ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1993.tb00353.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Functional scores, activity scores, objective clinical findings and results after arthrometric measurements performed by the same examiner give valuable information when evaluating results after treatment of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries. Patient relaxation is of considerable importance during the arthrometric examination and the results between different measuring devices cannot be compared directly. The difference in anterior laxity between the injured and uninjured knee is the most important information when arthrometric measurements are to be presented. In the acute phase, if surgery is indicated, augmentation‐reconstruction with use of autologous material is the method of choice. The operation should be postponed until the knee has a full range of motion and when the effusion has subsided. Reconstruction using autologous patellar tendon bone‐tendon‐bone grafts and fixation techniques with use of interference‐screws in both recent and old injuries, permitting early knee rehabilitation, seem to be methods of choice. In selected cases hamstring tendons should be used as grafts. Adequate notchplasty should always be considered. Both modern miniarthrotomy techniques or arthroscopically assisted reconstruction procedures minimize postoperative morbidity and facilitate knee rehabilitation. Future prospective randomized studies comparing these two methods, with special reference to aspects of postoperative rehabilitation and long‐term results concerning function and stability, will certainly be valuable. Extra‐articular stabilization procedures do not function in the long‐term and these methods cannot be recommended as the only surgical procedure. There is as yet no true prosthetic ACL implant that has proven long‐lasting satisfactory results. Most long‐term reports about reconstruction of the ACL with synthetic materials have presented a high rate of failures. Augmentation techniques in which a synthetic material is combined with autologous tissue seem to give positive results, and resorbable materials may be a future solution. Use of allografts, either fresh‐frozen or freeze‐dried, are interesting techniques but must be considered developmental. Allograft techniques may enhance knee rehabilitation and minimize anterior knee pain, provided that the grafts are prepared properly and no viral infection is transmitted. Patient selection for either conservative or operative treatment is of greatest importance for good results. Each case should be treated individually, and in the future hopefully there will be better objective methods for selecting the right patient

ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1993.tb00354.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The aim of the investigation is to elaborate a model of sports management and legal regulation of sport based on the principles of democracy and the sovereign rights and independence of the republics of the former Soviet Union. This article uses a functional, systematic and sociological approach, examines formal juridical methods and the comparative science of law and uses survey questionnaires and interviews with sports administrators. The concept of sports management and legal regulation of sport at a time of the creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States involves: the development of sport ‐ its function as a social necessity; the enhanced responsibility and role of the state in promoting sport; determining the functions of sports management bodies; mastering economic methods of sports management; and forming new sports legislation. All these factors enable the creation of management procedures and legal regulation that will contribute to extricating sport from the deep crisis in which it finds itself in a disintegrating society, to raising its prestige in society and to enabling sport to function under the conditions of economic reform and transition to market relation

ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1993.tb00355.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Ten healthy male subjects carried out bilateral concentric leg extension training twice a week for 8 weeks. Before and after the training, maximal voluntary isometric and isokinetic strength and cross‐sectional areas of the quadriceps femoris were measured. Maximal bilateral leg extension power increased significantly after the training. Isometric and concentric unilateral strength did not change significantly before and after the training, while eccentric strength at 0.52 and 1.05 rad·s−1increased after the training with no changes in cross‐sectional area. The correlations between strength and cross‐sectional area increased significantly after the training. It was speculated that the increase in eccentric strength of knee extensors was due to modification of the neural inhibition during eccentric muscle

ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1993.tb00356.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The viscoelastic properties of gastrocnemius and soleus muscles were investigated at 3 different muscles lengths after 2 weeks with reduced mobility of the hindfoot Comparison was made with the same muscles from the contralateral leg. The peak‐to‐peak tension and dynamic elastic stiffness during passive stretching was greater in the muscles of the affected leg than in the controls. The peak‐to‐peak tension and the dynamic elastic stiffness of muscles subjected to simultaneous stretching and tetanic stimulation were equal to or greater in the affected muscles than in the controls. The active tension in the affected muscles subjected to stretching and tetanic stimulation was lower than in the control muscles. The collagen content in the affected muscles was greater than in the control muscles. It is likely that this is connected with the changes in the physical characteristics of the

ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1993.tb00357.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The aim of this study was to evaluate the cardiac effects of anabolic steroids in weight‐lifters. Thirty top‐level adult weight‐lifters were studied using physical examination, electrocardiography and m‐mode echocardiography. Fifteen athletes (group A) abused systematically androgenic anabolic steroids, while the rest (group B) had never used such drugs. Body weight, lean body mass and resting systolic blood pressure were found to be greater in group A than B. There were no differences in electrocardiographic findings between the two groups. Echocardiography data showed significant increases for athletes using anabolic steroids compared with others in left ventricular end‐diastolic volume (16%) and mass (17%) as well as in total LV volume (17%). These augmentations were in proportion to the increase in skeletal muscle mass. However, left ventricular systolic function indexes were similar in both groups. These data suggest that anabolic steroids cause left ventricular hypertrophy and dilatation in athletes performing static

ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1993.tb00358.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The purpose of this study was to assess the maternal‐fetal hormonal stress reactivity, via the monitoring of alpha‐fetoprotein (AFP), prolactin and cortisol responses, to mammal maternal exercise. We had women perform maximal exercise bouts to volitional fatigue at select times in their gestation (25 weeks, 35 weeks, and 10 weeks post‐partum). Blood samples were taken immediately before exercise and 1 min into the recovery from exercise. Each subject's prior diet, physical activity, and time of day for the exercise trials were held consistent. Exercise caused significant reductions in AFP at both 25 and 35 weeks of gestation. Prolactin decreased significantly after exercise at 35 weeks and tended to do so at 25 weeks. No significant change in prolactin was noted for the post‐partum trial. Similarly, cortisol also showed reductions after exercise at 25 weeks and 35 weeks of gestation but tended to increase at the post‐partum trial. The prolactin and cortisol responses during gestation are contrary to accepted non‐pregnancy responses. These changes may be related to an altered regulatory axis, metabolic clearance rate, and/or capillary fluid movement. We conclude that 1) fetal to maternal bleeding in response to maximal maternal exercise is not evident immediately post‐exercise and 2) an alternation in the normal endocrine stress response to exercise may occur dur

ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1993.tb00359.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The effects of early cryotherapy on healing of rat gastrocnemius muscle injury were investigated in schedules similar to those in clinical use. After the treatment: (1) hematoma between ruptured myofiber stumps was smaller and (2) extravasation of inflammatory cells to the injury site and (3) activation of satellite cells to myotubes and mature myofibers were delayed. Early proliferation of granulation tissue was not altered. Thus, cryotherapy affected the time‐table of the healing process rather than causing qualitative differences. No negative side effects of cryotherapy were found. Positive effects of cryotherapy in clinical practice most likely depend on factors other than those involved with actual regeneration of the muscle lesion, such as reducing muscle spasms, which can cause reruptures, and analgesia allowing early mobilization. The results support the current clinical practice of treating acute muscle fiber ruptures with initial cold application followed by active early mobilizatio

ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1993.tb00360.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This report presents results from intramuscular pressure recordings in 181 consecutive patients. All patients were suspected on clinical grounds of suffering from chronic compartment syndrome (CCS). The diagnostic criterion used in this study was an intramuscular pressure exceeding 30 mmHg immediately postexercise. Most of the pressure studies were made with the micro‐capillary infusion technique. CCS in the anterior tibial compartment was diagnosed in 36 of 165 patients with anterior or anterolateral exercise‐induced pain. Regarding measurements in other lower‐leg compartments, CCS was diagnosed in only one patient in the superficial posterior compartment. CCS was more commonly found in men than in women. It is concluded that, even in highly selected cases, CCS is a rather uncommon cause of exercise‐induced pain, predominantly found in the anterior tibial com

ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1993.tb00361.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

During one year 4398 injured athletes were treated at the casualty wards of Aarhus, Denmark; 156 were practicing track and field disciplines. In the same period 54 track athletes of a Danish sport club were followed in order to register any lesion incurred during sports activity. Thirty‐one athletes (57%) had 35 injuries, giving an injury incidence of 1.8 per 1000 hours of practice. At follow‐up after 1 year, 13% of all athletes still had complaints, and none of them had returned to former sports activity. Jumpers had overuse symptoms correlated to take‐off, and sprains or fractures related to downstrokes. Runners had a higher risk of overuse injuries than jumpers, especially involving the Achilles tendon and the plantar aponeurosis. Young athletes had a higher injury incidence per time than older participants; and women had higher injury risk tha

ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1993.tb00362.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY