摘要:

AbstractIn the oral cavity, an open growth system, bacterial adhesion to the non‐shedding surfaces is for most bacteria the only way to survive. This adhesion occurs in 4 phases: the transport of the bacterium to the surface, the initial adhesion with a reversible and irreversible stage, the attachment by specific interactions, and finally the colonization in order to form a biofilm. Different hard surfaces are available in the oral cavity (teeth, filling materials, dental implants, or prostheses), all with different surface characteristics. In a healthy situation, a dynamic equilibrium exists on these surfaces between the forces of retention and those of removal. However, an increased bacterial accumulation often results in a shift toward disease. 2 mechanisms favour the retention of dental plaque: adhesion and stagnation. The aim of this review is to examine the influence of the surface roughness and the surface free energy in the adhesion process. Both in vitro and in vivo studies underline the importance of both variables in supragingival plaque formation. Rough surfaces will promote plaque formation and maturation, and high‐energy surfaces are known to collect more plaque, to bind the plaque more strongly and to select specific bacteria. Although both variables interact with each other, the influence of surface roughness overrules that of the surface free energy. For the subgingival environment, with more facilities for microorganisms to survive, the importance of surface characteristics dramatically decreases. However, the influence of surface roughness and surface‐free energy on supragingival plaque justifies the demand for smooth surfaces with a low surface‐free energy in order to minimise plaque formation, thereby reducing the occurrence of caries and period

ISSN:0303-6979    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-051X.1995.tb01765.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe aims of this study were (1) to monitor the progression and patterns of progression of loss of attachment ≥1 mm on a site basis over a 5‐year period in adolescents, and (2) to relate the presence of oral deposits and inflammation to the subsequent development and progression of loss of attachment on a site basis. 167 subjects were examined at ages 14, 16 and 19 years. Loss of attachment ≥1 mm, plaque, subgingival calculus, gingival bleeding and gingival colour change were assessed on the mesiobuccal sites of the 1st molars, 1st premolars and central incisors. Each site was treated separately in the analysis to avoid the problem of within‐subject site dependence. Sites were classed as progressing, non‐progressing or fluctuating according to the probing attachment level measurements at each of the 3 examinations. During the 5 years of this study, a total of 542 sites in 128 subjects progressed: 1136 sites in 162 subjects did not progress; 43 sites in 30 subjects had fluctuating attachment level measurements. Sites which subsequently progressed had significantly more plaque, subgingival calculus and gingival inflammation than non‐progressing sites at the baseline examination and throughout the study (p<0.001). Between 55‐57% of the maxillary 1st molars and 46‐49% of the mandibular incisors progressed. In contrast, there was no progression of loss of attachment on over 80% of the maxillary central incisors and mandibula

ISSN:0303-6979    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-051X.1995.tb01766.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPeriodontal diseases essentially comprise a group of oral infections whose primary aetiological factor is dental plaque. Removal of the cause (and its effects) is the primary aim of both non‐surgical and surgical treatment regimens, although the infective nature of the diseases has led to the widespread use of antimicrobials as an adjunct to mechanical debridement. The tetracyclines are primarily bacteriostatic agents that are effective against many Gram‐negative species including putative periodontopathogens such asActinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans(A.a.). The proven efficacy of this group of drugs in the management of periodontal diseases may be related not only to their antibacterial actions, but to a number of additional properties that have been recently identified. These include collagenase inhibition, anti‐inflammatory actions, inhibition of bone resorption and their ability to promote the attachment of fibroblasts to root surfaces. Consequently, tetracyclines have also been used as an adjunct to bone grafting in periodontal defects, and as agents for “conditioning” root surfaces to enhance the regeneration of periodontal tissues. When tetracyclines are taken orally, consideration must be given both to the potential unwanted effects and to interactions with other drugs that are taken concurrently. Such problems are minimised however, when the drugs are incorporated into controlled, slow‐release formulations which are currently being researched and marketed for int

ISSN:0303-6979    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-051X.1995.tb01767.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAnalysis of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) offers a non‐invasive means of studying the host response in periodontal disease, and may provide an early‐indication of the patient at risk for active periodontitis. A number of host markers have been studied for their relationship to disease activity (probing attachment loss or PAL). GCF levels of the acid glycohydrolase β‐glucuronidase (βG), a marker of primary granule release from polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN), have been shown to identify patients with periodontitis at risk for additional PAL. In this multicenter trial, we evaluated (a) the short‐term effect of conservative periodontal therapy on βG activity in GCF, and (b) the relationship of persistently elevated βG activity to PAL in patients who were monitored for 6 months. The study population included a total of 140 patients with chronic adult periodontitis. 130 patients were on a regular recall schedule, and 10 were previously untreated. After collection of baseline clinical data at all sites, and analysis of βG in GCF from one site (mesiobuccal) per tooth, the patients received a scaling and prophylaxis. Two weeks later patients were seen for collection of GCF. If elevated enzyme activity was found at 2 weeks, the patients were seen at 3 months for a clinical exam and GCF collection. Clinical parameters were collected from all patients at 6 months. Therapy tended to reduce βG activity in GCF. Allowing ± 20 units of βG activity for sampling and assay variability. 2 weeks after therapy, 24.5% of patients had lower βG levels, 8.6% of patients had higher levels and 66.9% of patients did not change. Using patients as the unit of observation, algorithms were created relating persistently elevated βG activity to PAL. The algorithms were based on analysis of βG data at baseline, 2 weeks and 3 months, or baseline and 2 weeks. For the algorithms using βG data collected at 3 examinations, the risk ratio ranged from 7X to 14X, total predictive value ranged from 83% to 88%, sensitivity ranged from 65% to 77%, specificity ranged from 85% to 89% and the K statistic ranged from 0.41 to 0.44. If only the baseline and 2‐week GCF data was used, accuracy decreased slightly, but a strong association between elevated βG activity and PAL remained (i.e., risk ratio of 6x to 10X). These data support our earlier findings that elevated levels of BG in GCF, indicative of increased PMN activity in the crevice, is associated with PAL in patients with chronic adult periodontitis. The role of the PMN in destruction of periodontal tissue may relate to release of lysosomal enzymes, and generation of reactive oxygen metabolites in the

ISSN:0303-6979    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-051X.1995.tb01768.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis study tested the hypothesis that in vitro cleavage of C3 could be triggered with similar ease in serum samples from patients with adult periodontitis (n= 26) as in samples from periodontally healthy subjects (n= 13). A lipoteichoic acid, a lipopolysaccharide and an aggregated IgG served as activators of complement. On the average, the periodontitis group generated significantly (p<0.01) more C3d activation fragments than did the healthy group, as judged from rocket immunoelectrophoresis measurements. Cleavage of C4 and factor B were then assayed through immunoblotting, without prior purification of the sera. C4c fragments were seen in all activated samples, the healthy group causing significantly (p<0.05) more C4 conversion than did the periodontitis group. Cleavage of factor B, taken as a measure of soluble amplification convertase formation, was about equal between the groups. We inferred therefore that the 2 groups produced comparable amounts of C3b. The results suggested, however, that periodontitis sera favour breakdown of the opsonin C3b, most likely by activating the regulatory proteins factor H and I. Lipoteichoic acid, causing moderate depletion of C4 and factor B. produced significantly (p<0.01) more C3d fragments than the other two activators examined. It may be that complement activation is down‐regulated in periodontitis sera, perhaps at the expense of adequate local opsonic functio

ISSN:0303-6979    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-051X.1995.tb01769.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis study examined the relationship between psychological mood, stress and oral hygiene behaviour in a group of 51 regular dental attenders. Subjects brought a saliva sample for cortisol radioimmunoassay. completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) Scale, were assessed for plaque and gingivitis, and were then instructed in toothbrushing. 5 weeks later. 47 subjects were given a full repeat examination. There was a slight reduction in plaque and gingivitis scores, but no change in mood as assessed by HAD Scale and salivary cortisol concentration. Mean anxiety scores were associated with gingivitis level, and mean depression scores with plaque. Neither mood nor cortisol were predictors of subsequent change in plaque or gingivitis.

ISSN:0303-6979    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-051X.1995.tb01770.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA 4‐year‐old Japanese boy was referred to Osaka University Dental Hospital because of severe mobility and pain of the right lower primary canine. The canine had severe bone loss and a pocket depth exceeding 5‐6 mm. The left lower canine showed slight mobility and moderate alveolar bone loss. The other primary teeth showed no pathogenic findings. The subgingival microflora from the right lower canine was dominated by gram‐negative rods, especially capnocytophaga and fusobacterium, while actinomyces sp. were the most common gram‐positive bacteria. While neutrophil functions of the patient were within the normal ranges of healthy subjects, some lymphocyte functions such as IL‐2 production and IgG and IgM syntheses were lower in the patient. 7 months after the extraction of the right lower primary canine, the patient complained of pain around the right lower primary lateral incisor. In 3‐4 weeks, the alveolar bone was lost rapidly and mobility of the lower anterior teeth increased significantly. The primary lateral incisor was extracted and the other primary teeth were treated by scaling and systemic and local administration of antibiotics. After treatment, the lower anterior teeth became less mobile and the gram‐positive coc

ISSN:0303-6979    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-051X.1995.tb01771.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract3 triclosan‐containing dentifrices were compared in a 6‐month, un‐supervised tooth brushing study. The effects on plaque, gingival bleeding and certain salivary micro‐organisms (mutans streptococci, lactobacilli, total counts of streptococci and total counts of micro‐organisms) were evaluated. 123 subjects were divided into 4 groups according to severity of gingival bleeding index. 112 subjects completed the study. Following a 4‐week pre‐experimental period, using a sodium monofluorophosphate dentifrice (placebo), the subjects were assigned to use one of 3 triclosan‐containing dentifrices, available on the Swedish market: Colgate Paradent (a triclosan/copolymer dentifrice) (n=26); Pepsodent Gum Health (a triclosan/zinc citrate dentifrice) (n=31); Dentosal Friskt Tandkött (a triclosan/pyrophosphate dentifrice) (n=28); or to continue with the placebo (n=21). The results revealed that Colgate Paradent reduced baseline plaque values by 39% (Quigley and Hein) over the 6‐month experimental period. The corresponding values for the other modalities were: a reduction of 6% for Pepsodent Gum Health, an increase of 5% for Dentosal Friskt Tandkött. and an increase of 2% for placebo. A significant difference in the plaque levels (p<0.05) was found between Colgate Paradent and Pepsodent Gum Health and between Colgate Paradent and placebo. The gingival bleeding index was improved in all 4 groups. A significant difference (p<0.05) was found with respect to bleeding between Colgate Paradent and placebo (p<0.05) at the 3‐month registration. A statistically significant increase over time in total number of streptococci and total colony forming units were found for the Dentosal, Pepsodent and placebo groups, but not for Colgate. To conclude, this study seems to verify that a dentifrice containing a combination of triclosan and copolymer is effective in reducing supra‐gingival plaque formation and gingival bleeding without causing major shifts in

ISSN:0303-6979    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-051X.1995.tb01772.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Nd:YAG laser treatment on subgingival calculus, cementum and dentine,in vitroat different power settings and durations. The study included 2 experiments. In the 1st experiment, 32 extracted teeth with calculus were divided into 8 laser treatment groups. Each tooth was treated on 2, 3 or 4 sites. In the 2nd experiment. 3 extracted cementum covered teeth and 3 extracted root planed teeth with exposed dentine were selected. 1 surface of each tooth was subjected to 8 different laser treatments. In both experiments, all specimens were assessed using scanning electron microscopy. Micrographs were taken from each treated site at X100 and X750 magnifications. An arbitrary scale (from 0 to 3) was used to score the degree of damage caused by the laser. Generally, the laser caused greater damage on calculus than either cementum or dentine. Linear regression analysis showed that higher total energy input caused a greater mean damage score on calculus (R2= 66%,p<0.001). 3‐way analysis of variance showed that for calculus, the power setting, number of pulses per second and the duration of exposure contributed independently to the mean damage score in an additive way. Cementum specimens were not affected by treatment 1 (50 mJ. 10 pps, 1 s). treatment 2 (50 mJ, 10 pps, 5 s), and treatment 5 (50 mJ, 20 pps, 1 s). Dentine specimens were not affected by treatment 1 (50 mJ, 10 pps, 1 s). The results also showed that there was variability in susceptibility of different teeth and different parts of each tooth which was true for calculus, cementum and dentin

ISSN:0303-6979    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-051X.1995.tb01773.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn a previous study, it was shown that professional tooth cleaning 3X a week had a significant influence on the subgingival microbiota of shallow pockets. The purpose of this investigation was to study the effect of a single episode of full‐mouth supragingival cleaning and oral hygiene instructions in subjects with minimal periodontal disease but high prevalence of putative periodontal pathogens. 10 subjects from Arabic countries, aged between 22 and 48 years, which had previously not been exposed to any dental care other than extractions and fillings, were selected for this trial. DNA probe analysis of subgingival samples, taken in the deepest pocket of each quadrant, showed presence ofPorphyromonas gingivalisandPrevotella intermediain all patients, and presence ofActinobacillus actinomycetemcomitansin 5 individuals. 85% of all samples wereP. gingivalis‐positive, 83% were positive forP. intermediaand 43% wereA. actinomycetemcomitans‐positive.4 weeks after treatment, subgingival microbiological samples were again taken in the same sites. In 8 patients.P. gingivaliscould still be detected after treatment. However, the number ofP. gingivalispositive samples was reduced from 85% to 38%, and the bacterial counts in positive samples were markedly lower than at baseline.P. intermedia‐positivesamples were obtained from 7 patients after treatment. 33% of all samples were still positive, but showed markedly reduced bacterial counts. 4 patients still yieldedA. actinomycetem comitans‐positive samples after treatment. Here, the number of positive samples was reduced to 15%, and the bacterial counts were barely exceeding the detection limit. Concomitantly, the % of pockets deeper than 3 mm was reduced from 13% to 3% and the percentage of sites bleeding upon probing was reduced from 68% to 20%. This study demonstrated a considerable, although not maximal clinical and microbiological effect of supragingival plaque control in subjects with high prevalence of periodontal pathogens but minimal periodonta

ISSN:0303-6979    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-051X.1995.tb01774.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY