摘要:

AbstractSelf‐sufficiency in food grains has been a publicized goal of government policy in many developing countries. Among various alternatives to achieve this goal, two policy options, output price support and input subsidy, both characterized by the government intervention into market pricing, are evaluated by applying a simple demand‐supply model to the Philippine rice economy. The results demonstrate a possibility that a subsidy applied to modern inputs, such as fertilizer, that are being used below optimum can be more beneficial than supporting product prices.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1238804

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA quadratic risk programming model is used to examine the impact of yield uncertainty on peasant allocation of land among crops and use of hired factor services. The assumption of an exponential utility of income function permits sample estimation of the extent of risk aversion and interpretation of the dual solutions as shadow prices. Historical survey data on a Chinese village are used to show that optimization qualified by risk aversion proves superior to risk neutrality or credit constraints in explaining peasant allocative behavior.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1238805

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe existing benefit‐cost criteria for evaluating water resource projects are deterministic and therefore incomplete, since the uncertainty inherent in project outcomes is not considered. A Monte‐Carlo simulation approach is used to generate a mean and standard deviation for the benefits, costs, benefit‐cost ratio, and net present value for the controversial Spewrell Bluff Project. Subjective estimates defining probability distributions of project benefits and costs were obtained from the Corps of Engineers. A project selection process that includes probability considerations in the benefit‐cost criteria is recommended and several approaches for including uncertainty as a variable are suggested.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1238806

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTraditional methods used to estimate fishing effort that maximizes rent to an open access resource have almost universally assumed all costs are directly proportional to effort. When crews receive a fixed share of gross returns, labor costs are proportional to catch; hence, rent accrues to crews as well as vessel owners under limited entry. A model that allowed costs to be proportional to effort and catch was applied to the Gulf of Mexico shrimp fishery. This study indicates that traditional analysis would result in management schemes that overtax vessels and ignore rent accruing to crews.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1238807

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractBased upon a spatial equilibrium model, this study argues that society can gain with increased regional coordination of generation and transmission activities of the U.S. electrical energy industry. In 1973 society suffered a loss in welfare because of minimal regional coordination, reflecting that consumers in regions where relatively inexpensive electrical energy was available were permitted to consume more and pay less than what would have been optimal at the expense of consumers in less efficient producing regions. The policy implications suggest that regional coordination be more actively pursued, involving the use of legislated authority by the Federal Power Commission.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1238808

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe acute energy shortages of 1973–74 accentuated the pervasiveness of energy utilization in the U.S. economy and underscored the complexity of the system interrelationships. It was also revealed that little is known about these interrelationships. This article reports on a systems analysis of the short‐run economic effects of alternative situations involving reduced energy availability. The impacts of several different energy availabilities are analyzed. Specifically, the situations considered are a 2% quantity reduction in domestic coal supply, a 1.0 and a 1.5 million barrel per day reduction in crude petroleum imports, and a 10% quantity reduction in natural gas supply.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1238809

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe quantity and marginal productivity of farm husband and wife labor services allocated to their own farm work are assessed. A behavioral model of the farm firm is developed and implemented empirically by fitting a production function to county average per farm data for 1964 for Iowa, North Carolina, and Oklahoma counties. A comparison of marginal products of husband's and wife's labor inputs with opportunity costs yields the implication that net rural‐to‐urban human migration and reallocation of working time between own‐farm and off‐farm work by the remaining farm population had succeeded in getting rid of excess labor services in U.S. agricultural production in 1964.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1238810

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn this paper are presented estimates of the marginal products and internal rates of return to investment in agricultural research by commodity groups (cash grains, poultry, dairy, and livestock). The results are reported both in terms of national aggregates and on a state‐by‐state basis. Internal rates of return for the country as a whole range from 36% to 46%. At the state level the evidence suggests that the payoff to research is greatest for the commodities with the largest absolute value of output.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1238811

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractUniform market‐share patterns have been assumed in specifying cost functions for assembly or delivery operations. A more realistic assumption is that market share decreases with distance from the plant. Procedures for specifying assembly or delivery‐cost functions for alternative linear market‐share patterns and for determining impacts of changes in market‐share patterns on costs and related results are developed and applied in an analysis of anhydrous ammonia retailing. These procedures permit more accurate estimates of cost‐volume relationships and make it possible to address questions about how firms should attempt to achieve volume increases.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1238812

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA two‐equation aggregate demand and supply simulation model with Koyck‐type geometrically distributed lags is used to examine the impacts of alternative demand and supply shifts on aggregate farm output, prices, and income. Impacts of inflation on important farm sector indicators are also examined. Projected solutions to 1985 indicate that strong demand shifts are needed to maintain a favorable level of prices and farm incomes. Results further suggest that the U.S. farm sector is particularly sensitive to unexpected changes or shifts in demand, and supply and prolonged inflation in the general economy.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1238813

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY