ISSN:1355-3259    

DOI:10.1348/135532501168145

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2001

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Purpose. To assess the match between anti‐stalking legislation and participants' own opinions of what constitutes stalking, and to test the ability of lay persons to interpret anti‐stalking statutes.Method. University students (N= 88) were presented with 20 transcripts of actual intrusive acts, as experienced by female members of the public. Participants were asked to rate the extent to which each represented a case of stalking, either on the basis of one of three sets of anti‐stalking legislation, or purely on the basis of their own opinions as to what constituted stalking.Results. Multivariate and univariate analyses of variance revealed that the three laws, and participants' own opinions, led to significant differences in whether a given transcript was labelled as stalking for 18 of the 20 transcripts. This reflected the way in which the different legislation chose to define stalking. Participants' intuitive ideas fitted most closely with ratings generated by the England and Wales Protection from Harassment Act 1997.Conclusions. Although problems of defining stalking in relation to public perception persist, the England and Wales Protection from Harassment Act 1997, which offers no final definition of stalking but concentrates upon the effects on the victim, may come closest to capturing the public perception of the crime. It was also concluded that lay persons were proficient in interpreting and applying three anti‐stalking laws of varying com

ISSN:1355-3259    

DOI:10.1348/135532501168163

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2001

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Purpose. Research in the area of injecting risk behaviour among drug users in prison is increasing; this paper attempts to rectify the paucity of research on risk behaviour of prisoners after release. This study also assesses the impact of both in‐prison and community drug services on injecting risk behaviour after release.Methods. This longitudinal study looked at the risk behaviour of a cohort of ex‐prisoners in Edinburgh, Scotland. Two follow‐up interviews were carried out after release from prison, involving 56 and 40 participants respectively. This study built on an in‐prison evaluation of a drug reduction programme, and sufficient numbers were recruited to compare an intervention and a control group.Results. There was some evidence of an initial flurry of injecting risk behaviour among participants soon after release, with a minority reporting injecting after release from prison, but over time patterns of injecting were variable. There was a low incidence of sharing injecting equipment. Generally, and perhaps contrary to expectation, post‐release risk behaviour among the present sample was relatively low. Neither community‐based nor in‐prison drug treatment programmes were found to have a major effect on patterns of drug use.Conclusions. Caution should be observed when generalizing from the data obtained in this study. That said, focusing specifically on the period after release as a situational factor in increased injecting risk among drug users has indicated that more enduring local factors may be just as influential on levels of risk behaviour. Contact with neither in‐prison nor community drug services was predictive of lower

ISSN:1355-3259    

DOI:10.1348/135532501168172

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2001

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Purpose. This study was designed to evaluate the extent to which, and how, anxiety and depression could be predicted among incarcerated male young offenders.Methods. In a two‐stage prospective study over 3 months, scores on new ‘Stress’ and ‘Coping’ scales designed specifically for present purposes using information given by the offenders themselves were, together with first stages scores on the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ‐R Short Scale; Eysenck&Eysenck, 1975), the Culture‐Free Self‐Esteem Inventory (CFSEI Second Edition; Battle, 1981), the Emotion Control Questionnaire (ECQ2; Roger&Najarian, 1989) and the Coping Styles, Questionnaire (CSQ; Roger, Jarvis,&Najarian, 1993) regressed on second stages scores on the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS; Zigmond&Snaith, 1983).Results. HADS Anxiety scores were accounted for by scores on the new ‘Stress’ questionnaire, Aggression Control, and an interaction of ‘Stress’ scores with Rational coping. HADS Depression scores were accounted for by ‘Stress’ scores, EPQ Extraversion and an interaction of ‘Stress’, EPQ Extraversion and EPQ Liar scores. In addition, a three‐component interaction term comprising ‘Stress’, ‘Coping’ and EPQ Psychoticism scores predicted both anxiety and depression. The implications of this interaction are explored in detail.Conclusions. The results have important repercussions for the psychological well‐being of incarcerated young offenders, some of whom are vulnerable and possibly prone to parasuicidal behaviour. Fundamental changes in the young offender culture are a preferred option in mitigating the psychological effects of detention than the encouragement of coping behaviour

ISSN:1355-3259    

DOI:10.1348/135532501168181

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2001

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Fifty 4‐ to 13‐year‐olds were interviewed about incidents of sexual abuse that they had allegedly experienced. The interviewers employed an unusually high number of open‐ended prompts, and the analyses focused on the effectiveness of different types of open‐ended inquiries. Open‐ended prompts yielded significantly longer and more detailed responses than did focused prompts. The main invitation, which initiated the children's narratives, elicited the longest and most detailed responses. Invitations remained superior to focused questions throughout the interview. The effectiveness of invitations did not vary depending on whether they followed focused or open‐ended prompts. There were no age differences in the effectiveness of any types o

ISSN:1355-3259    

DOI:10.1348/135532501168190

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2001

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Purpose. The present experiment examined the success rate of well‐trained raters in judging the truthfulness of witness statements. Statements from children aged 7‐8 years, children aged 10‐11 years and adults were rated for the presence of 15 of the 19 original Criteria‐Based Content Analysis (CBCA) criteria (Steller&Köhnken, 1989).Method. This experiment comprised a 3 (age of participant) × 3 (nature of account) design. One‐third of the participants took part in a photography session, one‐third watched a video recording of a peer taking part in a photography session, and one‐third were party to a verbal description regarding the photography session but neither participated in it themselves nor saw a video recording. The first two groups then gave truthful accounts of their experiences in a subsequent interview. However, the third group was asked, by the experimenter, to lie during the interview and to try to convince the interviewers that they also had taken part in a photography session.Results. The CBCA criteria discriminated between truthful accounts based on actual involvement and fabricated accounts. However, the criteria did not significantly discriminate between those truthful accounts based on watching a video recording and fabricated accounts. Interestingly, there was a significant difference between the truthful accounts based on participation and the truthful accounts based on observation. Further, CBCA was equally effective in discriminating between participativetruthful accountsand fabricated accounts for all three age groups.Conclusions. CBCA was found to be a very useful tool in discriminating between truthful accounts based on direct experience of an event and fabricated accounts (overall hit rate, 70%). Also, CBCA was found to discriminate between truthful acounts based on actual experience and truthful accounts based on watching a video. This latter finding has implications for the real world when children and adults use information from television programmes and videos on which to base false allegations. Finally, CBCA was found to be equally effective for use with accounts from adults as w

ISSN:1355-3259    

DOI:10.1348/135532501168208

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2001

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Purpose. Suspects are often subjected to multiple interrogations. Research on deception has neglected this fact. To remedy this shortcoming this study was conducted focusing on how repeated interrogations affect deception detection performance. In addition, the previous finding that interrogators interacting face to face tend to be more credulous towards suspects than observers watching the same suspects on video was tested.Method. After seeing a staged event, 12 lying and 12 truth‐telling witnesses were interrogated three times over a period of 11 days. After the final interrogation the veracity of each witness was assessed by his or her interrogator and by six observers who had seen the interrogations on video. In all, 144 observers were used and all participants were undergraduate students.Results. The main findings were that (1) both interrogators and observers were poor at discerning truth‐tellers and liars; (2) observers who made veracity judgments after seeing one interrogation performed in line with observers who had seen three interrogations; (3) observers who assessed veracity after seeing one interrogation and then, again, after watching the additional two, significantly increased their performance; and (4) the interrogators showed a very pronounced truth bias.Conclusions. The results suggest that interrogators should be careful not to hold a too lenient attitude towards suspects. Importantly, the study also shows that the number of veracity assessments made is more related to deception detection performance than is the number of interrogations a judge presides over. The finding that lie‐catchers' performance is affected by both how sequential information is presented and integrated has important psycho‐legal impli

ISSN:1355-3259    

DOI:10.1348/135532501168217

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2001

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The study examined (1) what dimensions of parenting would emerge from retrospective reports of parental behaviour, and (2) whether childhood family violence and parental problems are associated with later perceptions of parenting among 89 young male Finnish inmates. The inmates completed the Parent Behaviour Inventory (PBI) and the Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS). Data on childhood family violence and parental problems were obtained from two files. The PBI yielded three factors and the CTS two factors for both mothers and fathers. When the PBI and CTS factors were combined into a principalcomponents analysis, five dimensions of perceptions of parenting emerged: maternal rejection, paternal rejection, autonomy, control, and ineffective parenting in the family. The inmates' childhood family violence and parental problems were associated with maternal rejection, paternal rejection and ineffective parenting in the family.

ISSN:1355-3259    

DOI:10.1348/135532501168226

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2001

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Purpose and method. Crime reduction is a central feature of the current Government Home policy. This incorporates a wide variety of initiatives from crime‐prevention strategies to offending‐behaviour programmes. One key performance indicator for assessing crime reduction is reconviction. This article critically analyses the two main sources of criminal history data held in England and Wales from which reconviction is determined: first, the Offenders Index (OI), which is accessible to independent researchers; and second, the National Identification Service (NIS), available for limited Home Office personnel. Criminal history data were compared for 134 sexual offenders using both sources of data.Results. Overall, there was a poor correlation for offence‐based criminal history summaries between the two data sources. Further analysis revealed that neither source appeared more reliable, with each source contributing unique and additional information. Sentencing occasion‐based summaries, however, showed a strong relationship between the two sources. Five‐year reconviction rates for the sample were highest using a combination OI and NIS data than reconviction rates using one source alone.Conclusions. There is no evidence in this study to suggest that the NIS is more reliable than OI. OI users are urged to use sentencing occasion summaries over offence‐based summaries for control group matching purposes as these data appear to be more consistent between the two sources. In the future, when researchers have access to both sources of data, it is recommended that they use a combination of data sets for assessing past criminal history and deriving risk of reconviction in order to provide a more complete picture. A sound knowledge of the limitations of the data source being used is essential for

ISSN:1355-3259    

DOI:10.1348/135532501168235

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2001

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1355-3259    

DOI:10.1348/135532501168154

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2001

数据来源: WILEY