摘要:

AbstractCost effective loss prevention requires an optimizing strategy to prevent, moderate (relieve) and contain runaway reactions. Ensuring that an emergency relief system design will either avoid or accommodate two‐phase vapor‐liquid flow is of particular importance. Use of adiabatic runaway reaction test information in combination with digital computer simulation is a powerful method to design an emergency relief sys

ISSN:0278-4513    

DOI:10.1002/prsb.720100104

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0278-4513    

DOI:10.1002/prsb.720100102

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0278-4513    

DOI:10.1002/prsb.720100103

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMaterial Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) are a key element in the communication of chemical hazards in the workplace. Their use has grown far faster than earlier anticipated. This paper describes aspects of the regulatory requirements in the United States, in Canada, and in Europe. Some concern is expressed that the length and complexity of some of the data sheets currently being published may be deleterious to the original intent.

ISSN:0278-4513    

DOI:10.1002/prsb.720100105

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe applications of computer control continue to grow. Incidents can be avoided by the study of previous occurrences. This paper updates “Human Problems with Computer Control” [1] and describes more incidents on computer‐controlled plants. As before, the computers provided new and easier opportunities for making familiar e

ISSN:0278-4513    

DOI:10.1002/prsb.720100106

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractFoam application is a successful method of reducing the release of vapors from anhydrous ammonia spills. It is a simple process also proving to be the most economical.

ISSN:0278-4513    

DOI:10.1002/prsb.720100107

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractCombustible liquids may self‐heat in porous insulation yielding smoldering or flaming combustion. In Part I the problem is reviewed and practical measures discussed. Using two‐inch cubes of insulation and a standardized procedure, Spontaneous Ignition Temperatures (SITs) ranging from 55‐184 C are reported for a series of combustible liquids. The application of a self‐heating parameter Z = (AIT)/(AIT‐FP), where AIT is autoignition temperature and FP is closed cup flash‐point (both in Celsius), is examined. The “Z” parameter gives some indication of materials that will self‐heat and those that will evaporate. For Z>1.61 ignition occurred for all the liquids tested. Evaporation usually occurred for materials with Z<1.35. It was found that some water‐reactive or peroxide‐forming materials can ignite where only evaporation would be predicted from Z value considerations. An important example of a water‐reactive material is ethylene oxide (EO); the importance of EO insulation fires is that under certain conditions explosive decomposition of EO contained in the equipment can be initiated.It was previously determined that ethylene oxide reacts in porous, refractory insulations forming low molecular weight polyethylene glycols. The formation rate depends on temperature and the type and condition (particularly water content) of the insulation. Unlike EO the glycols have low volatility and may accumulate over time to several times the mass of some insulations. Under certain conditions the glycols can ignite spontaneously. In Part II experiments carried out to examine this phenomenon are discussed.Where process temperatures are above the SIT (but below the AIT), cellular glass insulation will minimize the risk of insulation fires. One disadvantage, especially for thermally unstable materials such as EO, is that cellular glass has poor fire endurance properties. The use of a realistic fire endurance test to specify insulation thickness and additional measures such as stainless steel jackets are described.Alternatives to the use of cellular glass are discussed. When selecting an insulation system, it should be determined whether an insulation fire might occur and the loss potential from such an ev

ISSN:0278-4513    

DOI:10.1002/prsb.720100108

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMetallic structured packings have found increasing use in the cryogenic distillation of air. An experimental program was performed to test the flammability of selected metal packings under simulated high oxygen concentration operating conditions. Aluminum flammability in gaseous oxygen has been shown to be very dependent upon argon dilution, and in the presence of liquid oxygen, strong energy releases have been observed. Brass packing exhibited an unexpectedly high relative flammability whereas copper has been found to be non‐flammable in all tested oxygen purities. These findings suggest the use of copper structured packing in higher purity GOX/LOX regions of an air separation distillation column and aluminum structured packing in the remainder of the colum

ISSN:0278-4513    

DOI:10.1002/prsb.720100109

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA deflagration occurred in a pilot scale vessel containing an oxygen atmosphere and an organic solvent well below the flash point. This was unexpected since the experiment had been carried out on a smaller scale over 50 times. Further investigation of the incident showed that the loading of the vessel and agitation system produced a flammable mist which was capable of explosion at temperatures below the flash point. Simulation studies of the mist conditions in a controlled flammability system were also conducted. Ignition sources were also investigated and at least two were shown to be feasible.

ISSN:0278-4513    

DOI:10.1002/prsb.720100110

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPredictions of critical conditions for thermal runaways are generally based on heat balance models using experimentally generated heat and kinetic data. The accuracy of the predictions depends on the fit of the models and the quality of the thermal data. The relative importance of these factors to the calculated critical reaction conditions are discussed. Some additional procedures for evaluating and improving results are recommended.

ISSN:0278-4513    

DOI:10.1002/prsb.720100111

出版商:American Institute of Chemical Engineers    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY