摘要:

AbstractSurprisingly little scholarly work has examined the practice of “farming the tax code,” in which accounting losses on agricultural investments are used to shelter other income from taxation. Economic theory suggests that the amount of investment in agricultural tax shelters is positively related to the marginal tax rate. This hypothesis is empirically investigated using a sample of federal individual income tax returns filed for 1983. Both the probability of reporting a farm tax loss and the amount of farm losses are increased by a rise in the marginal tax rate, especially among upper income taxpayers.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1243140

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractEarnings profiles of students formerly enrolled in a college of agriculture were analyzed in the context of labor market information. Analysis of covariance was used to estimate models explaining how salary determinants changed during the alumni's careers. Gender, education, year of job market entry, profit sharing, and personal emphasis on earnings were found to be significant determinants of starting incomes. Starting incomes were found to be a prime determinant of later year salaries along with experience on the immediate job, profit sharing, oral and technical skills, marital status, and place of residence. Labor market information was found to vary in quality across participants and have a limited shelf life.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1243141

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe effects on private lenders and borrowers of farm relief programs that alter the enforceability of debt contracts are investigated. Evidence from the 1930s indicates that state relief legislation that altered debt contracts to the detriment of lenders substantially reduced the supply of loans and had different effects on different types of private lenders. This past experience suggests that, although such measures as moratoria on farm foreclosures and the recently enacted Chapter 12 bankruptcy law may provide relief for some farmers, they may also result in substantial reductions in the supply of agricultural credit.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1243142

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractFarmers in West Africa's semi‐arid tropics have been slow to adopt animal draft power to replace manual cultivation, defying the logic of conventional choice‐of‐technique analyses. This paper demonstrates that farmers can profitably adopt animal draft power when household characteristics and exogenous factors permit high utilization of animals and equipment. Empirical analysis of farm‐level data indicates that low utilization is the key cause of low returns, and that a long learning period precedes achieving high utilization and benefits. Linear programming models are used to establish the importance of family size, access to land, and appropriate implements in achieving profitable adoption.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1243143

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractStudies of spatial market integration draw their implications from a theory which assumes that there are no intraregional transport costs. An alternative theory is offered, based on the assumptions that buyers and sellers are spatially dispersed and intraregional transport costs are significant. This implies that the market is a linked oligopoly (or oligopsony) and that market integration tests are tests of alternative oligopoly price formation processes. For example, collusive basing‐point pricing produces results typically assumed to imply efficiently integrated markets, while competitive FOB pricing does not. The theoretical implications are illustrated with an analysis of hog prices in Canada.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1243144

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIncreased accuracy of weather forecasts does not necessarily increase commodity supply or farmer welfare. This study presents a stylized model of competitive production with rational expectations and demonstrates that improved weather information harms farmers facing an inelastic demand. Contrary to the conclusions of previous studies, the decline in farmer welfare does not require an expansion in expected supply. Better weather information may signal farmers to produce less on average under an inelastic demand. A supply decrease occurs when increases in the physical productivity of applied inputs are dominated by adverse price consequences.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1243145

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA method for evaluating the reliability of option‐based price probability assessments is developed based on the calibration concept. Empirical tests using goodness‐of‐fit criteria are applied to four agricultural commodities. Results suggest that assessments in the corn and live cattle markets are reliable, but such assessments overstate the volatility of soybean prices and understate the location of hog prices.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1243146

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractStrong concerns about how efficiently live hog futures prices react to U.S. Department of AgricultureHogs and Pigs Reportshave been raised by livestock producer groups. Using market survey data, direct tests of the efficient markets hypothesis are performed for the live hog futures market. Two‐limit tobit models account for institutional price limits. Results support the efficient market hypothesis in that live hog futures prices (a) do not react to anticipated changes in reported information, (b) do react significantly and in the expected direction to unanticipated changes in reported information, and (c) generally adjust to unanticipated information on the day following release of the reports.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1243147

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractNash bargaining game models representing negotiations of Export Enhancement Program (EEP) sales are combined with a quarterly spatial price equilibrium model representing non‐EEP world wheat trade to simulate the EEP's impact in late 1985 and early 1986. The benefits of the EEP in terms of increased U.S. export revenues adjusted for subsidy costs are estimated to be less than one percent of total U.S. revenues. For the first quarter of 1986, model simulations also show a lowering of the CCC loan rate to have a much greater potential for increasing U.S. wheat exports than the EEP as operated.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1243148

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn this paper, a trade‐off function between net returns and soil quality is developed for farmers in southwestern Saskatchewan using a Markov decision model. The results show that farmers who are concerned with soil levels or stewardship employ chem‐fallow more often at lower soil moisture levels and also tend to crop more intensively to conserve soil. The major conclusion is that concern for soil quality, as documented by some researchers, does have practical significance in changing agronomic practices; but, when soil is relatively deep, it takes a fairly substantial concern about soil quality before it is possible to distinguish clearly the agricultural practices of farmers who are truly concerned with stewardship from those who are not.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1243149

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY