摘要:

AbstractBargaining among sectional cotton interests in Congress was particularly intense in 1953–54, when a substantial reduction had to be made in the national allotment and then allocated to the various cotton‐producing states. Due largely to congressional constraints on committees to achieve some mutually satisfactory aggregation of preferences, this event can be treated as a two‐person, mixed‐motive bargaining game between eastern and western cotton interests. Through a series of offers and counteroffers, a final solution was reached such that each 1‐percent acreage reduction in the east was accompanied by a 2‐percent reduction in the west. Furthermore, these final “terms of trade” are the same as were reached in a similar instance of bargaining among cotton interests in 1949, implying some stability in the congressional bargaining process through the course of time.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1237867

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe controversy surrounding the use of agricultural pesticides has resulted in the examination of pest control technology and a need for estimates of the costs and benefits of pesticides. Estimates of the productivity of expenditures for agricultural pesticides are made from an aggregate production function analysis for 1963. The results indicate that chemical pesticides are a highly productive input, comparable to commercial fertilizer, and that the marginal value product of pesticides exceeds marginal factor cost by a considerable amount. These results are consistent with increasing sales volumes of pesticides and fertilizer nationally. Use of values determined through the market system to estimate benefits are a necessary part of evaluating chemical pest control. Up to the present time, no systematic effort has been made to estimate separately the productivity of pesticides. The findings point to a need for better data on the response of crops and livestock to pest control as well as a need for data on the external effects of chemical pesticides. Considerably more analysis and information are required to evaluate pesticide technology and to form good national policy in this area.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1237868

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTo take account of the effect of weather on the cereal harvest, a simulation model is outlined in which rates of combine work, harvest weather, and diurnal grain‐moisture content are regarded as probabilistic, with known distributions based on empirical data. On the basis of this data, the interaction of the variables is assessed over a thousand “years” of synthetic harvesting experience, in which the timeliness of the harvesting operation is assessed in terms of increased grain drying costs, and which is repeated to assess various policies which might be adopted by farmers. The results are presented as normative average total cost curves for various harvesting systems, based on the certainty equivalence of the decision under risk.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1237869

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPast studies have indicated that returns from beef production are not enough to justify economically the current prices of cattle ranches. It has been hypothesized that federal income taxes influence current ranch prices. Standard economic budgets are converted into tax budgets for use in testing this hypothesis. The procedure and assumptions involved in the analysis are briefly listed. Although tax savings can be substantial under specific assumptions, the general effect of ranches as tax shelters cannot be large enough to affect greatly the general level of ranch prices.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1237870

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis study deals with the problem of pooling cross‐section and time‐series results in the estimation of demand functions when the appropriate endogenous variable differs in the two analyses. An iterative estimation procedure which incorporates a necessary distinction between quantity and quality elasticities of demand is developed and tested. This procedure addresses the estimation problems arising from differences between the cross‐section and time‐series models and data, and provides a partial test of the model specification.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1237871

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSimulation has been used extensively in the management sciences as a complement to more conventional methods of analysis. The procedure has also been applied in analyses of various sectors of the agricultural industry. Simulation can include time lags, nonlinearities, and recursive or reactive effects—without the restrictive assumption of an “optimum” solution. Consequently, it should find increasing application in the study of the effects of farm program alternatives. Simulation is used in this article to portray the workings of an economic model of the U.S. agricultural industry for the years 1930–1960. One simulation describes the levels of key dependent variables throughout the period, as a measure of the model's predictive ability. These results are used to evaluate a second simulation, which assumes no government diversions of commodities or cropland acreage and no payments to farmers.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1237872

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe increasing proportion of the population which lives and works in metropolitan areas is a primary factor in the growing demand for recreation. Recreation research concerning the allocation of land and water to meet more fully the demand for water‐oriented outdoor recreation is of increasing importance as population increases. The model developed here allows appraisal of nonprice information needed by private and government decision makers in planning for recreational uses of land and water. It permits projections of recreation participation for a population of a metropolitan area by utilizing changes in the socioeconomic composition of the population as well as its size.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1237873

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe objective of an equalization fund is to “accept” a series of market prices over a period of time and transform these into equalized prices to farmers, so that the equalized prices have a lower variance than the original market prices. An arrangement which minimizes the variance of equalized payments for a given variance of the equalization fund is said to be efficient. The derivation of efficient funds is considered for the case where prices are independent and autocorrelated (for one year). Quantity supplied is taken to be independent of price, but price is a function of quantity. It is shown that the “instinctive” suggestion of an equalized price calculated as a moving average, with equal weights, of previous prices, is appropriate only if fluctuations in the equalization fund are of no interest.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1237874

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSome essential elements of the Markov chain theory are reviewed, along with programming of economic models which incorporate Markovian matrices and whose objective function is the maximization of the present value of an infinite stream of income. The linear programming solution to these models is presented and compared to the dynamic programming solution. Several properties of the solution are analyzed and it is shown that the elements of the simplex tableau contain information relevant to the understanding of the programmed system. It is also shown that the model can be extended to cover, among other elements, multiprocess enterprises and the realistic cases of programming in the face of probable deterioration of the productive capacity of the system or its total destruction.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1237875

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe general neglect of economic considerations in response research is noted. Following the listing of several factors which influence investment in response research, a framework is developed in which knowledge of a process is viewed in terms of the expected value and variance of profits. A Bayesian scheme for incorporating additional information in posterior analysis is outlined. Worth of additional information is judged in terms of utility. The scheme is used to show how the value of obtaining additional information can be ascertained ex ante in preposterior analysis by way of a Monte‐Carlo approach. Both posterior and preposterior analyses are illustrated through a soybean‐fertilizer process. In this empirical example, the effects of using different experimental designs of varying size are examined.

ISSN:0002-9092    

DOI:10.2307/1237876

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY