ISSN:0885-6087    

DOI:10.1002/hyp.3360050102

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe topography of a catchment has a major impact on the hydrological, geomorphological, and biological processes active in the landscape. The spatial distribution of topographic attributes can often be used as an indirect measure of the spatial variability of these processes and allows them to be mapped using relatively simple techniques. Many geographic information systems are being developed that store topographic information as the primary data for analysing water resource and biological problems. Furthermore, topography can be used to develop more physically realistic structures for hydrologic and water quality models that directly account for the impact of topography on the hydrology. Digital elevation models are the primary data used in the analysis of catchment topography. We describe elevation data sources, digital elevation model structures, and the analysis of digital elevation data for hydrological, geomorphological, and biological applications. Some hydrologic models that make use of digital representations of topography are also considered.

ISSN:0885-6087    

DOI:10.1002/hyp.3360050103

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractDigital elevation models (DEMs) can be used to derive a wealth of information about the morphology of a land surface. Traditional raster analysis methods can be used to derive slope, aspect, and shaded relief information; recently‐developed computer programs can be used to delineate depressions, overland flow paths, and watershed boundaries. These methods were used to delineate watershed boundaries for a geochemical stream sediment survey, to compare the results of extracting slope and flow paths from DEMs of varying resolutions, and to examine the geomorphology of a Martian DE

ISSN:0885-6087    

DOI:10.1002/hyp.3360050104

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA rectangular grid digital elevation model (DEM) for Australia, with a horizontal resolution of 1/40 degree of latitude and longitude (approximately 2.5 km), has recently been calculated from continent‐wide coverages of point elevation and stream line data using an elevation gridding technique which incorporates a drainage enforcement algorithm. An automated drainage basin analysis of this DEM is in close agreement with existing basin analyses, both for the better surveyed coastal areas with well‐defined relief, and for large areas of low relief that make up much of the interior Lake Eyre basin and the Murray‐Darling basin. The analysis of the arid western plateau region differs from the currently accepted analysis but is in broad agreement with a previous analysis of palaeodrainage systems based on topographic and geological information. The drainage analyses is used to calculate cumulative distributions of spatially distributed, hydrologically significant, terrain parameters for the Murray‐Darling and Derwent River basins. The adequacy of the resolution of the DEM for continental hydrological analyses is assessed by comparing drainage basin analyses and cumulative distributions of terrain parameters at resolutions of 1/40th and 1/20th degree of latitude and lo

ISSN:0885-6087    

DOI:10.1002/hyp.3360050105

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe accuracy of the predictions of distributed hydrological models must depend in part on the proper specification of flow pathways. This paper examines some of the problems of deriving flow pathways from raster digital terrain data in the context of hydrological predictions using TOPMODEL. Distributed moisture status is predicted in TOPMODEL on the basis of spatial indices that depend on flow path definition. The sensitivity of this index to flow path algorithm and grid size is examined for the case where the surface topography is a good indicator of local hydraulic gradients. A strategy for the case where downslope subsurface flow pathways may deviate from those indicated by the surface topography is described with an example application.

ISSN:0885-6087    

DOI:10.1002/hyp.3360050106

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractChannel networks with artibtrary drainage density or resolution can be extracted from digital elevation data. However, for digital elevation data derived networks to be useful they have to be extracted at the correct length scale or drainage density. Here we suggest a criterion for determining the appropriate drainage density at which to extract networks from digital elevation data. The criterion is basically to extract the highest resolution (highest drainage density) network that satisfies scaling laws that have traditionally been found to hold for channel networks. Procedures that use this criterion are presented and tested on 21 digital elevation data sets well distributed throughout the U.S.

ISSN:0885-6087    

DOI:10.1002/hyp.3360050107

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractHydrologic processes are affected by the spatial variability of soils, topography, land use and cover, climate, and human‐induced changes and management. Because contaminants are transported by runoff to surface waters and by infiltration and deep percolation to groundwater, hydrologic processes are often at the core of water quality and quantity concerns. Water quality and quantity affected by non‐point sources of contaiminants is dependent on spatially distributed attributes of a catchment or watershed.The integration or linkage of the spatial data handling capabilities of a GIS with a distributed process, hydrologic model offers the advantages associated with utilizing the full information content of the spatially distributed data to analyse the hydrologic processes. Distributed process models use computational elements smaller than the scale of the process or the system being modelled. The information content of the model output is greater than a lumped model though obtained at greater cost. A GIS is capable of manipulating both the input and output parameters required by distributed process models.This paper presents a review of water quality and quantity modelling and GIS applications in water resources. An application of the GIS, ARC/INFO and the finite element solution to the kinematic wave equations is presented. In this application, ARC/INFO is used to process the spatially variable terrain in a small watershed using a Triangular Irregular Network on TIN. The TIN facets are used to provide land surface slope in a finite element solution of overland flow which is a fundamental subprocess affecting non‐point source, water quality and qua

ISSN:0885-6087    

DOI:10.1002/hyp.3360050108

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA geographic information system (ARC/INFO) is used to develop a model of the urban environment for storm drainage analysis. The drainage system is divided into surface terrain, stormwater intakes, and the drainage network. The intakes hydrologically connect surface and subsurface flow elements. The drainage network consists of both man‐made structures (pipes and channels) and overland flow paths that connect them. The land surface terrain is defined by a triangulated irregular network (TIN), which is used to determine necessary parameters for design flow calculations. Each of the three basic elements of the urban terrain representation, inlets‐defined as points, drainage network‐defined as lines, and surface terrain‐defined as TINs, has its own specific data structure. The three databases are fully integrated, and the stored information is used to determine whether inlets and pipes can convey 10‐and 25‐year design flows, using the rational method.An ‘intelligent network builder’, is developed using the Nexpert Object expert system shell, to test for completeness of databases and flow paths prior to hydrological computations. If necesssary, the intelligent network builder starts up ARC/INFO procedures that fill in missing links in the drainage network and missing flow properties of its components. An example application is made to the drainage system of a section of City of Asheville,

ISSN:0885-6087    

DOI:10.1002/hyp.3360050109

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0885-6087    

DOI:10.1002/hyp.3360050101

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY