摘要:

Indapamide will soon be marketed in the United States as an oral antihypertensive agent and diuretic. Its molecular structure includes both a polar sulfamoyl chlorobenzamide moiety and a lipid‐soluble methylindoline moiety. It differs chemically from the thiazides in that it does not possess the thiazide ring system and it contains only one sulfonamide group. Indapamide is rapidly and well absorbed after oral ingestion, and it has a long terminal half‐life in whole blood which permits once daily administration. Indapamide is extensively metabolized by the liver with excretion of unchanged drug accounting for approximately 5% of the total dose. Although indapamide is thought to exert its antihypertensive effect by its diuretic action, several investigations employing laboratory animal preparations have documented a direct vascular action. It has been categorized as a calcium channel blocking agent and this may account for a portion of its antihypertensive effectiveness. In both the treatment of edema and as an antihypertensive agent, indapamide appears to be comparable to hydrochlorothiazide, chlorthalidone and furosemide and seems to have no clinically important advantage over these agents. Side effects associated with indapamide are minimal and appear to be comparable to those observed with other antihypertensive diuretics. Based on few published studies, indapamide appears to be a useful long acting antihypertensive and diuretic agent that is well tolerated and associated with minimal biochemical abnormalities or side effe

ISSN:0277-0008    

DOI:10.1002/j.1875-9114.1983.tb03220.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0277-0008    

DOI:10.1002/j.1875-9114.1983.tb03222.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0277-0008    

DOI:10.1002/j.1875-9114.1983.tb03223.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Oxprenolol is a nonselective beta‐adrenergic blocking agent that also possesses intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (ISA) and membrane stabilizing effects. Oxprenolol undergoes first pass metabolism with only 30% of an oral dose reaching the systemic circulation. The drug is approximately 80% protein bound and is eliminated primarily by glucuronidation in the liver. Less than 4% of oxprenolol is excreted unchanged in the urine. Oxprenolol may reduce the heart rate and prolong the effective and functional atrioventricular nodal refractory period. Oxprenolol has less negative inotropic and chronotropic effects than propranolol. Plasma renin activity is reduced; however, changes in plasma aldosterone level are not significant. Long term metabolic effects require further study.Oxprenolol appears to be comparable to other beta blockers in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris with no additional adverse reactions. If its partial agonist effect proves useful, it may have an advantage over other agents in treating patients with borderline cardiac reserve. Because of limited data, the use of oxprenolol for the treatment of arrhythmias, migraine, thyrotoxicosis, anxiety, and glaucoma cannot be recommended at this tim

ISSN:0277-0008    

DOI:10.1002/j.1875-9114.1983.tb03224.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0277-0008    

DOI:10.1002/j.1875-9114.1983.tb03225.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0277-0008    

DOI:10.1002/j.1875-9114.1983.tb03226.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0277-0008    

DOI:10.1002/j.1875-9114.1983.tb03227.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Cefuroxime is a second generation cephalosporin with a broad antimicrobial activity against both Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative organisms. It has excellent in vitro activity against staphylococcal strains, streptococcal strains (other than enterococci),N. gonorrhoeae, H. influenzaeandN. meningitidis. It also has excellent in vitro activity against members of the Enterobacteriaceae with the exception of Serratia and indole‐positive Proteus.Ps. aeruginosaandB. fragilisare resistant. Cefuroxime is relatively free of serious side effects. It is metabolically stable, and most of it is excreted unchanged in the urine. Three fourths of it are distributed in the extravascular compartment. Blood levels exceed the in vitro minimum inhibitory concentrations for many important gram negative pathogens. Clinical studies have shown cefuroxime to be effective therapy for infections of soft tissue, respiratory tract, urinary tract, genital tract (caused byN. gonnorrhoeae) and the central nervous system. Superinfections withPs. aeruginosaand enterococcal strains may present a problem. In spite of excellent diffusion into bone and joint tissues, the available clinical data are too limited to make a recommendation for its use in bone and joint infec

ISSN:0277-0008    

DOI:10.1002/j.1875-9114.1983.tb03228.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0277-0008    

DOI:10.1002/j.1875-9114.1983.tb03230.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In the 1960s, several studies reported that propranolol and other beta‐blocking drugs appeared especially useful in patients with physical symptoms of anxiety. However, subsequent reports produced conflicting findings, and at this time the efficacy of propranolol in anxiety disorders is not clearly established. Propranolol's utility in anxiety states may be entirely restricted to those anxiety patients whose physical symptoms have not adequately responded to benzodiazepine therapy. This places the beta‐blockers among the least useful drugs in treating anxiety disorders. A major problem in assessing propranolol's antianxiety properties has been a virtual lack of well‐designed studies addressing the issue; the studies reviewed here contained a surprising number of study design problems. Several guidelines regarding study design are included to assist the reader in evaluating studies of antianxiety agents.High dose (e.g., 2,000 mg) propranolol may have a role as an alternative to traditional antipsychotic therapy in neuroleptic‐resistant patients. During the last decade a number of studies have demonstrated symptomatic improvement in schizophrenic patients using propranolol alone or combined with neuroleptics. However, four recent double‐blind reports have failed to replicate this finding. Future research should focus on possible identification of propranolol‐responsive patients and their characteristics. The use of propranolol and other beta‐blockers in schizophrenia should remain in the research or medical c

ISSN:0277-0008    

DOI:10.1002/j.1875-9114.1983.tb03231.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY