ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1996.tb00062.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The essence of the postexercise recovery period is normalization of function and homeostatic equilibrium, and replenishment of energy resources and accomplishment of the reconstructive function. The repletion of energy stores is actualized in a certain sequence and followed by a transitory supercompensation. The main substrate for repletion of the muscle glycogen store is blood glucose derived from hepatic glucose output as well as from consumption of carbohydrates during the postexercise period. The repletion of liver glycogen is realized less repidly. It depends to a certain extent on hepatic gluconeogenesis but mainly on supply with exogenous carbohydrates. The constructive function is founded on elevated protein turnover and adaptive protein synthesis. Whereas during and shortly after endurance exercise intensive protein breakdown was found in less active fast‐twitch glycolytic fibers, during the later course of the recovery period the protein degradation rate increased together with intensification of protein synthesis rate in more active fast‐twitch glycolytic oxidative and slow‐twitch oxidative f

ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1996.tb00063.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The aim of this study was to make descriptive analyses of the muscle activities in the lower extremity during maximal sprinting. Nine healthy sprinters were examined during maximal sprinting using telemetric electromyography (EMG). Seven muscles of the lower extremities were investigated: biceps femoris, medial hamstrings (semimembranosus and semitendinosus), rectus femoris, gluteus maximus, tibialis anterior, lateral gastrocnemius and medial gastrocnemius. The recorded EMG levels during running were expressed as percentage of maximum voluntary isometric contractions (%max EMG). For each muscle, the normalized EMG was plotted during the whole running stride cycle and is presented for each muscle. The reason for using this method is to show that it is possible to compare different muscle activities in a runner as well as to make comparisons between runners. Lateral and medial hamstrings and gluteus maximus showed similar activities with peak levels of EMG during footstrike. Rectus femoris had a two‐peak activity, with one peak at the middle of the stance phase and the other during the swing phase. The tibialis anterior also showed a two‐peak activity, but with the peaks at the beginning of the swing phase and just before foot‐strike. The highest activities of the medial and lateral gastrocnemius occurred just before to

ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1996.tb00064.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Intensive cooling has been shown to increase energy expenditure (EE) during work as well as to decrease physical performance. Two different levels of moderate cooling (10°C vs 15°C) were studied during light endurance exercise in order to examine the effect of the increased heat loss on EE. Twelve subjects performed a 90‐min low intensity exercise (100 W) on a cycle ergometer, wearing a water‐cooled calorimeter suit for controlled cooling. The lower temperature resulted in a 4.3±3.8% (mean±SD) higher EE, increased total heat loss and lowered skin temperatures. No differences in central core body temperature, heart rate or respiratory quotient (RQ) were recorded. There was a relation between differences in the rate of heat loss and the corresponding increase in EE. Even a small increase in cooling during endurance exercise increased EE which may be a relevant problem in winter

ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1996.tb00065.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of long distance running on bone metabolism, using the biochemical markers ICTP (the carboxyterminal cross‐linked telopeptide of type I collagen), PICP (the carboxyterminal propeptide of type I procollagen), osteocalcin and bALP (bone specific alkaline phosphatase) as well as parathyroid hormone (PTH) and serum calcium. Twenty healthy, regularly exercising individuals, 10 women and 10 men, participated in a running competition. The mean age was 38 (range 22–55) and 39 (range 22–53) years respectively, the performed distance 15 (range 5–30) and 28 (range 15–30) km respectively, with a speed of 5:30, 5:02 per kilometer respectively. Fasting blood samples were drawn in the morning the day before the race, and also the day after and two days after. A decrease of PICP concentrations among women was evident the day after the competition (from 170±17 μ/l to 158±17 μg/l) which returned to pre‐exercise levels two days after the race (167±19 μg/l). Furthermore, a decrease of osteocalcin could be seen in the men one day after the exercise (from 12.1± 1.1 μg/l to 10.3±1.1 μg/l). In the men, there was also an increase of ICTP concentrations two days after (3.98±0.35 μg/l) this long‐term and demanding exercise, when compared with pre‐exercise levels (3.67±0.28). One single bout of longterm, exhaustive running exercise in well‐trained men and women seems to induce a temporary inhibition of bone formation as well as a

ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1996.tb00066.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Low back pain is a common complaint among competitive cross‐country skiers. Fifty‐three top male and 34 female skiers in the age group 16–25 were interviewed with a questionnaire regarding anthropometric parameters, training variables, back pain and other injuries. The frequency of back pain was 64% in the whole group, men affected slightly more often than women. Back pain was defined as previous or present recurrent skiing correlated backache that more or less affected skiing ability. Diagonal skiing style was the most commonly back pain‐inducing style, whereas no skier experienced back pain when “skating” only. The low back was the predominant location of pain. Anthropometric and training variables seemed to be of little value in predictin

ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1996.tb00067.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Previous studies have reported increasing trends in physical activity in the Finnish population. These reports have not, however, included the perspective of cardiorespiratory stress in adolecent and young adults. We examined the present patterns of physical activity among Finnish adolescents and young adults in 1992. We specifically assessed whether the young people experience the volume of physical activity that is believed to stress the cardiorespiratory system appropriately in order to increase the level of fitness. The subjects in the present study were participants of a large multicenter study of atherosclerosis precursors in children and young adults. Physical activity was measured with a self‐administered questionnaire in 2255 adolescents and young adults (1015 males and 1240 females). The proportion of subjects undertaking the volume of physical activity believed to benefit the cardiorespiratory system appropriately was 19%. The proportion was higher in males than in females (26 vs. 13%). The proportion of active subjects became smaller in older age groups in both sexes. Half the study population (51% of the males; 48%) of the females) reported frequent leisure‐time physical activity less than once a month. In conclusion, Finnish adolescents and young adults have low levels of physical activity on the average, and many young Finns seldom undertake the volume of physical activity believed to benefit the cardiopulmonary system. Young males seem to be physically more active than fema

ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1996.tb00068.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

We investigated the frequency, cause and location of injuries in Icelandic elite soccer in 1991. The incidence of injuries for the individual player was 34.8 ± 5.7 per 1000 game‐hours and 5.9 ± 1.1 per 1000 practice‐hours. The most common types of injuries were muscle strains (29%), ligament sprains (22%), contusions (20%), and other injuries (29%). The frequency of reinjury was markedly high, where 44% of the strains and 58% of the sprains were registered as reinjuries. Strains occurred mainly during sprinting, sprains by tackling, and contusion during other contact. Significantly more injuries occurred on artificial turf than on grass or gravel in correlation to number of hours in games and practices. Teams who had the longest pre‐season preparation period obtained significantly fewer injuries during the

ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1996.tb00069.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Nicholls' motivation conceptual framework pertaining to achievement goals was used to study the relationship between two implicit goal orientations (task and ego) and achievement cognitions and beliefs about the competitive team sport experience. The study examined the relationship between the goal orientations and purposes of team sport, motivational climate, satisfaction, sources of satisfaction, achievement strategies, and perception of ability in team sport. The subjects were 148 students experienced in team sport at a Norwegian university. The scales were translated specifically for the study and factor analyses used to determine the factor structure of the scales. Seventeen factors along the 6 dimensions emerged, and canonical analysis determined that predominantly task‐oriented subjects focused on health‐related activities within purposes, preferred mastery climates and focused on mastery‐oriented criteria to determine satisfaction and other achievement‐related beliefs. In contrast, predominantly ego‐oriented subjects focused on status enhancement for purpose, preferred performance‐oriented climates and focused on ego‐oriented criteria to determine satisfaction and other achiev

ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1996.tb00070.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

We report a case of pseudoarthrosis between a patellar tendon ossicle and the tibial tuberosity. A man, 18 years of age, had persistent symptoms of Osgood‐Schlatter's disease from the left knee for 3 years. Conservative treatment was without effect. Excision of the ossicle resulted in complete relief of symptoms. Histologic examination showed a pseudoarthrosis covered with cartilage and no sign of inflammation. Persistent symptoms of Osgood‐Schlatter's disease for more than 2 years indicate explorat

ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1996.tb00071.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY