摘要:

IntroductionThe measures needed for the protection of the Earth's ozone layer are decided regularly by the Parties to the Montreal Protocol, now consisting of 184 countries. The Parties are advised on knowledge relevant to this task by three panels of experts: the Scientific, Environmental Effects, and Technology and Economic Assessment Panels. These panels produce an assessment every four years; the latest environmental effects assessment was published inPhotochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2003,2, 1–72. In the intermediate years the panels keep the Parties informed on new developments. The following Progress Report is the 2003 update by the Environmental Effects Assessment Panel.Since the first assessments in 1989, the complexity of the linkages between ozone depletion, UV-B radiation and climate change has become more apparent. This makes it even clearer than before that we are dealing with long-term developments, which can be complicated by large year to year variabilities (Fig. 1 and 2).The Antarctic ozone hole area (area with O3< 220 DU) for 2000, 2001, 2002 and 2003 to date, compared with a 1978–2000 climatology. These calculations are based on the NIWA assimilated total column ozone database.1The southern hemisphere total column ozone distribution on 17 September 2003. Data are from the Earth Probe TOMS instrument and graphics are by NIWA.

ISSN:1474-905X    

DOI:10.1039/b315551j

出版商:RSC    

年代:2003

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

Photochemical & Photobiological Scienceshas now been published for more than a year, and what a busy year that has been. In 2002, we published 1033 pages with 134 Articles, 8 Communications, 10 Perspectives, 3 Forum articles and 1 Technical Note. The range of topic covered reflects the wide interests of members of both of the ownership societies, the European Society for Photobiology and the European Photochemistry Association. 17% of the published manuscripts were submitted from North America, 17% from Germany, 14% from Italy and 11% from the United Kingdom, with the remaining papers submitted from 24 other countries.PPSis truly developing its role as the international forum for the publication of papers of interest to the photochemical and photobiological research communities.Authors publishing inPPShave benefited from excellent publication times (the typical time from receipt to publication is 100 days), free use of colour where scientifically necessary, and an efficient web-based e-submissions service. Almost 100% of articles submitted to the journal are sent in electronically, and likewise almost 100% of articles are sent to referees using electronic means. The result is that delays introduced to publication times by postal difficulties are eliminated, helping us to achieve our target publication times of less than 100 days from receipt to publication on the web.2002 saw some exciting electronic publishing developments, which included the introduction of reference linking to the online version of the journal. Readers can now follow links in the references of online articles to the cited articles. This reference linking facility now includes free access to the Chemical Abstracts Service abstract for the referenceviaChemPort (http://www.chemport.org), and links to the full text of the reference, where available online, on the publisher's server (a subscription or pay-per-view may be required to access the article).Continuing the electronic theme, the use of pdf proofs enables proofs to be sent electronically to authors, thus reducing delays caused by the post. Authors also receive a pdf reprint of their article, which has advantages over printed reprints: Electronic pdfs can be filed electronically, and so they do not take up valuable filing space in offices, and, of course, with electronic reprints, copies can be printed off on demand.We published some excellentPPSPerspectives in 2002, including those by Nancy Oleinick (Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2002,1, 1) and by Anna Pellicciolo and Jacob Wirz (Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2002,1, 441). For 2003 we have more Perspectives planned, covering topics such as ‘The generation of reactive species on proteins by photo-oxidation and active transport of Ca2+by artificial photosynthetic membranes’, and on ‘Photochemical Molecular Devices’. We are pleased to begin with the publication in this issue of two Perspectives: ‘From metal complexes to fullerene arrays: exploring the exciting world of supramolecular photochemistry fifteen years after its birth’ (N. Armaroli,Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2003,2, 73) and ‘Singlet oxygen-induced signaling effects in mammalian cells’ (L.-O. Klotz, K.-D. Kröncke and H. Sies,Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2003,2, 88)Early in 2002, we heard thatPPShad been accepted for inclusion in the Institute of Scientific Information's (ISI's) database, indicating that the journal had successfully completed an assessment to ensure that its basic publishing standards, its editorial content, internationality of authorship, timeliness of publication and the citation data associated with it were of an acceptable level. Inclusion in ISI's database (including Web of Science) means that authors publishing inPPScan be assured that their article will be visible to a wide audience. Additionally every member of the European Photochemistry Association now has online access to all articles published inPhotochemical & Photobiological Sciencesand members of the European Society for Photobiology who at present can elect as members to have online access are considering whether to adopt this universal policy.The RSC's Chemical Biology Virtual Journal was launched in 2002, and provides a valuable resource for the chemical biology community. This web-based journal gathers together all the RSC's published material in chemical biology, including, of course, the chemical biology papers published inPPS.Articles in the virtual journal are free for one month after they appear in the journal. To read the latest chemical biology articles published by the RSC, visit the Chemical Biology Virtual Journal atwww.rsc.org/chembiol.We thank for their help during the first year those members of the Editorial Board who retired during 2002: Professors Giovanni Bottiroli, Colin Chignell, Donat Haeder, Tayyaba Hasan, László Matyus, Mary Norval, Esther Oliveros, Mario Pepe and Anthony Young. We also thank the hundreds of referees, who have helped ensured that high standards are maintained and Professor Tamas Vidoczy who retired as Editor-in-Chief during the year.We welcome new members of the Editorial Board in 2003. Professor Franz Trautinger joins as Scientific Advisor, while Professors Jorge Casal, Rosaline Crouch, Santi Nonell and Evelyn Sage join as Associate Editors. We very much look forward to working with them all.PPSwas launched in January 2002 to encourage a dynamic synergism between the two closely related fields of photochemistry and photobiology through the publication of high quality research papers. It has achieved its aim, publishing excellent articles in both fields as well as through the publication of those papers that do not fall neatly into either photochemistry or photobiology ‘boxes’—those papers that can described as being at the interface of both disciplines.With a successful year behind us, we have great confidence that 2003 will be an even better year forPPS. Issue One, 2003, saw the publication of the firstPPStheme issue, we will be publishing more in 2003 (e.g.a special issue on applications of photothermal techniques in photochemistry and photobiology is planned later in the year). Our next issue contains 22 top quality articles all dedicated to the French photochemist, Professor Jean Kossanyi, on the occasion of his 70thbirthday. We look forward to receiving more of your articles for publication in the journal, and wish you a peaceful, prosperous and successful 2003.Professor Jacques Piette, Editor-in-ChiefProfessor Frank Wilkinson, Editor-in-ChiefDr Jamie Humphrey, Managing Editor

ISSN:1474-905X    

DOI:10.1039/b300403c

出版商:RSC    

年代:2003

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

This issue ofPhotochemical & Photobiological Sciencesis devoted to biological photosensors. All the articles have been refereed and edited according to routine journal procedure.Various photosensors have evolved that monitor the environmental light quality, quantity, and direction. Photosensors allow organisms the optimal use of the light conditions for growth and development and/or the protection from light damage. This is an area of very rapid development in the last few years. One of the most exciting developments has been the molecular identification of the long sought after blue-light detecting photosensors in plants and other organisms, including bacteria and fungi. Based on wonderfully carried out experiments on the phototropic curvature of plant organs, Darwin concluded in 1881 in his bookThe Power of Movement in Plantsthat the photoreceptor for plant phototropism was different from that for photosynthesis.1In 1886, Sachs2showed that wavelengths between 400 and 500 nm were responsible for the response. The molecular identification 120 years later of the cryptochromes and the LOV (light, oxygen, or voltage) sensing domains in phototropins, controlling among other photoresponses coleoptile photomovement, has introduced new paradigms in this area of knowledge. The chromophore, flavin mononucleotide (FMN) in the LOV domains and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) in cryptochromes, is non-covalently bound to the protein.3This is contrary to the then known photosensors phytochromes, rhodopsins, and photoactive yellow protein in each of which the chromophore is covalently bound to the protein. The primary photochemical reaction is not acis–transisomerisation, contrary to the case of the open-chain tetrapyrrole in phytochromes, of retinal in rhodopsins, and ofp-coumaric anion in photoactive yellow protein. In the FMN-containing LOV domains, the FMN triplet state formed upon blue light excitation reacts with a nearby cysteine, forming a long-lived adduct which changes the protein conformation and relatively slowly returns to the parent state. This is the first discovery of the participation of an excited triplet state in a life-essential reaction.A very exciting development in the last decade has been the accumulated evidence, which has shown that photoreception in the vertebrate eye is not confined to the rods and cones. Non-rod, non-cone ocular photoreceptors in mammals and fish perform the photoperception centred at 480 nm. These photosensors regulate, among other reactions, the circadian system and a pupillary light reflex. The retinal protein melanopsin is the strongest candidate for the blue-light sensor in mammals and fish.4The discovery of the use by birds of their UV vision for mate selection5has also changed the views about the diversity of roles played by retinal sensors.6New developments in the area of retinal sensor proteins have included the discovery of channel-1 (ChR1) and channel-2 (ChR2) retinal proteins inChlamydomonas reinhardtii, originally called chlamyopsins Cop3 and Cop4.7On the basis of photoinduced electrical currents it was proposed that ChR2 may be the sensory photoreceptor preferentially used when the cells are exposed to dim light for longer time periods. From the fact that ChR2 triggers much larger photocurrents than ChR1 it was concluded that the degradation of ChR2 at higher light irradiances protects cells from the detrimental effects of continuously inward flowing cations, especially protons and calcium. This study revealed also that light signal transduction inC. reinhardtiiis very likely triggered by ion fluxes.7Another major finding in the area of blue-light sensors was the discovery of photoactivated adenylyl cyclase (PAC), the blue-light receptor flavoprotein (containing as co-factor FAD) identified as the photoreceptor for photoavoidance in the unicellular flagellate,Euglena gracilis.8It was also recently shown that the flavoprotein AppA from the purple bacteriumRhodobacter sphaeroidesrepresents a new class of photoreceptor that controls photosynthesis gene expression in response to blue-light intensity, as well as to changes in the cellular redox state. AppA was shown to mediate these effects by deactivating the photosynthesis gene repressor, PpsR.9Recently, a novel photocycle for this sensor was proposed; photochemical excitation of the FAD co-factor may result in strengthening of a hydrogen bond between the flavin and Tyr 21 leading to a stable local conformational change in AppA.10FAD has also been shown to be the co-factor in white collar-1 (WC-1) proposed to be the blue-light photoreceptor for the circadian clock and other light responses inNeurospora,11albeit in this case FAD is hosted by a phototropin-like LOV domain.Other recent exciting discoveries have been (i) chimeric proteins containing both a phytochrome module binding an open-chain tetrapyrrole and a LOV domain hosting a flavin,12that explains the additive character of the red- and blue-signals inAdiantum, (ii) the finding of phytochromes in cyanobacteria,13and in other phototropic and even heterotrophic bacteria,14,15(iii) the photoinduced cytosol–nucleus translocation of phytochrome16and the finding of the long sought after protein interacting partners of phytochrome17,18as well as (iv) the new modes of attachment of some open-chain tetrapyrrol chromophores to the apoprotein.19A novel phototropic response of the seed pods ofBrassica napus L.to supplementary UV-A and UV-B radiation was reported and the possible involvement of a new photosensor was suggested.20Last, but not least, crystallisation of several sensory proteins and particular domains, such as LOV domains,21rhodopsin,22sensory rhodopsin with its transducer23as well as of some of the photoproducts24resulting from excitation of the sensory pigments, has fundamentally added to the knowledge of the structure-function relationship in photosensors.The contributions to this specialPhotochem. Photobiol. Sci.issue cover several of the above-mentioned aspects of biological photosensors using different approaches. These approaches include physiological observations, molecular biology studies, the effect of mutations, studies of the sensor phototransformationsin vitroby transient absorption, fluorescence, electron spin resonance, X-Ray, Fourier-transform, infra-red and Raman spectroscopies, phylogenetic analysis, and others. Several contributions demonstrate the synergistic effect of multidisciplinary approaches to solve the challenging questions in this area. In many of the contributions open questions are posed and future research directions to answer these are suggested.We are very glad to have obtained such an excellent set of papers handling almost all known photosensors and we hope that this collection will serve as a guide and inspiration for future activities in these fascinating aspects of photobiology and photochemistry.

ISSN:1474-905X    

DOI:10.1039/b406045h

出版商:RSC    

年代:2004

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

This issue ofPhotochemical & Photobiological Sciencesassembles articles written by speakers that participated in the 10th Congress of the European Society for Photobiology in Vienna last September. These articles cover several important fields of photobiology and give an indication of the breadth of the subject. We are confident that this volume will provide new and important perspectives for future projects in photobiology. All the published articles have been refereed according to our routine journal procedures.In addition to our aim of inviting key speakers to contribute an article to this issue, we would also like to dedicate it to a special person, Giulio Jori. We assume that no one who knows him will be surprised about the dedication of this special issue ofPhotochemical & Photobiological Sciences. As a matter of fact, we are convinced we are meeting the expectations of both photobiologists and photochemists. Giulio Jori, originally a chemist by training and now Professor at the Department of Biology, Padova University, Italy, has published pioneering results in photobiological research areas such as photosensitisation, photodynamic therapy, photodiagnostics, utilisation of photochemical techniques for developing environmentally friendly approaches in the field of pesticides and water treatment – in total, almost 200 papers in refereed journals and more than 100 invited lectures. Giulio has made outstanding contributions to the advancement of the science of photobiology and has opened up new horizons to all those who have had the privilege of collaborating with him. Giulio's contributions to science are not restricted solely to research: his excellent organisational talents and enthusiasm were decisive in successfully launching the European Society for Photobiology (ESP). In addition he has initiated countless international endeavours, workshops and meetings and has fired a passion in the younger generation in their understanding of nature and of the fulfilment that can be found in pursuing a scientific career in photobiology. Giulio has also served as Chairman of the Ownership Board of this journal,Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences, and both the co-owner societies, ESP and the European Photochemical Association (EPA) wish to express their sincere thanks for all his efforts and inspiration.His numerous international awards, including the ESP Medal in 2001, testify to his worldwide reputation. Giulio celebrates his 65th birthday in May of this year and with this dedication we want to convey to him our gratitude for all he has done and still continues to do for photobiology and photobiologists. We wish him a dynamic and fulfilling continuation of his lifetime-long and ever progressing career.Francesco LenciPisa, ItalyESP President-ElectJanet BornmanSlagelse, DenmarkESP Past-President and PPS Editor-in-Chief, PhotobiologyJacques PietteLiège, BelgiumESP President, PPS Deputy EditorFrank WilkinsonLoughborough, UKPPS Editor-in-Chief, Photochemistry

ISSN:1474-905X    

DOI:10.1039/b407022d

出版商:RSC    

年代:2004

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

Yehuda Haas was born and educated in Israel. After a period as a post-doctoral researcher (1973–1975) at the University of California, Berkeley, USA, he joined the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, where he is a Professor of Physical Chemistry. His current research interests include experimental and theoretical studies of photochemical reactions in supersonic jets and cryogenic matrices, the role of conical intersections in molecular photochemistry, light-induced electron transfer, laser processing of materials, high energy density materials and science teaching.

ISSN:1474-905X    

DOI:10.1039/b307997j

出版商:RSC    

年代:2003

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

Tracking the progress of journal articles is about to become a whole lot easier for RSC authors and referees, thanks to the launch of a new online service: ReSourCe. Designed to provide a user-friendly entry point, the ReSourCe homepage allows access to an extensive range of online publishing servicesviaa single ID and password.The ReSourCe services for referees were launched earlier this year and allow referees to download articles for review, upload their reports, view their refereeing history, and update research interest information. These referee services are available to any current RSC referee.Now ReSourCe has been integrated with the RSC online services for authors. New and current authors can register to use ReSourCe to view and access all the information and tools they need to submit their manuscripts. Existing ReSourCe users (referees) do not need to register again; they automatically have access to all author services using their existing ID.Electronic submission has been available to RSC authors for several years. ReSourCe takes this several steps further, allowing authors to track their manuscript through the various stages of the peer review and publication process and then collect their free electronic reprints. Over time, authors will be able to build up a valuable record of their publication history. A further development will also provide electronic collection of article proofs.In the past, authors had the chore of photocopying and mailing bulky manuscripts, then often seeing them delayed in the post for days. Online submission saw a dramatic saving in time and costs, and ReSourCe will make life even simpler for authors by enabling them to see the progress of their article from submission through to publication.We hope that you will discover ReSourCe for yourself as soon as possible, as an author, a referee, or both! ReSourCe services can be accessed fromhttp://. Feedback on the ReSourCe site and suggestions for improvements are very welcome; please contact resource@rsc.org.Jamie HumphreyManaging EditorPhotochemical and Photobiological Sciences

ISSN:1474-905X    

DOI:10.1039/b414657n

出版商:RSC    

年代:2004

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

Editorial Board changes and appointment of Honorary EditorsThere have been a number of changes to the Editorial Board and we would like to take this opportunity to thank those members of the Editorial Board who have left during the last year. Jon Nield, who was very active in promoting the journal, sadly resigned from the Editorial Board at the end of last year, and Yehuda Haas finished his term on the Editorial Board. During 2009 Frank Wilkinson retired from his position as Deputy Editor, photochemistry, and to acknowledge his contribution to the founding ofPhotochemical & Photobiological Scienceshe has been appointed as an Honorary Editor. We were also pleased to appoint Giulio Jori as an Honorary Editor, in recognition of his involvement in launching the journal and his continued support and commitment toPhotochemical & Photobiological Sciences. We are pleased to announce that Jakob Wirz has joined the journal as Deputy Editor, photochemistry, bringing to the position many years of experience. We also welcome Professor Choon-Hwan Lee from Pusan to the editorial board, who in addition to becoming an Associate Editor, will represent the affiliated society, the Korean Society of Photoscience, on the Ownership Board for the journal. We are also delighted to welcome a further four editorial board members in growing areas of research: Sixto Malato, in the field of photocatalysis, who kindly guest edited a recent themed issue for the journal; Mark Wainwright, from Liverpool John Moores University, joins the team to handle papers in the area of photodynamic therapy; Yunbao Jiang, from Xiamen University, who works in the area of organic photochemistry and photophysics; and we are pleased that Cristiano Viappani, who is the Editor of the successful series of Perspectives on time-resolved methods in biophysics, has agreed to join the Editorial Board. We welcome all of our new Editorial Board members.

ISSN:1474-905X    

DOI:10.1039/b923802f

出版商:RSC    

年代:2009

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

Mary NorvalMary Norval, DSc, is Professor Emeritus at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland, with major research interests in the effects of ultraviolet radiation on human health, especially immunological aspects.

ISSN:1474-905X    

DOI:10.1039/b9pp00012g

出版商:RSC    

年代:2009

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

Ozone and changes in biologically active UV radiation reaching the Earth's surface• The Montreal Protocol continues to be effective in protecting the stratospheric ozone layer. However, the timing of the return to pre-1980 ozone and UV values cannot yet be predicted precisely and continuation of monitoring and improvements of models are necessaryEvidence for the success of the Montreal Protocol continues to mount. The concentrations of ozone depleting substances are decreasing, and the concentrations of replacement chemicals are increasing.1,2Stratospheric ozone also continues to recover. A European study showed that, at mid-latitudes in the northern hemisphere and in the Arctic, there was an almost monotonic negative trend from the late 1970s to the mid 1990s followed by an increase, as expected from the changes in ozone depleting substances, which peaked in 1997. However, changes in atmospheric circulation are also playing a key role in the observed turnaround.3Improved models that include better estimates of atmospheric circulation predict a slightly faster ozone layer recovery at mid latitudes, and a slightly slower recovery at high latitudes compared with earlier model results.4Unfortunately, few high-quality long-term measurements are available to confirm the ongoing success of the Montreal Protocol in terms of UV radiation received at the Earth's surface.• The effectiveness of the Montreal Protocol in countering global warming has been further establishedAs reported last year, the climate protection already achieved by the Montreal Protocol alone is larger than the reduction target of the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol (ending 2012).5This climate protection is achieved by reductions in the concentrations of ozone-depleting substances that are also greenhouse gases.6Furthermore, without the Montreal Protocol the more extensive ozone depletion would have led to changes in present-day surface temperatures similar in magnitude to those expected by 2025 due to increasing greenhouse gases. At polar latitudes in both hemispheres, ozone depletion would have led to a warmer surface on average (seeFig. 1). However, there are substantial regional differences: some regions would have warmed, while others would have cooled.7Mean difference in temperature, in K, between the simulation with 9 ppbv chlorine (no Montreal Protocol) and 3.5 ppbv chlorine (present day). From O. Morgenstern, P. Braesicke, M. M. Hurwitz, F. M. O'Connor, A. C. Bushell, C. E. Johnson and J. A. Pyle, The World Avoided by the Montreal Protocol,Geophys. Res. Lett.,35, L16811, DOI:10.1029/2008GL034590 (ref.7). Reproduced by permission of the American Geophysical Union.• Changes in ozone and aerosols affect climate. These forcing agents should be included in future climate modelsInteractions between ozone depletion and climate change are more complex than previously thought. For accurate prediction of future changes in climate, all forcing agents must be included, rather than the principal greenhouse gases alone. These forcing agents should include changes in ozone with altitude8and longitude,9changes in ozone depleting substances,10and changes in aerosol.11For example, climate models that include stratospheric chemistry predict that the observed increase in westerly winds at southern high latitudes will not continue as previously thought, but will decrease in the next few decades as ozone recovers12—see Tropospheric air quality, below.• UV radiation at high latitudes will be affected by the reduction in sea ice due to global warmingThe extent of sea-ice in the Arctic is decreasing rapidly due to global warming and models suggest that the summertime ice cover will disappear within the next few decades.13,14Thus organisms originally living below the ice will be exposed to increased UV doses, but organisms above the surface will receive decreased UV doses due to the reduced reflectivity—see Biogeochemical cycles, below.• The atmosphere is a complex system and any deliberate interventions should be treated with great care as they may have unanticipated adverse effectsIt has been suggested that climate change can be counteracted by injection of sulfur compounds directly into the stratosphere to produce aerosols that reflect incoming solar radiation. However, this geo-engineering strategy would increase Arctic ozone depletion during the 21stcentury and delay Antarctic ozone recovery by 30 to 70 years.15

ISSN:1474-905X    

DOI:10.1039/b820432m

出版商:RSC    

年代:2008

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

IntroductionThe Parties to the Montreal Protocol are informed by three panels of experts. One of these is the Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP), which deals with effects of ozone depletion and its interactions with climate change. The EEAP produces an extensive assessment report for the Parties to the Montreal Protocol every four years, and in the intermediate years a brief Progress Report is prepared. These assessments aim at readability for non-specialists, but are based on scientific information published in the scientific literature. The latest full report was published inPhotochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2007,6, 201–332. The present Progress Report gives an update since the last full repor

ISSN:1474-905X    

DOI:10.1039/b717166h

出版商:RSC    

年代:2007

数据来源: RSC