ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1994.tb00398.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The epidemiology of disability uses epidemiological methods to describe the disability process and to identify factors that improve or delay its course. A conceptual model for the way chronic health problems affect functional ability is examined with an emphasis on endurance and muscle strength and examples from a Danish cohort study. Disability is difficulty in doing complex activities because of a long‐term physical or mental condition. In Glostrup only 10% and 18% of 75‐year‐old men and women, respectively, were dependent on personal help to perform mobility functions such as moving or walking outdoors, but 66% of the men and 71% of the women became tired during some or all of these activities. Functional limitations are restrictions in doing basic physical and mental activities. Up to 50% of 75‐year‐olds with loss of the ability to step a height of 40 cm or‐walk at least 1.4 m/s may have difficulties in city traffic. Impairment refers to dysfunctions in specific body systems. Muscle strength is reduced in the elderly by 10% per decade. The 75‐year‐olds who performed mobility functions without tiredness had 50% higher muscle strength values in several muscle groups and 15% higher VO2max. The pathological conditions most commonly associated with functional disability in old age are in the locomotor and cardiovascular organ systems. The influence of living conditions and individual lifestyle on functional ability is mainly indirect through the influence of those factors on chronic morbidity. Smoking and low physical activity are, however, direct risk factors. At all levels of tie disability process, it is possible by regular physical activity and exercise to prevent further consequences of disease. Focused intervention strategies are needed during the total life course. In 75‐year‐olds, light physical activity 4 h per week is sufficient. Exercise in impaired but only moderately disabled people is perhaps the most cost‐effective effort against the burden of disability facing society with the

ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1994.tb00399.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Physical activity, aerobic capacity, muscle strength, muscle endurance and flexibility were measured in 550 boys and 710 girls, 15–19 years of age, randomly selected among adolescents attending school in Denmark. A lower level of physical activity was expected with higher age, based on an earlier report from Sweden. Other types of physical activity than sports decreased with age, but no difference was found between age groups in sport activity, neither in hours per week or percentage of subjects participating in sports. Strength increased in both genders with increasing age and no difference was found in muscle endurance. In boys, aerobic working capacity increased with increasing age, but in relation to body weight, no difference was found between age groups. In girls, aerobic working capacity (1 · min−1) did not differ between age groups, but body weight was higher with higher age. Flexibility increased with age in boys, and did not differ between age groups in girls. Marked differences were found between subjects attending different types of school. High school (gymnasium) students participated more in leisure‐time sport and had higher physical performance than students from trade or vocational schools. Evaluating different levels of sport participation, i. e., 3 levels of competition, sport for health and no sport activity, no systematic difference in fitness was found between the groups of sport participants. A lower fitness level was found in the group of non‐sport participants. No difference was found between age groups in sport activity. The fitness level increased in boys with age and did not change

ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1994.tb00400.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A randomly selected group of 88 men and 115 women, aged 23–27 years in 1991, were tested as teenagers in 1983, and then followed‐up in 1991. A mean increase of 15% in maximal voluntary isometric strength was found in men, and no change was found in women over the 8 years. Body weight increased 14% in men and 6% in women. Strength in relation to body weight (N · kg−1) did not change in men, but a small decrease of 3% was found in women. Strength in abdominal muscles decreased in blue‐collar workers but increased in students. Maximal oxygen uptake (V̇o2max(ml · min−1kg−1) decreased 9% in men and 3% in women. The values in 1991 were 47.9 and 39.5 ml · min−1kg−1for men and women, respectively. Participation in leisure sport activities decreased 1.7 h · week−1in men and 1.2 h · week−1in women. Seventy percent of the men and 74% of the women participated in regular leisure sport activity, which was a marked increase from 8 years before, when only 54% of the men and 57% of the women were similarly active. The overall decrease in V̇O2maxin men was due primarily to a decrease among blue‐collar workers and unemployed men: 19%vs4% in other occupational groups. Only 20% of the blue‐collar workers participated in sport activities for more than 4 h · week−1, and 47% did not participate at all. In women, changes in strength and V̇O2maxwere related to motherhood. Abdominal muscle strength decreased, but arm flexor strength increased in women who had become mothers. V̇O2maxdecreased 14% in mothersvs2% in other women. Changes over 8 years in V̇O2maxand strength did not relate to changes in physical activity, but a significant relationship between decrease in physical activity and gain in body fat was found in men. Changes in body weight and body fat were the only variables that correlated with changes in strength. None of the observed changes related to changes in V̇O2max(ml · min−1kg−1). For the 23‐ to 27‐year‐olds, the level of physical activity assessed in

ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1994.tb00401.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Isometric maximal strength of hand grip, elbow flexion, knee extension, trunk extension and trunk flexion was studied in representative samples of 75‐year‐old residents of 3 Nordic localities: Glostrup in Denmark, Gothenburg in Sweden and Jyväskylä in Finland. The study forms a part of a wider comparative research project analyzing the functional capacity and health of 75‐year‐olds in these towns. The strength measurements were carried out using standardized techniques and identical dynamometers. The results showed that the strength values of the limb muscles were significantly lower among the 75‐year‐olds in Jyväskylä, both in absolute values and in relative units (N/kg body mass). For the trunk muscles, the women in Glostrup had significantly lower strength values than their counterparts from the two other localities, while among men there were no significant differences. The isometric strength values correlated strongly with the anthropometric characteristics, especially lean body mass. This was true for all the muscle groups studied. The results thus indicated considerable differences in muscular strength between the 75‐year‐olds in the 3 Nordic localities. These differences may partly be due to differences in basic anthropomet

ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1994.tb00402.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The purpose of this study was to analyze whether functional ability in daily activities among 75‐year‐old men and women is predicted by physical activity, isometric muscle strength and simple function tests. In this representative sample of a general population of 405 75‐year‐olds, isometric muscle strength and functional ability in daily activities were closely related (odds ratio of disability 1.2–2.1), stressing the importance of strength in the truncus, proximal and distal muscle groups for daily activities. There were strong correlations between physical activity, isometric muscle strength as well as simple function tests and ability to manage daily activities. Those with even light physical activities at least 2–4 h a week had significantly better functional ability than those with sedentary activities. Those with heavy physical activities further improved their functiona

ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1994.tb00403.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In a population study comprising 588 76‐year‐olds, the level of physical activity and physical performance, as well as associations between the variables included, was investigated. Men were significantly more active than women unless household activities were included in the physical activity scale, in which case no difference was found between men and women in the summer, whereas women were significantly more active than men in winter. In all performance variables (isometric knee extensor strength, stair‐climbing and maximal walking speed) men had significantly higher values than women. Correlations between physical activity and physical performance were moderate, but still indicate that the scale is a valid one for assessing physical act

ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1994.tb00404.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Maximal isometric force, coordination, balance, reaction time, flexibility, maximal oxygen uptake, blood lipids and oral glucose tolerance were measured in 59 healthy untrained men and women, 60–82 years of age, before and after 5 months of 3 different kind of physical activities: gymnastics, swimming and senior dance. As a control group, 14 untrained men and women, 61–64 years of age, were recruited from a large study in Copenhagen. The results demonstrate significant improvements in neuromuscular function and blood lipids. In contrast, only minor changes were observed in glucose metabolism and maximal oxygen uptake. Five months of training, twice a week, seems therefore sufficient to induce marked changes in the neuromuscular function and blood lipids of elderly people, whereas the lack of significant changes in glucose metabolism and maximal oxygen uptake still need to be explai

ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1994.tb00405.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The aim of this study was to analyse prospectively the impact of changes in physical activity level on the risk of ischaemic heart disease (IHD). In 1970–1971, 5249 men aged 40–59 years (mean=48) reported their level of physical activity in leisure time. In 1985–1986, a new baseline was established comprising 75% of survivors who reported their level of physical activity at the time. Some 2894 men aged 53–75, mean=63, free from arteriosclerotic stigmas were included, and their morbidity and mortality were recorded over the next 6 years. Some 181 men had an IHD event; 44 were fatal. A total of 270 men died from all‐cause mortality (ACM). Men physically active less than 4 h per week in 1970–1971 had an increased risk of IHD, RR (95% confidence interval)=1.7 (1.1‐2.6) compared with men physically more active. For men who reported a sedentary lifestyle, the 1985–1986 RR of IHD was 1.1 (0.9‐1.5) compared with more active men. Potential confounders did not explain the results. Among the younger half, those who changed from sedentary to active had a decreased risk of IHD compared with those who remained sedentary (RR=0.6 (0.1‐2.5)). In older men, those who changed from sedentary to active had an increased risk of IHD compared with those who remained sedentary (RR=1.9 (0.9‐4.2)). In the 6‐year follow‐up period, the lowest risk of IHD and ACM was found in men who were physically active when reaching midlife and continued to be active. In the younger age group, 40–49 years, taking up a more active lifestyle during the next 15 years was associated with a reduction in the incidence of IHD. In the older age group, 50–59 years, changing from a sedentary to a physically more active lifestyle during the next 15 years was associated with a doubled risk of IHD during the 6‐year follow‐up period compared with men at the same age who continued to be sedentary. Consequently, we advocate a thorough medical check‐up before advising mo

ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1994.tb00406.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

As a part of a larger research programme called Cardiovascular Risks in Young Finns, this longitudinal study is concerned with physical activity and participation in, and dropout from, sport among children and adolescents in Finland, the interrelationship between participation in sports and family and living environment and the impact of the physical activity experienced in childhood and adolescence on later interest in physical activity. The data were gathered in 1980 from 3596 boys and girls who were 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18 years of age. The measurements were carried out in 1983, 1986 and 1989. The present study will be concerned with the 9‐year‐old and older subjects only. Physical activity was measured by means of a questionnaire. It is at its peak at the age of 12, after which it is reduced considerably, but the intensity and the strain are increased at the same time. Among young women (24 and 27 years of age), physical activity is more common than it is among men. Girls have stepped up their participation in organized sport during the past decade. Physical activity during youth is a significant but weak predictor of the physical activity that takes place 9 years later. The best predictors are the school grade for physical education and participation in organized sport. Children's physical activity correlates with the social status of the family and the parents' interest in physical activity as well as the environment in which the subjects l

ISSN:0905-7188    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1994.tb00407.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY