (subadult) age are capable of reproducing, and often do. Such information further suggests that male reproductive success decreases dramatically after reaching adulthood at approximately 13 years of age. Field data support the present hypothesis that this early breeding behavior is not idiosyncratic, but a reproductive strategy based on kin selection. The dominant male permits subadult and subordinate males to remain in the troop, breed with receptive females and assist in infant defens. Infanticide is practiced by adult males during aggressive intertroop encounters to hasten the female's return to receptivity, and thereby facilitate her transfer to their troop. The proposed hypothesis and a review of current field data are used to develop criteria for a captive breeding plan.

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350030508

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe endocrine correlates of infertility in primates are not well understood. On the basis of the levels of gonadotropins in the systemic circulation, infertile men can be classified as eugonadotropic, hypergonadotropic, or hypogonadotropic. Men who have “normal” gonadotropin levels and oligospermia are sometimes treated with one of the following: testosterone, human menopausal gonadotropin, or clomiphene citrate. Fertility is improved in a small percentage of the patients thus treated. In syndromes such as Klinefelter's gonadotropins are elevated in the systemic circulation, testosterone levels are low, and there are varying degrees of seminferous tubule failure. The hypogonadotropic syndromes seem to be an extension of the prepubertal state. Infertility in men can be classified according to the amount of testicular damage estimated by testicular biopsy. Generally speaking, the greater the degree of damage to the seminiferous tubule, the greater the quantities of gonadotropin, especially FSH, that can be found in the systemic circulation. In nonhuman primates many behavioral defects contribute to infertility. Testosterone in male rhesus monkeys is secreted on a diurnal schedule. Although the significance of this pattern is not known, differences in the diurnal rhythms of breeders and nonbreeders have been detected. Measurements of gonadal steroids in the systemic serum of fertile and infertile male gorillas did not reveal differences in steroid concentrations that could be correlated with infertility. The possibility remains that some type of infertility in great apes may be related to immunologic fact

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350030509

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMeasurements of urinary estrogen, pregnanediol‐3‐glucuronide, and bioactive luteinizing hormone indexed by creatinine on a daily basis in female gorillas reflect ovarian function. The use of small urine samples obviates the need for capture, restraint, or isolation and provides the basis for a nonstressful evaluation of reproductive status or fertility. Initial attempts at artificial insemination have thus far been unsuccessful when the fertile period was predicted by urinary estrogen and pregnanediol‐3‐glucuronide evaluations. The cause of these failures cannot be attributed to any one factor, but hormone profiles suggest that insemination preceded ovulation by more than one week in both cases. The prolongation of the follicular phase in conjunction with both inseminations when compared to all follicular phase intervals in the same individual (30 and 32 vs 21.8 ± 2.4 (mean ± SE; n = 10) days, respectively) may indicate a delay of ovulation as a result of the physical manipulation of t

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350030510

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn chimpanzees, ovulation time can be estimated in relation to the time of sexual swelling regression, itself a periovulatory parameter. Correlations of steroid hormone and gonadotropin levels, endometrial morphology, basal temperature, and ovarian morphology consistently suggest a close temporal correlation between ovulation and the last days of maximal sexual swelling.In the gorilla, LH elevations occur during the one to four days of labial swelling, suggesting that ovulation is restricted to this easily detectable phase of the menstrual cycle.The menstrual cycle of the orang‐utan lacks an externally visible periovulatory indicator, such as the sexual swelling, for correlation with ovulation time. Possibly a sharply defined period of female sexual proceptivity could provide a usable periovulatory criterion applicable to captive orang‐ut

ISSN:0275-2565    

DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350030511

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY