摘要:

AbstractThis study provides estimates of the milk production function as it relates to feed inputs, cow characteristics and environmental variables. It is based on two physical experiments with 72 Holstein cows. The regression equation used included estimation of 27 coefficients for the variables: weekly hay consumption, weekly grain consumption, stage of lactation, cow ability, index of inbreeding, body weight, age of cow, index of cow maturity and environmental temperature. Various physical and economic relationships estimated for the function include isoquants, isoclines, marginal quantities and profit maximizing levels of various variables. Confidence limits estimated for isoquants, isoclines and optimizing feed inputs suggest greater certainty in grain recommendations than for hay recommendations. The study, while not considered final in respect to coefficients for numerous variables, suggests that with further research, many aspects of dairy cattle breeding, nutrition and management can be incorporated into a single estimated production function.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1236469

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1964

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractUnder section 22 of the Agricultural Adjustment Act the President has since 1935 had authority to impose quotas or fees upon agricultural imports if these imports were believed to be adversely affecting United States farm price and income support programs. Notwithstanding urgent demands from commodity interest groups to invoke this authority it has been used only on a few commodities. Constraints upon use have come mainly from two sources: lack of evidence that imports were adversely affecting domestic programs, and diplomatic interests. Nevertheless in its potential and actual use this authority has had a substantial trade inhibiting effect. Since the Trade Expansion Act of 1962 has ample general provisions to protect domestic groups and industries, the authors conclude that the special provisions of section 22 should be terminated and that the general provisions of the 1962 act should be utilized as justified for farm products. Termination of section 22 should improve the posture of the United States for obtaining concessions in counterpart restrictive devices applied against our farm exports, including EEC's variable import levy.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1236470

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1964

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe hypothesis that emphasis on national growth will lead to continued pressures for farm adjustments in the long run is evaluated in this article. Support for this hypothesis stems from the national goal of adequate food supplies and economic growth. Emphasis on education and research to stimulate growth by releasing technology and skills for high productivity in agriculture can create downward income pressures for farmers over an extended period. Estimates of aggregate product supply and resource demand elasticities provide some measure of the impact of changing technology on income in agriculture and the redistribution of income between farm and nonfarm sectors. While the results of the analysis suggest a likely outcome of rapid growth in farm productivity, this outcome is conditioned by the decision criteria used by society, ability to create new farm technology, future changes in the economic structure of agriculture and weather.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1236471

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1964

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIncome data from the 1960 Census of Population was used to test the hypothesis that the factor markets “work better” adjacent to areas of urban‐industrial development. The medium income of males classified as operatives and males classified as farmers and farm managers were compared. The comparisons were made for counties grouped according to their distance from urban areas. The data show that income differentials between farmers and operatives did not increase as the distance from urban‐industrial areas increased. In most regions of the country the labor market appeared to be operating such that the income differentials could not be attributed to the differential effects of urban‐industrial development. However, the income differential between farmers and operatives was so large that a substantial disequilibrium between agricultural and nonfarm earnings is indicated.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1236472

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1964

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper attempts to indicate how spatial equilibrium models of the Enke‐Samuelson variety may be handled as quadratic programming problems. Assuming the existence of linear regional demand and supply relations, models are formulated and algorithms specified which may be used to obtain directly and efficiently the interregional price and flow solutions for the single and multiproduct, n region cases. For each of the specifications the existence, uniqueness and convergence characteristics are investigated and the conditions for obtaining optimum solutions are noted. Illustrative numerical examples are given to reflect the structure of the programming formulation for several alternative spatial models.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1236473

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1964

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe transhipment model of linear programming is utilized in this study to consider simultaneously the costs of shipping raw materials, processing, and shipping final product. The problem concerns the location and size of California cattle slaughtering plants given the location and quantity of slaughter animals and the final product demand. An iterative procedure is used to incorporate economies of scale in processing in addition to transfer costs in obtaining the minimum cost solution. Thirty‐two regions in California plus two regions each for out‐of‐state animals and dressed beef shipments are considered. Slaughtering is indicated for 12 in‐state regions with plants of varying scale, a solution which indicates the importance of assembly and distribution costs as well as economies of scale in processing in determining the optimum size of plant.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1236474

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1964

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis article reports the results of an empirical study in which a model for equilibrium size of marketing firm in a spatial market is used. This model has received extensive treatment in thisJOURNAL, particularly from a theoretical standpoint. The model is applied to the processing and distribution of packaged fluid milk. Solution of the model results in determination of size of plant associated with minimum average processing and distribution costs. Results of the study indicated that where packaged milk is distributed in semitrailers, in most situations increases in distribution cost as plant size is expanded do not offset decreases in processing cost up to the 134,000 quart per day plant. While total average cost declines within this range of plant sizes, most of the economies of size are realized by the 50,000 quart per day level.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1236475

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1964

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis article provides some indications that price plays a larger part in the coordination of economic activity in the United States than it formerly did. The phenomenon of vertical integration in agriculture, which has been widely associated with a declining importance of price, may actually have contributed to its larger importance. It is suggested that casting vertical integration in the framework provided by market structure theory may be misleading. The relationship between market structure theory and agricultural price policy is briefly reexamined in this light, and it is argued that the economist should be concerned with restoring price to its role of inducing change.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1236476

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1964

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to relate some of the problems encountered in measuring price and income elasticities to the interpretation of these measurements. Since this material is familiar to the demand analyst, the paper is addressed to users of elasticities. It draws heavily on empirical literature in demand analysis to indicate the relationship of empirical procedures to interpretation of results. The discussion should aid users of elasticities in reconciling some of the diverse estimates of a particular elasticity and be of assistance in choosing a relevant elasticity for specific decisionmaking problems.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1236477

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1964

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper includes development of an application of a linear programming model for agricultural planning in India. The objective is one of allocating production of 16 major crops among regions in a manner to maximize food output from a given collection of resources. Welfare economic restraints are included to assure that cultivators in all regions are left equally well or better off in income level. The programming results provide for important reallocations of production among regions. They result in a projected gain of around 12.5 percent in total food production from given resources, even when limits are placed on the magnitude of shift which can take place. A series of implied prices are derived from the dual solution, to indicate the magnitudes of subsidy needed to attain minimum income restraints in each region.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1236478

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1964

数据来源: WILEY