ISSN:0557-9325    

DOI:10.1111/j.1478-4408.1984.tb00038.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0557-9325    

DOI:10.1111/j.1478-4408.1984.tb00039.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

It was in 1935 that the forerunner of today's systems of colour photography first appeared on the market in the form of ‘Kodachrome’ film. This, and other subtractive systems, quickly replaced the earlier additive methods and remain the accepted practice today. The intervening period of nearly 50 years has been one of intense research and improvements have been made in virtually every aspect of the systems. The cyan, magenta and yellow imaging dyes have been improved in their spectral absorption properties, in their light fastness and in their stability to long‐term storage in the dark. The photographic speed of the systems has been increased and the graininess reduced, by better emulsion‐making and coating techniques and by the use of better developers and dye‐forming couplers. The sharpness of the systems has been improved by the use of thinner layers and special additives to control the spatial properties of the images. Very short access times have been made available by special systems that provide automatic processing immediately after ejection from the cameras. Colour television has been developed mainly over the past 25 years and, unlike photography, continues to use additive, rather than subtractive display devices. This is because the photographic disadvantages of additive display (limited resolution and absorption of light) do not apply in television. Recent years have seen attempts to apply television principles to traditionally photographic markets such as amateur photography, by the use of electronic cameras. The electronic systems have the advantage of re usable recording media, but the photographic systems have the advantages of much less costly cameras and higher resolution. Combined film‐electronic systems are likely to provide the highest technological performance in

ISSN:0557-9325    

DOI:10.1111/j.1478-4408.1984.tb00040.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0557-9325    

DOI:10.1111/j.1478-4408.1984.tb00041.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

An introduction outlining the scope and limitations of this paper is followed by a brief explanation of the essential structural features of metal‐complex dyes.The earliest metal‐complex dyes were produced directly within the fibre material by reacting a metallisable dye with a chromium compoundin situ. The first chromium complex dyes prepared in substance, were the chromium complexes containing sulpho‐groups, synthesised by R Bohn of BASF, in 1912, the application of which was first made possible after the discovery by Ciba of a satisfactory dyeing process based on the use of a dyebath made strongly acid with sulphuric acid. These two classes of dye dominated the dyeing industry into the 1950s.At that time 1:2 metal‐complex dyes without sulphonic acid groups but containing nonionic substituents as solubilising groups were introduced. These complexes were applicable from neutral to weakly acid dyebaths, which minimised the damage to the fibres. These dyeings were characterised by high fastness to light and wet treatments. Later, for commercial reasons, sulphonic acid groups were again introduced into the dye molecule to increase their hydrophilic properties. These dyes also have become well established as a result of the introduction of new dyeing methods and the development of dyeing auxiliaries designed to promote level dyeing.In addition to these types of metal‐complex dyes, further metal‐complex dyes selected from the extensive patent literature of the last 50 years because of their interesting structure ar

ISSN:0557-9325    

DOI:10.1111/j.1478-4408.1984.tb00042.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0557-9325    

DOI:10.1111/j.1478-4408.1984.tb00043.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0557-9325    

DOI:10.1111/j.1478-4408.1984.tb00044.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0557-9325    

DOI:10.1111/j.1478-4408.1984.tb00045.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0557-9325    

DOI:10.1111/j.1478-4408.1984.tb00046.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0557-9325    

DOI:10.1111/j.1478-4408.1984.tb00047.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY