摘要:

AbstractMarket power is defined in terms of a firm's ability to affect directly other participants in the market or such market variables as prices and promotion practices. The article distinguishes between short‐run and long‐run power and between offensive and defensive power. More than a dozen sources of power are identified in the food industry. Some of the things commonly regarded as manifestations of market power are unreliable indicators of it. In particular, higher‐than‐average profits and market power do not necessarily go together.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1238302

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis article analyzes factors which affected the bargaining process and outcome of negotiations for the processing tomato industry in Indiana and Ohio during the 1966 growing season. Data obtained from Indiana and Ohio tomato processors, grower representatives, and growers was used to reconstruct the bargaining process to determine what factors were considered in establishing contract objectives, to determine various factors each party thought affected bargaining strength and the outcome of negotiations, and to measure attitudes about bargaining.Substantial differences were found between the parties' conception of supply and demand response and those estimated statistically. Processors and grower representatives underestimated supply response and consumers' response to higher prices. Significant differences between grower and processor attitudes toward bargaining were identified. Processors were primarily concerned about quality factors and growers with price. This suggests that a “trading off” of concessions would benefit both parties.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1238303

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe objectives of this study, all pertaining to pricing efficiency, were: (1) to develop a theory of cash‐futures price relationships for beef cattle; (2) to measure the factors that have affected cash‐futures price relationships during the three years of trade in live‐beef‐cattle futures; and (3) to provide a framework for evaluating the efficiency of futures markets and hedging in the pricing of feeder cattle. Three types of evidence are employed to attain these objectives. First, the principles of cash‐futures price behavior derived from observation of long‐established futures markets serve as points of departure, while consideration is given to certain fundamental differences that arise from contrasting commodity characteristics. Second, empirical results relating to supply and demand for feeder cattle are employed to define expected relationships between futures prices and prices of feeder cattle of various weights. Third, data generated by the beef cattle futures market itself are analyzed, although it is recognized that these data cover only a short time period and are therefore of limited usefulness.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1238304

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to inventory the allocation of research, teaching, and extension personnel by departments in United States colleges of agriculture and experiment stations, and to identify and measure factors that appear to influence this allocation. Although growth is the predominate characteristic of departments and disciplines, we observe and can predict decline in several instances. With the use of multiple regression analysis, state nonfarm income emerges as the most important variable explaining total funds available to experiment stations. Rural farm population has virtually no effect on total funds available. In fact, since 1960 it was somewhat of a detriment for an agricultural experiment station to be located in an agricultural state. At the departmental level, the departments engaged in farm oriented research (agronomy, animal husbandry, etc.) appear to be more dependent on farm income for support whereas departments in closer contact with the nonfarm sector (horticulture, agricultural economics, etc.) are more dependent on nonfarm income. Predictions for the early 1970's indicate largest growth for departments located in the high income, urban‐industrial states particularly for those more closely tied to nonfarm income.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1238305

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPerusal of the literature of agricultural economics and some exposure to the work of personnel engaged in agricultural extension suggest the need to review relationships between the disciplines of production economics, farm management, and extension. This need arises because each of the disciplines might be expected to have significant effects on the scope, methodology, and usefulness of the others. My purpose is to try to set in perspective some of the differences in viewpoint that have emerged between different participants in agricultural economics and agricultural extension. This perspective may help to point the way to release from some aspects of the new orthodoxy within agricultural economics, whic is discussed in the paper.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1238306

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe qualitative nature of the U.S. national farm price and income dilemma has long been generally but rather vaguely known. Contemporary econometric analysis can identify more precisely the magnitudes and interrelations that compose and surround this perplexing dilemma. This article undertakes to go beyond the established approach of measuring supply and demand price elasticities to the equally important and perhaps more productive identification and measurement of the relevant supply and demand shifters. By projecting magnitudes to 1985, long‐run policy implications of prospective changes can be examined with greater acuity.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1238307

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractBoth pessmistic and optimistic views exist concerning the effects of resource scarcity on social welfare. Early classical doctrines that assume a fixed state of technology are the theoretical underpinning for the pessimistic view. But a new concept of resources has evolved in recent years that suggests the optimistic view. Resources can be created through science and technology. Existing resources can be made more productive and new resources can be created. Economic growth is a function of adequate resources to absorb investments. Resource creation and the improved use of existing resources, then, are key elements of a policy for public investments in natural resources. From a policy standpoint, public resource improvement investments must be compared with the social benefit streams created. Furthermore, these investments must be compared with alternative investment opportunities, such as extension‐education programs, which would improve the use of existing resources.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1238308

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWheat farmers operate in a quasi free market in which guaranteed price minima are available upon satisfaction of governmental imposed preconditions. A method is developed with which farmers can evaluate the profitability of available alternatives. In general, there must be sufficient land so that the acreage of wheat relative to the allotment exceeds the ratio of the loan rate to the expected free market price. These break even criteria can be used by policy planners to evaluate proposed programs and to determine their efficacy before their implementation. Ideally, programs should be structured so that the most profitable alternative for the farmer is also the one that will achieve the policy goal. An analysis of statewide aggregate data confirms the theoretical conclusion, based on this methodology, that full participation without additional voluntary diversion was the most profitable alternative open to the wheat farmer in 1964.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1238309

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis study presents some evidence of monthly consumption functions in the rural areas of the North Indian State of Uttar Pradesh. Since this region constitutes one of the largest and least monetized in India, attention is specifically focused on the cash and kind (or non‐cash) components of (a) expenditure on food articles and (b) total consumption expenditure. Dynamic demand functions of a stock‐flow variety are obtained for these broad groups. It is shown that cash outlays act as an inventory‐adjustment mechanism whereas non‐cash expenditure indicates a habit formation process. This behavioral difference of rural households with respect to cash and non‐cash components of consumption expenditure has not yet been demonstrated and is regarded as one of the major results of this paper. With the use of a stock‐flow adjustment system, numerical estimates of the instantaneous and steady‐state equilibrium elasticities are derived with respect to total expenditure (a proxy for income) and prices.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1238310

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn this study, a general model of seasonal wool production is developed, based on the assumptions of (1) a lagged adjustment of actual to desired output, and (2) “naive” or “static” price expectations. The results of fitting this model to data from six major wool‐producing countries for the seasons 1948–49 to 1964–65 indicate that wool production responds fairly weakly to economic factors and then only after a substantial lag. The estimates obtained of short‐ and long‐run elasticities of wool production with respect to wool prices and the prices of the joint product, lamb, and the substitute products, wheat and beef, are all quite low. Australian wool production is found to be affected positively by fertilizer usage, and rainfall is found to be an important factor for wool production in Australia, South Africa and Argentina

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1238311

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY