ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1991.tb00263.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The cradle of Scandinavian exercise physiology was in Copenhagen. Peter Ludwig Panum (1820‐1885) was head of a new physiological laboratory and his research included respiration, digestion and metabolism. Christian Bohr (1855‐1911) was his most prominent co‐worker and became his successor in 1885. Part of Bohr's training was in Leipzig, Germany, with Carl Ludwig, which led to his lifelong interest in problems of pulmonary exchange and blood transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide. He discovered the effect of carbon dioxide on the dissociation curve of hemoglobin (the Bohr effect). He attracted eminent young co‐workers, among them A. Krogh, V. Henriques and K. A. Hasselbalch (known for the Henderson‐Hasselbalch formula). One of his children, Niels Bohr, became one of the greatest modem nuclear physicists. We could name August Krogh as the father of exercise physiology in Scandinavia. This review will concentrate on some of his and his co‐workers' and students' scientific achievements up t

ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1991.tb00264.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Nine experienced endurance runners performed individual marathon runs that involved several tests of neuromuscular performance before, during and after the marathon. The tests were performed with special force platform and dynamometer techniques. The results showed an overall decrease in performance from the marathon. The maximal sprint velocity decreased parabolically during the marathon, reaching the final value of 84% of the pre‐marathon one. Similarly, the other test results after marathon indicated that maximal isometric knee extension torque was 78%, the performance in a special rebound test (drop jump) 84% and the 5‐jump performance 92% of the pre‐marathon values. These reductions were accompanied by alteration in the ground reaction force curves in the sprint and jump tests, suggesting reduced tolerance to stretch load as well as loss in the recoil characteristics of the mu

ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1991.tb00265.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The influence of an individual marathon race was investigated among 7 subjects who performed 2 types of unilateral isometric strength tests before and after the race. The tests included maximal isometric voluntary actions (MVA) of the knee extensor muscles and isometric endurance of 60% of pre‐marathon MVA. The results showed dramatic reductions of the maximal isometric torque (26 ± 14%) and endurance time (39 ± 9%). Maximal integrated electromyographic activity (IEMG) of the vastus medialis muscle decreased by 36 ± 26% and that of the vastus lateralis muscle by 42 ± 25%. In the submaximal endurance test, the post‐marathon isometric knee extension started at a higher level of IEMG and lower mean power frequency (MPF) for 6 of 7 subjects. These data suggest that the repeated stretch‐shortening cycles during the marathon race affected the force production by reducing neural input to the muscles and deteriorating the efficiency of the contractile

ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1991.tb00266.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max) was measured in 51 females and males classified as either world‐class, medium‐class or less successful elite skiers. The V̇O2maxin the male world‐class skiers was significantly higher (mean 85.6 ml·kg−1·min−1or 355 ml·min−1kg−23) than in the other elite skiers. World‐class and medium‐class female skiers had identical mean V̇O2maxexpressed in ml·kg−1·min−1(70.7 and 70.6, respectively), but the values differed significantly when the unit ml·min−1kg−2/3was used (274 and 264, respectively). V̇O2maxexpressed as ml·min−1·kg−2/3reflects differences in performance capability among elite

ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1991.tb00267.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Human skeletal muscle consists mainly of 2 types of fibres denoted type I (slow twitch) and type II (fast twitch). The aim of this investigation was to study skeletal muscle fibre characteristics together with physical performance, physical activity and interest in different physical activities, and the relationships between these variables among students in grade I in high school. Sixty‐nine boys and 47 girls at the age of 16 were studied. The relative proportion of type I fibres (type 1%) in vastus lateralis was approximately 50% for both boys and girls and the interindividual variation was large, more so for boys than for girls. The muscle fibre areas for all fibre types were larger in boys than girls and the relationships between the sizes of the areas of type I, type IIA and type IIB differed between the sexes. The muscle enzymes succinate dehydrogenase, 3‐hydroxyacyl‐CoA‐dehydrogenase and phosphofructokinase were all on average higher in boys than girls; the only significant difference was in succinate dehydrogenase. There was a positive correlation between performance in a 9‐min run and type 1%. for boys but not for girls. Multiple correlation analysis indicated that factors determining the performance in the 9‐min run were maximal oxygen uptake and type I% for boys, and maximal oxygen uptake but not fibre types for girls. The attitude to cross‐country running was positively correlated with the type I% for boys but not for girls. There was a stronger positive correlation between degree of physical activity and type I% for boys than girls. In conclusion, stronger correlations between muscle fibre characteristics and physical performance, physical activity and interest in physical activity were found for boys t

ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1991.tb00268.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study explored the influence of attributional style for soccer failure on self‐esteem and persistence in soccer and the interactional effect of perceived importance of soccer competence on these relationships. A representative sample of 223 12‐ to 16‐year‐old boys who played soccer in the organized league in Oslo in 1983 were studied. Internal and stable attributions for failure in soccer were individually predictive of low soccer‐related self‐esteem. In addition, there were significant interaction effects of internal and stable attributions for failure in soccer and high perceived importance of soccer competence on low soccer‐related self‐esteem and on increased dropout from soccer. Earlier research has shown that attributional style can be altered, and self‐evaluation possitively influenced by attribution retraining. Young soccer players with low soccer‐related self‐esteem and, in particular, those who also highly value their soccer abilities, may be a potential target group for a

ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1991.tb00269.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Physical perfomance was studied uniformly after intake of different antihypertensive drugs, and a comparison was made with placebo. The time needed to run 5000 m was studied in a nonhypertensive subject. In one of the different study periods, heart rate was continuously recorded during and after exercise. Physical perfomance was significantly reduced when a β‐blocker was taken. The effect on physical capacity was strongly dose‐dependent. With a high but conventional dose of a β‐blocker, the time needed to run 5000 m was increased by more than 33%. No differences were observed between types of β‐blockers. Physical capacity was slightly but significantly impaired when an α‐blocker was taken; no differences in physical capacity between the drugs used and placebo were observed for a diuretic, a calcium antagonist or an inhibitor of the angiotensin‐converting enzyme. The reduced physical perfomance seems to be caused by a reduction of the maximal heart rate as a result of the β‐blockade. Thus, heart rate did not exceed 120 beats/min when the subject ran at maximal long‐distance speed after intake of 100 mg of metoprolol, as recorded by continuous hea

ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1991.tb00270.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Immobilization of an Achilles tendon in a shortened position for 1 and 3 weeks did not change pyridinoline and mature collagen concentrations. Although a significant decrease in the biosynthesis of collagen was observed simultaneously in the soleus muscle of the same hindlimb, these results suggest that the stability of collagen provided by the nonreducible cross‐link, pyridinoline, is not altered during this type of immobilization. The significance of stable cross‐links for the known decrease in tensile strength during immobilization remains o

ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1991.tb00271.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Sixty fasciotomies of the deep posterior compartment were performed on 30 patients with longstanding bilateral medial tibial syndrome (mean duration 25 months). The initial symptoms occurred during sports activities in all cases. Only 2 of the athletes were able to continue sports at an ordinary activity level. The diagnosis was based on a typical history of longstanding exertional pain and clinical findings of tenderness at the postero‐medial border of the tibia. Radiographs showed no abnormalities. Scintigrams were performed in 12 patients in whom stress fractures could not be excluded by radiographs and clinical examination. Conservative treatment failed to relieve the symptoms. At follow‐up 34 months (range 6–85) after surgery, 95% of the men and 73% of the women were free of symptoms or improved compared with prior to surgery. Whereas 68% of the men were totally free of symptoms, the corresponding figure for the women was 36%. Ninety‐five percent of the men and 82% of the women returned to sport after surgery. Seventy‐four percent of the men and 54% of the women returned to an activity level similar to that prior to injury. We conclude that fasciotomy of the deep posterior compartment gives a good long‐term result in patients with medial tibial syndrome when conservative treatment fails. There was no significant difference betwee

ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1991.tb00272.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY