摘要:

AbstractChanges in resource availability place, property rights under stress. Major policy issues exist with respect to rights to land, water, and the ocean fishery. Sometimes these policy issues are confronted in the context of structural changes in property rights, that is, by changing the relationship among those who hold rights both within the private or between the public and private sector. In some instances, changes in resource availability may trigger macro policies designed to affect the distribution of income, employment, or inflation. These macro policies typically also have an indirect but very real effect on property rights.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1240155

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSpecies extinction irreversibly narrows the reservoir of potential resources. The future repercussions of this narrowing are uncertain. This paper develops the safe minimum standard (SMS) approach to public decisions involving endangered species. The SMS approach is based on game theory and calls for avoidance of extinction unless the social costs are unacceptably large. The level at which costs become excessive is a matter of intergenerational distribution. The paper also explores important linkages between the SMS approach and recent literature on preservation of natural environments.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1240156

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper discusses comparative efficiency of resource allocation under alternative forms of land tenure—sharecropping, fixed rental, wage cultivation, and owner cultivation. It shows that when transaction costs, the role of entrepreneurship, and economic incentives are explicitly introduced and analyzed within the framework of intersectoral interactions and linkages, land reform measures redistributing land to the peasants, substituting owner‐cultivators for share tenants, tend to improve agricultural production efficiency, resource allocation between farm and other sectors, and contribute to economic development of less developed countries, contrary to conclusions reached by writers of the “equal efficiency” school.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1240157

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe two sector Harris‐Todaro model, extended to include a government sector and aggregate demand, is used to analyze the effects on output, prices, and employment of policies designed to mitigate urban unemployment. An increase in aggregate demand will be inflationary even though output will increase. Government job creation will be inflationary, will stimulate manufacturing output, but may result in a decrease in agricultural output. Investment in agriculture will increase agricultural output, decrease manufacturing output, and decrease price level. Investment in manufacturing results in an increase in manufacturing output, agricultural output and employment will decline, and prices will fall.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1240158

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractFor many years abundant and relatively inexpensive industrial raw materials contributed to a resource environment favoring industrialization of U.S. agriculture. Their gradual depletion and rising prices now create a counter pressure. The pace of industrialization has slowed, with different manifestations in the three economies of agriculture—crops, livestock, and marketing. The economics of extractive industries, a subject long neglected, will henceforth be an integral part of the economics of agriculture. Cited here are conceptual formulations the author published in a precursor article of 1962, formulations that go back to the “empty economic boxes” and the writings of Joan Robinson.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1240159

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis article claims to do three things. First, develop a formula for measuring size of research benefits which is generally applicable to all types of supply shift. Second, use this formula to assess the possible error involved in previous studies employing alternative equations. Third, initiate discussion on variables which might influence the type of supply shift. The article concludes that uncritical application of previously developed formulas without regard to the type of supply shift can result in substantial bias in estimates of research benefits. The implication is that calculation of rates of return on agricultural investment may also be severely biased.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1240160

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractUsing a Corden/Johnson model the welfare costs of current and future Japanese agricultural trade and production policies are evaluated for the eight major cereal and livestock commodities produced and imported in Japan. It is estimated that the net social loss in consumption and production of 1975/76 import and production distortions for the eight commodities is $@@‐@@276 million and $@@‐@@111 million respectively. If the 1985/86 Japanese farm production goals are met the net social loss in production will rise dramatically to $@@‐@@7.6 billion. The combined production and consumption net social losses of the 1985/86 plan are equivalent to 2% of Japan's gross national product.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1240161

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe implications of Thai government taxation of rice exports through the export premium on trade and welfare are examined by means of a dynamic simultaneous equation model which allows for interactions between the rice production, consumption, and export sectors. Although the export premium may have generated a net welfare gain for Thailand over the 1961–70 period, owing to the highly imperfect nature of the international market, it results in a substantial transfer from the farmers and may have adverse effects on their incentives to adopt modern inputs in paddy production.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1240162

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis empirical study demonstrates that, although United States producers and consumers taken together benefit from policies which would stabilize feed grain prices, this is likely not the case for wheat. The model specifies a U.S. domestic demand relationship for food and feed use, a stock relationship and a foreign demand sector; these are estimated by ordinary and two‐stage least squares methods. The key to the analysis is in testing a well‐known theoretical model in which the desirability of price stabilization largely depends on the source of instability (i.e., whether instability is generated abroad or is created internally).

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1240163

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA national rice research program adapted and developed modern rice varieties for irrigated culture. Their rapid and widespread adoption led to substantial increases in production, and a concomitant fall in the price of rice. This paper examines the incidence of both the gross benefits and the costs of the research program, by income level. As rice is a principal foodstuff, the net benefits, both absolute and relative, accrued disproportionately to the poorest households.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1240164

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY