摘要:

11 Cu Ag Au; Zn Cd Hg By J. SILVER Department of Chemistry University of Essex Colchester C04 3SQ 1 Copper Silver and Gold Copper-Copper( I). The stoicheiometry and kinetics of oxidation of dimeric bis(p- halogeno)bis{ (diamine)copper( I)} have been studied.' In polymeric chloro( diethyl- telluride)copper(I) two Et,Te ligands are bridged between two di-p-chloro-dicopper(1) cores. A new tetrathiafulvalenium complex prepared from CuCI is said to contain CU'.~ Monomeric anions are found in [AsPh,][CuCl,] [PPh4]-[CuCl,] and [PP~,][CUB~,].~ The structure of [P( Et)( Ph),][CuBr,] has been repor- ted.5 [N( Ph)Me3],[Cu,Br4] contains discrete centrosymmetric [Cu2Br4I2- anions,6 whereas [NMe,],[ Cu,Br J contains a discrete [Cu,Br,l3- entity with a single bridging Br atom.7 The structures of both [NMe4][Cu,I,] and [SMe3][Cu21,] have been the former contains [Cu,I,]- chains composed of edge- and face-sharing tetrahedra.Aqueous solutions of Cul KI and crown ether have been found to form complexes [CU&][cU8113]K7( 12-crown-4), [Cu416]K2( 15-crown-5), and [Cu314]- K(dibenzo-24-crown-8) depending on the identity of the crown ether. The former contains discrete [Cu41612- (1) and [Cu811$ (2) clusters." The structures of the fluorescent Cu' complexes [Cu414( p-toluidine),- (acetonitrile),] and [Cu212(p-chloroanaline(acetonitrile)l have been presented." From '271-Mossbauer spectra it has been concluded that the Cu-I interaction in a number of CuI-phosphine complexes is largely ionic in nature.' A compound said to be K[Cu(SCN),(NCS-SCN) has been reported13 and the redox properties of bis(phenylazoacetaldoximato)bis(phenylacetaldoxime)dicop-per(r) have been studied.' A Cu-Cu bond has been found in [CU~L$][C~O~]~-H~O M.A. El-Sayed A. El-Toukhy and G. Davies Inorg. Chem. 1985 24 3387. ' R. K. Chadha and J. E. Drake J. Organomet. Chem. 1985 286 121. M. Inoue and M. B. Inoue J. Chem. SOC.,Chem. Commun. 1985 1043. S. Andersson and S. Jagner Acta Chem. Scand. Ser. A. 1985 39 297. S. Andersson and S. Jagner Acta Chem. Scand. Ser. A. 1985 39 515. S. Andersson and S. Jagner Acta Chem. Scand. Ser. A. 1985 39 423. ' M. Asplund and S. Jagner Acta Chem. Scand. Ser. A. 1985 39 47. S. Andersson and S. Jagner Acta Chem. Scand. Ser. A. 1985 39 181. M. Asplund S. Jagner and M. Nilsson Acta Chem.Scand. Ser. A. 1985 39 447. I0 N. P. Rath and E. M. Holt J. Chem. SOC.,Chem. Commun. 1985 665. " N. P. Rath E. M. Holt and K. Tanimura Inorg. Chem. 1985 24 3934. 12 R. J. Batchelor and T. Birchall J. Chem. SOC.,Dalton Trans. 1985 1727. 13 S. K. Tobia F. R. Souaya and W. G. Hanna Polyhedron 1985 4 425. 14 S. Pal D. Bandyopadhyay D. Datta and A. Chakravorty J. Chem. SOC.,Dalton Trans. 1985 159. 321 322 J. Silver 1 i i [L2 = 2,6-di(2'-methoxyethyliminomethyl)pyridine].1s Photoreduction catalysis by [Cu(N-N)(PPh,),]+ (N-N = 2,9-dimethyl-l,l0-phenanthroline(dmp) or 4,4',6,6'-tetramethyl-2,2'-bipyridine)has been studied.I6 The l"1-heterobimetallic adduct of tris(pyrrolidinecarbodithioacto)cobalt(IIr) with copper( I) bromide contains a four-coordinate Cu' atom." The structures of some bis(methy1-substituted pyridine)-copper( r) and silver( I) nitrates and perchlor- ates have been reported,18 as have those of [M(PPh3)4]C104 (M = Cu Ag) CU(PP~~)~(XJC~O,, (X = py or biby) and [CU(BH,)(PP~,),].'~ Structural studies on the 1 :2 dinuclear adducts of Cur halides with some 2(4)-mono- and dimethyl- substituted pyridine bases and quinoline," and also studies on the mononuclear adducts of Cu' halides with pyridine bases have been presented.21 The structures of [Cu4X4L4] (X = halogen; L = N,P base) 'cubane' clusters and those of the adducts [Cu(CN)L,] [L = diethylamine triethylamine 4-methylpyridine or 1,lO-phenanthroline(phen) have been A convenient synthesis of Cu' carboxylates has been described23 and electrochemical evidence for a Cu' intermediate in the formation of Cu" amino-acid complexes has been found.24 Cu' benzenesulphinate and Cu' p-toluenesulphinate compounds have been de~cribed.~' Structural studies on complexes containing 1-methylimidazoline-2(3H)thione(mimtH) have shown that Cu(mimtH),.NO (3) and Cu2(mimtH)$04-3H20 have Cu-S bonds of 2.249 and 2.258 8 respec-tively.26qb I5 M.G. B. Drew A. Lavery V. McKee and S. M. Nelson J. Chem. SOC.,Dalton Trans. 1985 1771. 16 S. Sakaki G. Koga F. Sato and K. Ohkubo J. Chem. SOC.,Dalton Trans. 1985 1959. 17 L. M. Engelhardt P. C. Healy R. I. Papasergio and A. H. White Znorg. Chem. 1985 24 382. 18 L. M. Engelhardt C. Pakawatchai A. H. White and P. C. Healy J.Chem. SOC.,Dalton Trans. 1985 117. 19 L. M. Engelhardt C. Pakawatchai A. H. White and P. C. Healy J. Chem. SOC.,Dalton Trans. 1985 125. 2o J. C. Dyason L. M. Engelhardt P. C. Healy C. Pakawatchi and A. H. White Inorg. Chem. 1985 24 1950. 21 J. C. Dyason P. C. Healy C. Pakawatchai V. A. Patrick and A. H. White Inorg. Chem. 1985,24 1957. 22 (a)J. C. Dyason P. C. Healy L. M. Engelhardt C. Pakawatchai V. A. Patrick C. L. Raston and A. H. White J. Chem. SOC.,Dalton Trans. 1985 831; (b) ibid. 1985 839. 23 T. P. Lockhart and D. A. Haitko Polyhedron 1985,4 1745. 24 G. Thomas and P. S. Zacharias Polyhedron 1985 4 811. 25 S. H. Bertz and G. Dabbagh Inorg. Chem. 1985 24 3488. 26 (a) E. R. Atkinson D. J. Gardiner A. R. W. Jackson and E. S. Raper Inorg.Chim. Acta 1985 98 35; (b) E. R. Atkinson E. S. Raper D. J. Gardiner H. M. Dawes N. P. C. Walker and A. R. W. Jackson Inorg. Chim. Acta 1985 100 285. Cu,Ag Au; Zn,Cd Hg The structure of [CU,(O-(SCH,)~C~H,)~]~-(4) as its [PPh4]+ salt has also been reported.27 The syntheses of [(L)(CPh,P),Cu][HB(O,CH),] and [(L)(Ph,P),Cu]-[H,B(O,CH),] (L = phen or 3,4,7,8-tetramethyl-phen) have been reported28 and the siructures of (PPh3),Cu( ~-S,CSCH,SCS,)CU(PP~~)~, (PPh,),Cu(S,COEt) (PPh3),Cu(S2CNHPh)-CHC13 The llBT and (triphos)Cu( q'-O,CH) de~cribed.~~".~ and 31P n.m.r. spectra of [(Ph),PCHl2CuB5H8,[(Ph),P],CuC2B4H7 [(Ph),Pl2Cu (Me)2C2B4H5,[(Ph)2PCH2]2CuC2B4H7CH2C12 Me),C2B4H5-a'nd [(Ph)2PCH2]2C~( as have those of CU(PP~,)~(B~H,~X) ;CH2Cl2 have been ~tudied,~'"'.~ (X = H NCS NCSe NCBPh3 NCBH, or NCBH,NCBH,) cornplexe~.~~ 27 J.R. Nicholson I. L. Abrahams W. Clegg and C. D. Garner Inorg. Chem. 1985 24 1092. 28 G. La Monica G. A. Ardizzoia F. Cariati S. Cenini and M. Pizzotti Inorg. Chem. 1985 24,3920. 29 (a) C. Bianchini C. A. Ghilardi A. Meli S. Midollini and A. Orlandini Inorg. Chem. 1985 24,924; (b) ibid. 1985 24 932. (a) P. K. Rush and L. Barton Polyhedron 1985,4 1741; (b) Inorg. Chem. 1985 24 3413. 30 31 D. G. Meina and J. H. Moms J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans. 1985 1903. 324 J. Silver The synthesis of methyl(tri-t-buty1phosphine)copperhas been reported3' and dithio-o-toluate Cur complexes with bis( dipheny1phosphino)methane described.33 The structures of bis(tripheny1phosphine)Cu' o-and p-nitrobenzoates have been dete~rnined.~~ The thermal decompositions of MeCu and methyl(tricyclohexylphos-phine)copper(I) have been studied.35 In the structures Cu( PPh3)( pptu)Cl and Cu(pptu),Cl [pptu = l-phenyl-3-(2-pyridyI)-2-thiourea]each Cu atom is in trigonal planar coordination and is bonded to a C1- ion (5).36 The behaviour of some functionally substituted a-allenic alcohol derivatives towards organocopper( I) species has been reported,37 as have the reactions of organocopper compounds with chosen boron corn pound^.^^ An efficient synthesis of C6H5C-CCu has been presented.39 Differences in the reactions of electron-deficient olefins with organocopper( I)-Lewis acid reagents have been explored4' and the reactions of a number of lithium organocuprates have been ~tudied.~'~-~ Cu' complexes of olefins produced by olefin chemical ionization of Cu" p-diketones have been rep~rted,~ as have those produced by reaction with unsaturated small molecules.43 Alkene and CO derivatives of Cur and Ag' P-diketones have been prepareda and the reactions of Cur-N,N'-ethylenebis( benzaldimine) com-plexes with CO and isocyanides in~estigated.~~ 32 S.Pasynkiewicz S.Pikul and J. Poplawska J. Organornet. Chern. 1985 293 125. 33 A. M. M. Lanfredi F. Ugozzoli A. Camus and N. Marsich Inorg. Chirn. Acta 1985 99 111. 34 M. A. Cabras L. Naldini M. A. Zoroddu F. Cariati F. Demartin N. Masciocchi and M. Sansoni Inorg. Chirn. Acta 1985 104 L19. 35 S. Pasynkiewicz and J.Poplawska J. Organornet. Chern. 1985 282 427. 36 M. B. Ferrari G. G. Fava C. Pelizzi and P. Tarasconi Znorg. Chirn. Acta 1985 97 99. 37 H. Kleijn and P. Vermeer J. Organornet. Chern. 1985 292 437. 38 E. Kalbarczyk and S. Pasynkiewicz J. Organornet. Chern. 1985 290 257. 39 R. Kumar and D. G. Tuck J. Organornet. Chern. 1985,281 C47. 40 T. Ibuka T. Aoyagi K. Kitada F. Yoneda and Y. Yamamoto J. Organornet. Chern. 1985 287 C18. 41 (a) J. J. Eisch M. Behrooz and S. K. Dua J. Organornet. Chern. 1985 285 121; (b) G. Hallnemo T. Olsson and C. Ullenius J. Organornet. Chern. 1985 282 133; (c) J. Drouin and G. Rousseau J. Organornet. Chern. 1985 289 223; (d) J. T. B. H. Jastrzebski G. V. Koten M. J. N. Christophersen and C. H. Stam J. Organornet.Chern. 1985,292 319; (e)B. H. Lipshutz J. A. Kazlowski D. A. Parker S. L. Nguyen and K. E. McCarthy J. Organornet. Chern. 1985 285 437. 42 M. L. Morris and R. D. Koob Inorg. Chern. 1985,24 1769. 43 J. S. Thompson and R. M. Swiatek Inorg. Chern. 1985 24 110. 44 G. Doyle K. A. Eriksen and D. Van Engen Organornetallics 1985 4 830. 45 A. Toth C. Floriani M. Pasquali A. Chiesi-Villa A. G. Manfredotti and G. Guastini Inorg. Chern. 1985 24 648. 325 Cu Ag Au; Zn,Cd Hg 63Cu 13C and 170 n.m.r. spectra of the mixed clusters N~,[CU,F~(CO)~~] N~,[CU~F~,(CO)~,] have been reported.& The structures and N~~[cu~F~,(co)],~ of the pentagonal bipyramidal hexahydride Ir2Cu3H6( Me(",( PMe2Ph):+ has been presented47 as has the structure of [(OC),W( p-Ph2PCH2PPh2]2(p-Cl)(p-CO)C~].48 Copper(11).Local bonding effects and exchange interactions have been studied in A12B112-xC~(N02)6= K Rb TI,Cs; B = Cd Hg) complexes.49 Anhydrous (A transition-metal perchlorates M(C104)2 (M = Ni Co or Cu) and their chloryl and nitryl salts C102M(C104)3 N02M(C104)3 and (N02)2M(C104)4 have been pre- pared.50 The KC1-AlC1,-CuCl2 system has been studied at 300 0C.51 Exchange coupling in LiCuC13.2H20 and (C3HloN)CuC13 has been reported.52 The association constant of the first chloro-Cu" complex has been determined in water in the range 15-100 0c.53 Structural information shows that (C3N6H8)CU&& contains CU,CIZ,-dimer~,~~ whereas the compounds [M(en),],[Cu2Cl8]Cl2.2H2O (M = Co Rh Ir) contain Cu2CI:- dimers (6)? [(Ph),AI2Cu2Cl (A = P Sb) complexes have been prepared.56 The complexes Br(X)Cu" and Cl(X)Cu" (X = 3-dimethylaminopropan-1-olato) have been shown to contain infinite chains of alkoxo-bridged copper( 11) dimers connected by halogen bridges.57 [(DENC)2C~X2]2 (DENC = N,N-diethylnico-tinamide; X = C1 or Br) differ in that the C1 compound is C1 bridged in solu- tion but DENC bridged in the solid while the Br compound is always Br bridged.58 46 G.Doyle B. T. Heaton and E. Occhiello Organometallics 1985 4 1224. 47 L. F. Rhodes J. C. Hoffman and K. G. Caulton J. Am. Chem. SOC.,1985 107 1759. 48 A. Blagg A. T. Hutton B. L. Shaw and M. Thomton-Pett Inorg. Chim. Acta 1985 100 L33. 49 A. Ozarowski and D. Reinen Inorg. Chem. 1985 24 3860.50 J.-L. Pascal J. Potier and C. S. Zhang J. Chem. SOC.Dalton 1985 24 297. 51 J. H. von Barner P. B. Brekke and N. J. Bjerum Inorg. Chem. 1985 24 2162. 52 L. W. Ter Haar and W. E. Hatfield Inorg. Chem. 1985 24 1022. 53 L. A. Aston J. I. Bullock and P. W. G. Simpson Polyhedron 1985 4 1323. 54 A. Colombo L. Menabue A. Motori G. C. Pellacani W. Porzio F. Sandrolini and R. D. Willett Inorg. Chem. 1985 24 2900. 55 S. K. Hoffmann D. J. Hodgson and W. E. Hatfield Inorg. Chem. 1985 24 1194. 56 A. Bencini D. Gatteschi and C. Zanchini Inorg. Chem. 1985 24 704. 57 L. Walz H. Paulus and W. Haase J. Chem. SOC.,Dalton Trans. 1985 913. 58 G. Davies A. El-Toukhy K. D. Onan and M. Veidis Inorg. Chim. Acta 1985 98 85. 326 J. Silver E.p.r.studies of [Cu2(dien),C1,](C10,) have been rep~rted.'~ The structure of [CU(C,~H~~NSO)CI], at 120 K has been solved (7).60 The structure of [N,N-bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-l-ylmethyl)aminobenzene]-dibromocopper(11) has been reported61 and the dinuclear complex [Cu,( PAP)- (OH)Cl,]. 1.5H20(PAP = 1,4-di(2'-pyridyl)aminophthalazine)shown to have a hydroxide a chloride and a diazine (N-N) bridge.62 Cu" and Zn" complexes of an aroylhydrazone have been reported.63 Cu(L),X (X = C1 Br NO3; ClO and $SO,; L = benzylmethylketonesemicarbazone) have been prepared.64 CU" bromide complexes have been studied in anhydrous methanol.65 Exchange interactions have been measured in bis[ p-2-diethylamino)ethanolato]dibromodicopper( The II).~~ structures of three dinuclear five-coordinate Cu" complexes with phenolate bridges have been pre~ented.~~ The properties of [{Cu( Mesalen)},Fe(acac)]( NO3) have been The structures of [Cu,Li].9CH30H and [Cu4L:].8EtOH (where both L' and L2 are complex methylpyridine ligands) both contain tetrameric Cu" complexe~.~~ Thermo-dynamic data for the formation in benzene solutions of addition compounds of selected Cu" keto-enolate complexes with heterocyclic bases have been pre~ented.~' Structures of three types of alkoxo-bridged Cu" complexes have been studied.71 Paramagnetic Cu" ions in ethyleneglycol have been studied using H n.m.r.disper- 59 S. K. Hoffman D. K. Towle W. E. Hatfield P. Chaudhuri and K. Wieghardt Inorg. Chem. 1985 24 1307. 60 M. Mikuriay K. Toriumi T.Ito and S. Kida Inorg. Chem. 1985 24 629. 61 H. K. Blonk W. L. Driessen and J. Reeddijk J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans. 1985 1699. 62 L. K. Thompson F. W. Hartstock L. Rosenberg and T. C. Woon Inorg. Chim. Acta 1985 97 1. 63 C. Pelizzi G. Pelizzi G. Predieri and F. Vitali J. Chem. Soc, Dalton Trans. 1985 2387. 64 A. Jaggi S. Chandra and K. K. Sharma Polyhedron 1985,4 163. 6s P.G. David Polyhedron 1985 4 437. 66 A. Bencini D.Gatteschi C. Zanchini and W. Haase Inorg. Chem. 1985 24 3485. 67 Y. Nashida H. Shimo H. Maehara and S. Kida J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans. 1985 1945. 68 (a) I. Morgenstern-Badarau and H. H. Wickman J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1985 176; (6)Inorg. Chem. 1985 24 1889. 69 H. Astheimer F. Nepveu L. Walz and W. Haase J. Chem.Soc. Dalton Trans. 1985 315. 70 D. P. Graddon S. Rochani and H. Way Inorg. Chzm. Acta 1985 104 87. 71 M. Mikuriya H. Okawa and S. Kida Inorg. Chim. Acta 1985 103 217. Cu Ag Au; Zn,Cd Hg sion7 and e.s.r. data of Cu"-oxime chelates have been discussed.73 Cu" has been extracted using long-chain aliphatic dioxime~.~~ Cu ions are five-coordinated in [(Et,dien)Cu(C2H,N,02)Cu( Et,dien)]( PF6)2 .75 Tunable interactions in p-oxamido Cu" dinuclear complexes have been e~tablished'~ and a five-coordinate Cu" complex containing a tridentate thioether-alkoxy ligand has been Cu2( Meiz),( OH),( C104)2.2H20 contains centrosymmetric [Cu,( Meiz),( OH),I2+ cations (8).78While the dinuclear p-pyrazolato-N,N'-bridgeddicopper(11) complex of 1,3-bis(salicylideneamino)propan-2-olis bridged by the secondary alkoxo-group and the pyrazolate moiety.79 N12 In [Cu(NH(py)2)(DTBSQ)]C104.0.5tetrahydrofuran (DTBSQ = di-t-butyl-o-semiquinone) each Cu ion is coordinated to two pyridyl N atoms and to two 0 atoms from the DTBSQ ligand.80 Studies on catecholate coordination to Cu" have appeared.81a,b The kinetics of the reaction between 1,3-dihydroxbenzene H202 and CU" ions have been studied.82 Formation equilibria of Cu" complexes with some pyridinals in various solvents have been presented,83 as have those of Cu" chelates of 1-hydroxypyrazole 2-oxides with substituted pyridine~.~~ More studies based on the classical cupric acetate dihydrate structure have been rep~rted~~'-~ H20)]2-2H20 has been shown to and [(N02C6H40CH2C00)2Cu( contain two Cu" ions bridged by four carboxylate groups.86 [Cu(AE)CH3C00I2 72 L.Banci I. Bertini and C. Luchinat Znorg. Chim. Acta 1985 100 173. 73 C. Kesavulu R. S. Naidu and R. R. Naidu Polyhedron 1985 4 761. 74 L. R. M. Paping C. P. J. Rummens P. H. A. Vriens J. H. M. C. van Wolput and T. P. M. Beelen Polyhdron 1985 4 723. 75 J. Sletten Acta Chem. Scand. Ser. A 1985 39 475. 76 Y. Journaux J. Sletten and 0. Kahn Znorg. Chem. 1985 24 4063. 77 R. T. Boere W. M. Brown D. W. Stephan and C. J. Willis Inorg. Chem. 1985 24 593. 78 A. Bencini D. Gatteschi and C. Zanchini Inorg. Chem. 1985 24 700. 79 W. Mazurek B. J. Kennedy K. S. Murray M. J. O'Connor J. R. Rogers M. R. Snow A. G. Wedd and P. R. Zwack Znorg. Chem. 1985 24 3258.no J. S. Thompson and J. C. Calabrese Inorg. Chern. 1985 24 3167. 81 (a) K. D. Karlin Y. Gultneh T. Nicholson and J. Zubieta Inorg. Chem. 1985 24 3725; (b) E. Balogh-Hergovich and G. Speier Znorg. Chim.Acra 1985 108 59. 82 R. H. Dinus Inorg. Chim.Acta 1985 99 217. 83 R. Bucci V. Carunchio A. M. Girelli and A. Messina Polyhedron 1985 4 1433. 84 F. Kai H. Haraga and H. Kobayashi Polyhedron 1985 4 947. 85 (a) B. Elman and C. Moberg J. Organomet. Chem. 1985 294 117; (b) J. S. Banait and P. K. Pahil Polyhedron 1985 4 1031; (c) L. S. Erre G. Micera P. Piu F. Canati and G. Ciani Inorg. Chem. 1985 24 2297; (d) M. Melnik K. Smolander and P. Sharrock Znorg. Chim.Acta 1985 103 187. 86 V. Adelskold J. Kratsmar-Smogrovic A. Valent P.-E. Werner M.Westdahl and M. Zemlicka Acra Chem. Scand. Ser. A 1985 39 163. 328 J. Silver (where AE = the anion of 7-amino-4-methyl-5-aza-3-hepten-2-one) contains two Cu atoms connected by a single atom bridge through one of the oxygen atoms of an acetate ligand.87 The structures of CU~(DCMPTA)~(X)~, (X = acetone or water) have been reported. They each contain tetracarboxylate bridged dimers.88a,b The structures of two complex substituted acetatobis( pyridine)Cu" molecules and two complex(ethanoato)Cu" molecules have been des~ribed.~~"?~ Equilibria between mono- and di-nuclear complexes in Cu( 02CMe),-pyridine derivative-diluent sys- tems have been studied." In the structures of [M(phen)2(02CMe)][X].2H,0 (when M = Cu X = ClO, NO, and when M = Zn X = BF,) complexes the MN402 chromophores all have a cis-octahedral stereo~hemistry.~' The structure of [C~(O~CCCl~)~(proxyl)]~~H~0 has been solved; it contains the stable nitroxyl radical 2,2,4,4-tetramethylpyrrolinyl-1 -oxy (proxyl) .92 The kinetics of ligand substitution in bis( N-R-sa1icyclaldiminato)Cu" com-plexes by bidentate ligands in methanol have been studied9 and spectral studies of Cu" complexes with amide group ligands have been reported.94 CU~(O~C-C~H~F~C~H~)~(THF)~-THF'~ is shown to contain both eclipsed and staggered ferrocenyl fragments.The structures of three { N-tosyl-((Y or p)-a1aninato)Cu" complexes have been pre~ented.~~ The results from a potentiometric study of the Cu2+-4( 5)-hydroxymethylimidazolesystem have been disc~ssed.~' The structure of [CU(~~~)(CF,SO,)H,O]~ (where pbt = Cl2N5H;) consists of dimeric [Cu2L2I2+ units.98 Dimerization of Cu" decanoate in 1,4-dioxane-water mixed solvents has been in~estigated.~~ A CU" complex of a neutral pentadentate Schiff base has been prepared,'" as have the Schiff base Cu" derivative of 1,8-dihydroxy-3,6-dimethy1-2-acetylnaph-thalene"' and the Cu" complexes of 'half-unit' Schiff bases.lo2 The enantioselectivity of Ni" and Cu" complexes of Schiff bases derived from amino-acids has been described" and a number of Cu" complexes with unsymmetrical tetradentate Schiff 87 J.-P.Costes F. Dahan and J.-P. Laurent Inorg. Chem. 1985 24 1018. 88 (a)C. H. L. Kennard G. Smith E. J. O'Reilly T. C. W. Mak and W.-H. Yip Inorg. Chim.Acta 1985 98 L3 1 ; (b) Polyhedron 1985 4 45 1. 89 (a)W. H. Chan T. C. W. Mak G. Smith E. J. O'Reilly and C. H. L. Kennard Polyhedron 1985 4 1443; (6) C. H. L. Kennard S. W. Stewart E. J. O'Reilly G. Smith and A. H. White Polyhedron 1985 4 697. 90 M. Szpakowska I. Uruska and J. Zielkiewicz J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans. 1985 1849. 91 W. Fitzgerald B. Hathaway and C. J. Simmons J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans. 1985 141. 92 L. C. Porter and R. J. Doedens Znorg. Chem. 1985 24 1006. 93 H. Elias C. Hasserodt-Taliaferro L. Hellriegel W. Schonheir and K. J. Wannowius Inorg. Chem. 1985 24 3198. 94 V. Ravindar S. J. Swamy S. Srihari and P. Lingaiah Polyhedron 1985 4 1511. 95 M. R. Churchill Y.-J. Li D. Nalewajek P. M. Schaber and J. Dorfman Inorg.Chem. 1985 24 2684. 96 L. Antolini L. P. Battaglia A. B. Corradi G. Marcotrigiano L. Menabue and G. C. Pellacani J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1985 107 1369. 97 L. H. J. Lajunen and S. Sjoberg Acta Chem. Scand. Ser. A 1985 39 341. 98 B. Prins P. J. M. W. L. Birker J. G. Haasnoot G. C. Verschoor and J. Reedijk Inorg. Chem. 1985 24 4128. 99 Y. Fujii K. Jimbo H. Yamada and M. Mizuta Polyhedron 1985 4 496. 100 E. Kwiatkowski T. Ossowski and A. Jankowska Polyhedron 1985 4 1191. 101 F. Teixidor L. Escriche A. Llobet and J. Casabo Polyhedron 1985 4 97. 102 N. A. Bailey D. E. Fenton J. R. Tate and P. M. Thomas J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans. 1985 1471. 103 Y. N. Belokon V. I. Maleyeu S. V. Vitt M. G. Ryzhov Y. D. Kondrashov S. N. Golubev Y. P. Vauchskii A.I. Kazika M. I. Novikova et al. J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans. 1985 17. Cu Ag Au; Zn Cd Hg bases have been ~repared."~"-~ A number of Cu" complexes containing the Schiff -base ligand derived from 2-pyridinecarbaldehyde and histamine have been st~died,"~ as has a flexible phenoxo-bridged dinuclear Cu" complex.'o6 The structure of (CUHAP~~)~VO(C~O~),.~H~O~$C~H~NO~ (where HAPen is a tetradentate Schiff base) contains a trinuclear cation; the chromophores of this are shown in (9).lo7 011 A number of Cu" complexes containing bridging azido-groups have been as has one containing a bridging hydrogencyanamido( 1-) group."' Cu" complexes containing isocyanato and isothiocyanato ligands have been reported.' 10a-c A tetraaminecopper(I1) complex has been studied in zeolite Y.'" Structures of Cu(X)(PPh,)+ (X = phen or dmp) indicate that steric crowding in the dmp structure originates from the 2-and 9-methyl substituents.'I2 The kinetics of quenching *Cu(dpp)i have been ~tudied."~ Proton n.m.r.studies of N,N-diethyl formamide (def) exchange on [Cu( Me6tren)def12+ have been pre~ented,"~ as have chiroptical properties of trigonal-bipyramidal complexes of Cu" containing an optically active tetraamir~e."~ Single-crystal e.p.r. spectra of [Cu,(tmbma),(bta)]( NO3) have been 104 (a) N. Matsumoto M. Asakawa H. Nogami M. Higuchi and A. Ohyoshi J. Chem. SOC. Dalton Trans. 1985 101; (b) N. Matsumoto M. Asakawa and A. Ohyosi J. Chem. SOC. Dalton Trans. 1985 107; (c) R. Atkins G. Brewer E.Kokot G. M. Mockler and E. Sinn Inorg. Chem. 1985 24 127; (d) K. Kasuga T. Nagahara and Y. Yamamoto Polyhedron 1985 4 415. 105 K. Matsumoto S. Ooi K. Nakatsuka W. Mori S. Suzuki A. Nakahara and Y. Nakao; J. Chem. SOC. Dalton Trans. 1985 2095. I06 W. Mazurek A. M. Bond K. S. Murray M. J. O'Connor and A. G. Wedd Znorg. Chem. 1985,24,2484. 107 A. Bencini C. Benelli A. Dei and D. Gatteschi Inorg. Chem. 1985 24 695. lo8 (a) M. A. S. Goher and T. C. W. Mak Inorg. Chim. Act 1985,99 223; (6) M.-L. Boillot Y. Journaux A. Bencini D. Gatteschi and 0. Kahn Znorg. Chem. 1985 24 263; (c) M.-L. Boillot 0. Kahn C. J. O'Connor J. Gouteron S. Jeannin and Y. Jeannin J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1985 178. I 09 P. Chaudhun K. Wieghardt B. Nuber and J. Weiss J. Chem.SOC.,Chem. Commun. 1985 265. I10 (a) L. Schwabe and W. Haase J. Chem. SOC. Dalton Trans. 1985 1909; (b) L. Walz and W. Haase J. Chem. SOC. Dalton Trans. 1985 1243; (c) M. Di Vaira and F. Mani J. Chem. SOC. Dalton Trans. 1985 2327. P. K. Dutta and R. E. Zaykoski Znorg. Chem. 1985 24 3490. 112 J. R. Kirchhoff D. R. McMillin W. R. Robinson D. R. Powell A. T. McKenzie and S. Chen Inorg. Chem. 1985 24 3928. 113 R. E. Gamache Jr. R. A. Radar and D. R. McMillin Inorg. Chem. 1985 24 1141. 114 S. F. Lincoln A. M. Hounslow B. G. Doddridge J. H. Coates A. Merbach and D. Zbinden Inorg. Chim. Acta 1985 100 207. 115 S. Utsuno H. Miyamae S. Horikoshi and I. Endo Inorg. Chem. 1985 24 1348. 330 J. Silver recorded."6 Cu" complexes of aminopyridine 2,2'-bipyrimidine propane-1,3-diamine; and iminobis(acetamidoxime) have been rep~rted."~"-~ Several papers describing Cu" complexes in which the ligands bind to copper through both N and S atoms have appeared.118a-e The bis(2-thiopyridine-N- oxide) derivatives of Cu" and Ni' have been compared."' [NMe4]z[Cu(mnt)2] contains a columnar packing of Cu( mnt)q- ions which are unusually non-planar.I2' Cu" complexes containing dithiocarbamate groups dithiolates and diethyldithiocarba- mate groups have been studied.121u-c Two amorphous Cu" complexes of the dithiooxamide ligand (rubeanic acid) have been prepared122 and the role of the inductive effect in stabilizing Cu"-arsine complexes has been in~estigated.'~~ Macrocyclic Systems Containing Copper( 11).A linear trinuclear macrocyclic Cu" complex has been and the structures of two dinuclear macrocyclic Cu" complexes containing N and 0 bonds to copper rep~rted.'~~",~ A tritopic hexaaza- macrocycle has been shown to bond three Cu" ions so that it may be considered as a cryptate of a cationic cluster [CU~(OH)J~+.'~~ The coordination of Cu" by tetraazamacrocyclic ligands with pendant arms has been st~died,~"l",~ as has the dissociation of [Cu(cy~len)]~+.~~~ Preparations of a number of Cu" complexes of 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclotridecaneand large ring macrocycles have been rep~rted'~'"~ and several studies describe tetraazamacrocyclic Cu" complexes.~30a-c A macrocyc-lic dioxotetraamine has been shown to act as a carrier for the membrane transport of Cu" ions.131 The photochemistry of a tetraene Cu" complex has been pre~ented'~' and the physico-chemical properties of cationic derivatives of phthalocyaninato- 116 A.Bencini D. Gatteschi J. Reedijk and C. Zanchini Inorg. Chem. 1985 24 207. 117 (a) S. Balzamo V. Carunchio R. Galvani and A. Messina Inorg. Chem. Acta 1985 97 13; (6)R. R. Ruminski Znorg. Chim.Acta 1985 103 159; (c) I. M. Vezzosi M. Saladini L. P. Battaglia and A. B. Corradi Inorg. Chim. Acta 1985 100 261; (d) M. Orama H. Saarinen T. Raikas and J. Korvenranta Acta Cfiern. Scand. Ser. A 1983 39 493. 118 (a)A. Sanco J. Borras L. Soto-Tuero C. Esteban-Calderon M. Martinez-Ripoll and S. Garcia-Blanco Polyhedron 1985 4 539; (b) J. Becher H. Toftlund P. H. Olesen and H. Nissen Inorg. Chirn.Acta 1985 103 167; (c) G. Davies N. El-Kady M. A. El-Sayed and A. El-Toakhy Inorg. Cfiim. Acta 1985 104 131; (d) G.-Z. Cai G. Davies A. El-Toukhy T. R. Gilbert and M. Henary Inorg. Chem. 1985 24 1701; (e) H. K. Baek R. L. Cooper and R. A. Holwerda Inorg. Chem. 1985 24 1077. I19 M. C. R. Symons and D. X. West J. Chem. Soc, Dalton Trans. 1985 379. 120 P. Kuppusamy and P. T. Manoharan Inorg. Chem. 1985 24 3053. 121 (a) A. F. Ellis M. J. Hudson and A. A. G. Tornlinson 1.Chem. SOC.,Dalfon Trans. 1985 1655; (b) G. E. Holdcroft and A. E. Underhill J. Chem. SOC.,Dalton Trans. 1985 1731; (c) T. Ohya K. Iwamoto and M. Sato J. Chem. SOC.,Dalton Trans. 1985 987. M. Abboudi A. Mosset and J. Galy Znorg. Chem. 1985 24 2091. 123 S. S. Parmar H.K. Bharaj and M. L. Sehgal Polyhedron 1985 4 959. 124 G. Ferguson C. R. Langrick D. Parker and K. E. Matthes J. Chern. SOC.,Chem. Commun. 1985 1609. 125 (a) J. Lorosch and W. Haase Inorg. Chim.Acta 1985 108 35; (b) F. Abraham J. M. Capon G. Nowogrocki and S. Saeur Polyhedron 1985 4 1761. 126 J. Comarmond B. Dietrich J.-M. Lehn and R. Louis J. Chem. SOC.,Chem. Commun. 1985 74. I27 (a)N. W. Alcock H. A. A. Omar P. Moore and C. Pierpont J. Chern. Soc. Dalton Trans. 1985 219; (b) N. W. Alcock P. Moore and H. A. A. Omar J. Chem. SOC.,Dalton Trans. 1985 1058. 128 R. W. Hay and M. P. hjari Znorg. Chim. Acta 1985 100 L1. 129 (a) R. W. Hay and M. A. Ali Inorg. Chirn. Acta 1985 103 23; (b) R. W. Hay and M. P. Pujari Inorg. Chim. Acta 1985 99 75.I30 (a) R. M. Clay S. Corr M. M. Chelori and P. Paoletti Inorg. Chem. 1985 24 3330; (b) M. Di Casa L. Fabbrizzi A. Perotti A. Poggi and P. Tundo Inorg. Chem. 1985 24 1610; (c) M. Kwiatkowskii and E. Kwiatkowski J. Cfiem. SOC.,Dalton Trans. 1985 803. 13' E. Kimura C. A. Dalimunte A. Yamashita and R. Machida J. Chem. SOC.,Dalfon Trans. 1985 1041. 132 G. Ferraudi P. Barrera J. Granifo J. H. Ham IV and D. P. Rillema. Inorg. Chem.. 1985 24 281. Cu Ag Au; Zn Cd Hg 331 copper(11) have been examined.133 Studies on substituted tetraphenylporphinato- copper( 11) complexes have been carried OU~.'~~',~ Novel polymer ligands contain- ing tetraazamacrocyclic Schiff bases as highly selective extractant for Cu" have been prepa~-ed.'~~'.~ The synthesis structure and electrochemistry of a large octaaza- cyclotetracosanedicopper( 11) complex has been di~cussed.'~~ The structures of bis( l-thia-4,7-diazacyclononane)copper( 11) and bis( 1,7-dithia-4-thiaheptane)-copper(11) nitrates have been Copper(111).Kinetic evidence supports the formation of a copper(II1) species when the aquocopper(1) ion reacts with H202 in aqueous solution.'38 A series of Cu'" complexes [Cu(SB)]ClO, where SB is a dibasic tetradentate Schiff's base have been synthesi~ed.'~~ Cu"'-imine-oxime complexes have been used as oxidizing agents.140 In the structure of [(Ph,P),N][Cu(Dto),] (where Dto = dithiooxalate) the Cu"'-S bond lengths are 2.164( 1) and 2.178( 1) A.141 Mixed-ualence Complexes. The electrical and magnetic properties of K3Cu8S6 demon- strate that this mixed-valence compound is metallic at high temperature^.'^^ The structure of the polymeric penta-p-chloro-tris-p-tetrahydrothiophenetetra-copper(I 11) has been s01ved.l~~ Structural changes accompanying electron transfer in Cu"/Cu' complexes involving related open-chain and cyclic tetrathiaether ligands have been discussed.It is speculated that the 0.2-0.3 V difference in the CU"L/CU'L potentials is largely attributable to the presumed difference in the number of S atoms coordinated to CU'.'~ Cu"/ Cu"' couples are identified in dinuclear copper( 11) comp~exes.'~~ Copper Compounds of Biological Interest. Cu" complexes of a number of amino-acids have been rep~rted.'~~'-~ The CU" complexes of 2-(trifluoromethyl)-~-histidine have been investigated in aqueous solution.'47 In [Cu(TsGlyH),(bpy)],.H,O the Cu 133 A.Skorobogaty T. D. Smith G. Dougherty and J. R. Pilbrow J. Chem. SOC. Dalton Trans. 1985 651. 134 (a) L. Latos-Grazynski and A. Jezierski Inorg. Chim. Acta 1985 106 13; (b)W. V. Sweeney D. Kuila and D. V. Lavallee Znorg. Chim. Acta 1985 99,L9. 135 (a) N. Kubota M. Fujiwara T. Matsushita and T. Shono Polyhedron 1985,4 1051; (b) M. Fujiwara Y. Nakajima T. Matsushita and T. Shono Polyhedron 1985 4 1589. I36 A. Bianchi S. Mangani M. Micheloni V. Nanini P. Orioli P. Paoletti and B. Seghi Inorg. Chem. 1985 24 1182. I37 J. C. A. Boeyens S. M. Dobson and R. D. Hancock Inorg. Chem. 1985 24 3073. 138 G. R. A. Johnson N.9. Nazhat and R. A. Saadalla-Nazhat J. Chem. SOC.,Chem. Commun. 1985,407. 139 S. M. Abu-El-Wafa R. M. Issa and C. A. McAuliffe Inorg. Chim. Acta 1985 103. 140 N. I. Al-Shatti M. A. Hussein and Y. Sulfab Inorg. Chim. Acta 1985 129. 141 M. G. Kanatzidas N. C. Baenziger and D. Coucouvanis Inorg. Chem. 1985 24 2680. 142 (the late) D. 9. Brown E. Kwiatkowski and Z. Peplinski J. Chem. SOC. Dalton Trans. 1985 2319. 143 E. W. Ainscough A. M. Brodie J. M. Husbands G. J. Gainsford E. J. Gabe and N. F. Curtis J. Chem. SOC.,Dalton Trans. 1985 151. 144 L. L. Diaddario Jr. E. R. Dockal M. D. Click L. A. Ochrymowycz and D. 9. Rorabacher Inorg. Chem. 1985 24 356. 145 P. S. Zacharias and A. Ramachandraiah Polyhedron 1985 4 1013. 146 (a) I.L. Ulanovski A. A. Kurganov and V. A. Davankov Znorg. Chim. Acta 1985 104 63; (b) M. T. L. S. Duarte M.A. A. F. de C. T. Carrondo M. L. S. Goncalves M. 9. Hursthouse N. P. C. Walker and H. M. Dawes Inorg. Chim. Acta 1985 108 11; (c) S.-B. Teo and S.-G. Teoh Znorg. Chim. Acta 1985 107 35; (d) S.-9. Teo S.-G. Teoh and M. R. Snow Inorg. Chim. Acta 1985 107 211; (e) G. Thomas and P. S. Zacharias Polyhedron 1985 4 299; (f)B. Henry J.-C. Boubel and J.-J. Delpuech Polyhedron 1985,4 1069; (g) G. B. Gavioli G. Grandi L. M. Menabue G. C. Pellacani and M. Sola J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans. 1985 2363. 147 L. Casella and M. Gullotti Inorg. Chem. 1985 24. 84. 332 J. Silver atom is in a distorted square pyramidal c~ordination.'~' E.s.r. parameters for some Cu"-bis( amino-acid) complexes have been pre~ented.'~~ The Cu" complex formation equilibria of D-ghcosamine were studied in aqueous solution.'50 Complexes of Cu" with di- tri- and oligo-peptides have been di~cu~~ed,'~'~-~ as has the binding of Cu" and Zn" to oxidized gl~tathione.'~' Tetrahedral 1 :1 adducts of guanine with Cu" and Zn" have been prepared.'53 The structures of guanosine 5'-monophosphate and inosine 5'-monophosphate complexes of Cu" have been ~olved'~~~,~ and the Cu" complexes of 9-substituted purines prepared.15' An interesting study showed that adenine N' -oxide is de- graded at a higher pH than expected when Cu" ions are present.'56 The magnetic properties of bis-adenoxine 5'-triphosphato)(2,2'-bipyridine)Cu1']tetrahydrate have been studied.'57 The inhibitory activity of Cu" complexes on the Ca,Mg-dependent ATP-ase substrate has been rep~rted.'~' The synthesis has been reported for a series of Cu" a~pirinates'~~ and the complexation of cefazolin with Cu" ions has beeen investi- gated.'60 Cu" complexes of anti-inflammatory drugs have been isolated'61"*b and antitumour Cu" drugs studied.'62",b Cu" binding by substituted 1,3,5-triazine herbi- cides has been estab1i~hed.I~~ E.p.r.studies on the Cu" complex formation with creatinine suggest that a four-membered chelate is formed.'64 The binding of Cu and Zn to enalaprilat has also been re~0rted.I~~ Reports on dinuclear copper complexes as models for multicopper enzymes have and model complexes for haemocyanin and methaemocyanin have been Intereaction of Cu" and Zn" with humic-like models (2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid) have been reported.I6' 148 L.Antolini L. Menabue and M. Saladini Inorg. Chim. Acta 1985,24 1219. 149 B. A. Goodman and D. B. McPhail J. Chem. SOC.,Dalton Trans. 1985 1717. 150 G. Micera S. Deina A. Dessi P. Decock B. Dubois and H. Kozlowski Inorg. Chim.Acta 1985 107 45. 151 (a) A. Desideri L.Sportelli R. Bartucci and S. Morante Inorg. Chim.Acta 1985 106 85; (b) M. J. A. Rainer and B. M. Rode Inorg. Chim. Acta 1985,107,127;(c) H. Sapper H.-H. Paul K. Beinhauer and W. Lohmann Inorg. Chim. Acta 1985 106 25. 152 W. S. Postal E. J. Vogel C. M. Young and F. T. Greenaway J. Inorg. Biochem. 1985,25 25. 153 C. M. Mikuski L. Mattuci L.Weiss and N.M.Karayannis Inorg. Chim. Acta 1985 107 81. 154 (a) S. Mangani and P. Orioli J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1985 780; (b) M. D. Poojary and H. Manohar Inorg. Chem. 1985,24 1065. 155 J. Arpalahti and E. Oltiola Inorg. Chim.Acta 1985 107 105. 156 E. Sletten T.Martinsen and J. Sletten Inorg. Chim. Acta 1985 106 1. 157 C. Benelli D.Gatteschi and R. L. Carlin Inorg. Chem. 1985,24 3081. 158 L. V. Tatjanenko Yu.Sh. Moshkovsky I. A. Zakarova G. Ponticelli M. Massacesi and G. Devoto Polyhedron 1985,4,159. 159 J. L. Meier C. E. Coughenour J. A. Carlisle and G. 0.Carlisle Inorg. Chim. Acta 1985,106,159. 160 B. Ogorevc V. Hudnik S. Gomiscek M. R. Smyth and J. G. Vos Inorg. Chim. Acta 1985 108 L3. 161 (a) D. 0.Harrison R. Thomas A.E. Underhill J. K. Fletcher P. S. Gomm and F. Hallway Polyhedron 1985,4,681;(b) J. Garcia M. Molla and J. Borras Polyhedron 1985,4,757. 162 (a) P.Lumme and H. D. Elo Inorg. Chim. Acta 1985 107 L15; (b) D.L. Banville W. D. Wilson and L. G. Marzilli Inorg. Chem. 1985,24,2479. 163 P. Decock B. Dubois J. Lerivrey G. Gessa J. Urbanska and H. Kozlowski Inorg. Chim. Acta 1985 107,63. 164 M. Mitewa P. R. Bontchev and K. Kabassanov Polyhedron 1985,4,1159. 165 M. A. Hughes G. L. Smith and D. R. Williams Inorg. Chim.Acta 1985 107 L11. 166 (a) J. M. Latour D. Limosin and S. S. Tandon Inorg. Chim.Acta 1985 107 L1; (b) H. P. Berends and D. W. Stephan Inorg. Chim.Acta 1985,99 L53; (c) M. Rosi A. Sgamellotti F. Tarantelli I. Bertini and C.Luchinat Inorg. Chim. Acta 1985 107 L21. 167 (a)J. Lorosch H. Paulus and W. Haase Inorg. Chim. Acta 1985 106 101; (6) V.McKee M. Zvagulis and C. A. Reed Inorg. Chem. 1985,24 2914. 168 G. Micera L. S. Erne F. Cariati G. Ciani and A. Sironi Inorg. Chim.Acra 1985 108 L1. Cu Ag Au; Zn Cd Hg 333 Many enzymes containing copper have been studied these include superoxide di~mutase,'~~~-~ and ascorbate 0xida~e.l~' plast~cyanin,'~~"'~ The Cu" catalysed hydrolysis of thiaminepyrophosphate has been in~estigated,'~~ as have some of the properties of biologically significant phosphorylated compounds as ligands of cop-per.'73 Polymerization was found when lysozyme is treated with Cu" and H202.174 Silver.-A useful review of silver chemistry has appeared re~ent1y.l~~ Silver Heterometallic Clusters.[a2( q-C5H5)2( p-CO)( p-Ph2PCH2PPh2)( p-AgOPF20)] contains a triangular Rh-Ag cluster,'76 and a planar hexametallic cluster containing a triangle of Ag atoms within a triangle of Rh atoms has been rep~rted.'~~ A wide variety of mixed-metal cluster compounds containing Cu and/or Ag atoms ligated by mono-or bi-dentate phosphine have been prepared.17' [Ag2{p-(R)(S)-1,2-(thi0phene-2-CH=N)~cyclohexane}~](O~SCF~)~ been has shown to contain an Ag'-Ag' separation of 2.909( 1) [Li6Br4(Et20)1ol2' [Ag3Li2Ph6] contains a trigonal-bipyramidal Ag3Li2 cluster (10) with the Li atoms in the axial positions.'*' Silver (I). The structures of adducts of Ag' bromide with monomethyl-substituted pyridine bases have been compared."' Heterobimetallic molecules containing platinum dicyanides terminal or bridging Ph2PCH2PPh2 and AgI Au and HgC12 have been prepared.182 The first stability constant measurements in liquid ammonia solutions for complexation of Ag+ by CN- and SCN- have been rep~rted."~ Chemical and structural aspects of Ag-triphenylarsine complexes and silver-tin complex salts have been pre~ented.''~ Macrocyclic Systems containing Silver Ions. The structure of [Ag( RS)-1,2-(5-R-thio-2- CH=N)2-c-Hx)2](03SCF3)(R = Me thio = thiophene c-Hx = cyclohexane) has been refined; the structure of the cation is shown (ll).185 Ag" and Pd" metalloporphyrins are found to be homogeneous catalysts for the electrochemical reduction of C02 in CHC1 A self-exchange rate constant for 169 (a) A.Bencini D. Gatteschi C. Zanchini J. G. Haasnoot R. Prins and J. Reedijk Inorg. Chem. 1985 24 2812; (b) I. Bertini C. Luchinat and R. Monnanni J. Am. Chem. SOC.,1985 107 2178; (c) U. Deuschle and U. Weser Inorg. Chim. Acta 1985 107 275; (d) A. Gartner M. Schroth-Pollmann and U. Weser Inorg. Chim. Acta 1985 107 117. I70 (a) F. A. Armstrong P. A. Cox H. A. 0. Hill B. N. Oliver and A. A. Williams J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1985 1236; (b) B. S. Brunschwig P. J. Delaive A. M. English M. Goldberg H. B. Gray S. L. Mayo and N. Sutin Inorg. Chem. 1985 24 3743. 171 L. Casella M. Gullotti and A. Marchesini Inorg. Chim. Acta 1985 107 19. 172 B. T. Khan and P. N. Rao Znorg. Chim. Acta 1985 106 97. 173 S. Amani L. J. Theriot and L.S. Daley Inorg. Chim. Acta 1985 100 L23. 174 J. 0. Kang P. C. Chan and L. Kesner Inorg. Chim. Acta 1985 107 253. 175 W. E. Smith Coord. Chem. Rev. 1985,67 297. 176 G. Bruno S. Lo Schiavo P. Piraino and F. Faraone Organometallics 1985 4 1098. 177 F. Bachechi J. Ott and L. M. Venanzi J. Am. Chem. SOC.,1985 107 1760. 178 S. S. D. Brown I. D. Slater and B. M. Smith J. Chem. SOC.,Chem. Commun. 1985 1439. 179 G. C. Van Stein G. Van Koten F. Blank L. C. Taylor K. Vrieze A. L. Spek A. J. M. Duisenberg A. M. M. Schreurs B. Kojic-Prodic and C. Brevard Inorg. Chim. Acta 1985 98 107. 180 M. Y. Chiang E. Bohlen and R. Bau J. Am. Chem. SOC.,1985 107 1679. 181 P. C. Healy N. K. Mills and A. H. White J. Chem. SOC.,Dalton Trans. 1985 111. 182 F.S. M. Hassan D. P. Markham P. G. Pringle and B. L. Shaw J. Chem. SOC.,Dalton Trans. 1985,279. 183 Y. M. Cheek P. Gans and J. B. Gill J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans. 1985 628. 184 M. Nardelli C. Pelizzi G. Pelizzi and P. Tarasconi J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans. 1985 321. I85 G. C. van Stein G. van Koten K. Vrieze A. L. Spek E. A. mop and C. Brevard Inorg. Chem. 1985 24 1367. 186 J. Y. Becker B. Vainas R. Eger and L. Kaufman J. Chem. SOC.,Chem. Commun. 1985 1471. 334 J. Silver Ag"/Ag"'-tetra(4-sulphonatophenyl)porphyrins has been mea~ured'~' and the monomer-dimer reaction of tetrakis [{p-(trimethy1ammonio)phenyl)por-phinato]Ag"' in aqueous medium has been studied.18' Silver( 111). The kinetics of Ag"' reduction by the octacyano-complexes of MotV and WiV have been rep~rted"~ and the reaction of the tetrahydroxoargentate( 111) ion with thiosulphate investigated.'" Complexes of Ag"' with the oxoanions (phos- 187 R.Langley P. Hambright and R. F. X. Williams Znorg. Chim. Ac~Q, 1985,104,L25. 188 M.Krishnamurthy and J. R. Sutter Inorg. Chem. 1985,24,1943. 189 E.T. Borish L. J. Kirschenbaum and E. Mentasti J. Chem. SOC.,Dalton Trans. 1985 1789. 190 J. D.Rush and L. J. Kirschenbaum Inorg. Chem. 1985,24 744. Cu Ag Au; Zn Cd Hg phate carbonate borate pyrophosphate and arsenate) have been reported in aqueous solution.lg1 Gold.-A useful review of gold chemistry has appeared.lg2 Evidence for the gold anion in ethylenediamine has been reported.'93 Gold Heterometallzc Complexes.A number of papers concerning gold atoms in heterometallic clusters including structural have been reported (Table)-the structure of the anion [Au3Cu2(C2Ph)J is shown (12).203 Substitution of Au(PPh3) for hydrogen in [RU~H~(CO)~~] has been shown to activate the cluster.204 Gold Clusters. The structures of several gold clusters have been including those shown in (13)205 (14).206Studies of gold cluster compounds using high resolution 31P solid-state n.m.r. spectroscopy209 have also been reported. 191 J. D. Rush and L. J. Kirschenbaum Polyhedron 1985,4 1573. 192 W. E. Smith Coord. Chem. Rev. 1985 67 311. 193 R. Jagannathan D. W. Wallace and J. J. Lagowski Inorg. Chem. 1985 24 113. 194 M. I. Bruce E. Horn 0. B. Shawkataly and M.R. Snow J. Organomet. Chem. 1985 280 289. 195 M. I. Bruce 0. B. Shawkataly and B. K. Nicholson J. Organomet. Chem. 1985 286 427. 196 K. Henrick B. F. G. Johnson J. Lewis J. Mace M. McPartlin and J. Moms J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1985 1617. 197 M. I. Bruce E. Horn J. G. Matisons and M. R. Snow J. Organomet. Chem. 1985 286 271. 198 C. M. Hay B. F. G. Johnson J. Lewis R. C. S. McQueen P. R. Raithby R. M. Sorrel] and M. J. Taylor Organometallics 1985 4 202. 199 C. F. Barrientos-Penna F. W. B. Einstein T. Jones and D. Sutton Inorg. Chem. 1985 24 632. 200 A. L. Casalnuovo T. Laska P. V. Nilsson J. Olofson and L. H. Pignolet Znorg. Chem. 1985 24 233. 20 1 A. L. Casalnuovo T. Laska P. V. Nilsson J. Olofson L. H. Pignolet W. Bos J.J. Bour and J. J. Steggerda Znorg. Chem. 1985 24 182. 202 A. L. Casalnuovo J. A. Casalnuovo P. V. Nilsson and L. H. Pignolet Znorg. Chem. 1985 24 2554. '03 0. M. Abu-Salah A.-R. A. Al-Ohaly and C. B. Knobler J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1985 1502. 204 J. Evans and G. Jingxing J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1985 39. 205 H. H. Murray 111 J. P. Fackler Jr. and D. A. Tocher J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1985 1278. 206 B. Chiari 0. Piovesana T. Tarantelli and P. F. Zanazzi Inorg. Chem. 1985 24 366. 207 H. H. Murray J. P. Fackler Jr. and B. Trzcinska-Bancroft Organometallics 1985 4 1633. 208 H. H. Murray A. M. Mazany and J. P. Fackler Jr. Organometallics 1985 4 154. 209 N. J. Clayden C. M. Dobson K. P. Hall D. M. P. Mingos and D. J. Smith J. Chem.Soc. Dalton Trans. 1985 1811. 336 J. Silver Table Gold-containing cluster complexes Complex Structure of Cluster R ej [Ru,Au~( p-C=CHBu')( CO),( PPh,),] Asymmetric trigonal-194 bipyramidal Ru3Au2 core Trigonal-bipyramidal Ru3Au 195 core Butterfly AuRu core 195 Butterfly AuRu core 195 Both isomer cluster occur in the 196 same crystal both have a square- pyramidal Ru arrangement but distinctly different bonding of the AuPEt group Both clusters similar differ in 197 orientation of PPh group. The Os3Au core is a butterfly Open bicapped Os,Au butterfly 198 Diedge-bridged tetrahedral 198 Os4Au2 framework Re-Au bond = 2.615(1) 8 199 Ir-Au bond = 2.625( 1) A 200 Equilateral AuJr triangle 201 IrAu core (distorted trigonal- 202 bip yramidal) Au3CuZ core 203 Au-Au bond = 2.653( 1) A 205 Au cluster Au atoms at the ver- 206 tices of a rhombus Au-Au bond = 2.681(1)8 207 Au-Au bond = 2.684(4) 8 207 Au-Au bond = 2.637(2)A 208 Gold(I).[Au2(Ph2PCH2CH2PPh2)C12](15) contains Au atoms in linear coordina- tion with pairs of molecules being held together by weak intermolecular Au...Au interactions of 3.189 A.21oDinuclear and polymeric Au' complexes have been subjected to qualitative molecular orbital studies.211 The synthesis and properties of aurated derivatives of dicyclopropyl ketone have been reported.212 [{Au( PPh,)},{p-C( PPh,)COEt)]ClO contains a short Au- ..Au contact of 2.892(2) A.213 Gold (zzz). [Au( NH3),Br2]Br contains a planar trans-complex Tri-chloro[ (dimethylamino)ethoxycarbene]gold(111) and its triiodo-derivative and two other gold( 111) carbenes have been prepared.215 Square planar coordinated gold (16) is found in tetrabutylammonium tetraphenylaurate( III).~'~ In [Me2AuSC2H5I2 210 P.A. Bates and J. M. Waters Znorg. Chirn. Acta 1985 98 125. 211 Y. Jiang S. Alvarez and R. Hoffman Inorg. Chern. 1985 24 749. 212 E. G. Perevalova I. G. Bolesev Yu. T. Struchkov I. F. Leschova Ye. S. Kalyuzhaya T. I. Voyevodskaya Yu. L. Slovokhotov and K. I. Grandberg J. Organornet. Chern. 1985 286 129. 213 J. Vicente M. T. Chicote J. A. Cayuelas J. F. Baeza P. G. Jones G. M. Sheldrick and P. Espinet J. Chern. Soc. Dalton Trans, 1985 1163. 214 K. Kaas and L. H. Skibsted Acta Chern. Scand.Ser. A 1985 39,1. 215 E. 0. Fischer and M. Bock J. Organornet. Chern. 1985 287 279. 216 A. J. Markwell J. Organornet. Chern. 1985 293 257. Cu,Ag Au; Zn Cd Hg 33 8 J. Silver the Au.-.Au distance is 3.457(3) 8 suggesting little evidence for an Au-Au bond.217 Steric and electronic effects on the tertiary phosphine ligand on the dissociative reductive elimination from cis-aryldimethyl(triarylphosphine)gold(111) have been reported.21s (p-CH,)[Au(CH2),PPh,l,(CN) is formally a Au"' 'complex with an Au.-.Au distance of 3.167(3) In the structure of truns,truns-[Ph2P(CH,),AuBr2] no evidence for a metal-metal has been found.219 Various Au"' derivatives of pyrazoles have been characterized.,,' The coordination chemistry of dimethylgold(111) has been studied with pyridyl and N-methylimidazoyl ketones and polydentate ligands.221".b Miissbuuer Spectroscopy.Parameters have been reported for [Au( C6F5)X( L- L)]C104 and [Au(C6F5)(PPh3)(L-L)](CIo,) complexes (where L-L = phen o-pheny lene-bis( dimethylarsine); X = C1 Br).222 Mixed-valence Chemistry. The synthesis of trinuclear Au' and Au"' complexes containing the tridentate bis(dipheny1phosphine)methanide ligand has been described223 and the isomerization of a symmetrical Au"-Au" bonded ylide dimer to a mixed-valence Au"'/Au' species has been reported.224 Gold Compounds ofBiologicul Interest. Au"' and Rh"' chloride adducts with adenine have been Tertiary phosphine complexes of Au' and Au"' with imide ligands have been prepared226 and the (imido) Au' triethylphosphine complexes have all been found to be orally active anti-inflammatory agents.The (imido)Au"' phos- phines were not tested as anti-inflammatory because of their high chemical reac- tivity.226 Gold-binding sites in the plasma of patients with rheumatoid arthritis undergoing treatment with myocrisin have been studied.227 2 Zinc Cadmium and Mercury As large a covering of the 1985 papers dealing with Zn Cd and Hg as possible is attempted here but papers covering more than one element in the group are cited in the first occasion only viz. a paper covering Zn Cd and Hg is cited only in the zinc section. Zinc.-The compounds LiZn2N0308 Zn3M0305 and ScZnMo,O all have been shown to contain reduced cluster Mo3OI3units.228 The syntheses of MSn(OH) and 217 H.W. Chen C. Paparizos and J. P. Fackler Jr. Inorg. Chim. Acta 1985,96 137. 218 S. Komiya and A. Shibue Organometallics 1985,4 684. 219 D. S. Dudis and J. P. Fackler Jr. Znorg. Chern. 1985,24 3758. 220 A. L.Bandini G.Banditelli F. Bonati G. Minghetti and M. T. Pinillos Inorg. Chim. Acta 1985,99,165. 22 1 (a) P. K. Byers A. J. Canty L. M. Engelhardt J. M. Patrick and A. H. White J. Chem. SOC.,Dalton Trans. 1985 981; (b) P. K.Byers A. J. Canty N. J. Minchin J. M. Patrick B. W. Skelton and A. H. White J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans. 1985 1183. 222 R. Uson A. Laguna M. U. De La Orden R. V. Parish and L. S. Moore J. Organomet. Chem. 1985,145. 223 R. Uson A. Laguna M. Laguna B. R. Manzano P. G. Jones and G. M. Sheldrick J.Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans. 1985 2417. 224 J. P. Fackler Jr. and B. Trzcinska-Bancroft Organometallics 1985,4 1891. 225 C.M. Mikulski D. Braccia D. Delacato J. Fleming D. Flemming and N. M. Karayannis Inorg. Chim. Acta 1985,106 L13. 226 S. J. Price M. J. DiMartino D. T. Hill R. Kuroda M. A. Mazid and P. J. Sadler Lnorg. Chem. 1985 24 3425. 227 W.E. Smith D. H. Brown and H. A. Cappell Inorg. Chim. Acta 1985,106 L23. 228 C. C. Toradi and R. E. McCarley Inorg. Chem. 1985,24 476. Cu Ag Au; Zn Cd Hg MSnO (M = Zn Cd) have been described229 and Zn3Rb2(P207) shown to contain a 3D network of ZnO and PO4 tetrahedra.230 A number of known zinc thiocyanate complexes have been prepared by direct electrochemical synthesis.231 Zinc( 11) carbonate complexes have been studied in acid solution.232 A general method for the synthesis of the p~lysulphido[M(S,),]~- complexes (M = Zn x = 4-6; M = Cd x = 5) has been described.z33 The stability constants of zinc halide complexes in DMSO-water and DMF-water mixtures have been determined.234 V[Zn(Cl),(THF)(PPh,)],.2CH,C16 is a d lo-d3-d" trinuclear bimetallic linear complex of zinc and vanadium (Zn-V = 3.289(1) while ([Zn(H,O),]-[Zn2{P(CH2CH2C02)3}2]~7H20),, consists of [Zn{P(CH2CH2C02)3}]- anions con- taining tetrahedrally coordinated zinc atoms.236 Thermochemical data for adducts of Zn Cd and Hg halides with hexamethylphosphoramide have been reported.237 [V(NCMe),ZnCI,] contains [V(NCMe),] species with a formal charge of 2+ and a tetrachlorozincate moiety.,,* (THF),V( p-C1),ZnC12 also contains Zn atoms in virtually tetrahedral geometry.239 The syntheses of [Zn(ML,),] (M = K Rb or NH4) (L = an open chain polyether) complexes were described and the structure of the NH4 complex reported.240 [(C1,(MeOCH2CH,OMe)Ta(p-CCMe3)},Zn( p-Cl),] reacts with acetylates to form products in which two acetylene molecules and one alkylidyne moiety have formed a cyclopentadienyl ligand.241 The generation of ZnS from zinc dithiolenes has been described.242 The crystal structure of the salts of [M4(SPh)lo]2- anions (M = Zn Cd) have been The anion consists of a tetrahedron of metal atoms bridged by SPh groups (17).243 229 M.Inagaki T. Kurosichi Y. Yamashita and M. Urata Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 1985 527 193. 230 M.T. Averbuch-Pouchot 2. Kristallogr. 1985 171 113. 231 C. Oldham M. J. Taylor and D. G. Tuck Znorg. Chim. Acta 1985 100 L9. 232 D. Ferri I. Grenthe S. Hietanen E. Neher-Neumann and F. Salvatore Acta Chem. Scand. Ser. A 1985 39,347. 233 D. Coucouvanis P. R. Patil M. G. Kanatzidis B. Detering and N. C. Baenziger Inorg. Chem. 1985 24 24. 234 F. Gaizer H. B. Silber and J. Lazar Polyhedron 1985 4 1467. 235 F. A. Cotton S. A. Duraj W. J. Roth and C. D. Schmulbach horg. Chem. 1985 24 525. 236 J. Podlahova B. Kratochvil J. Podlaha and J. Haset J. Chem. SOC. Dalton Trans. 1985 2393. 237 J. C. de Querioz C. Airoldi and A. P. Chagas J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans. 1985 1103. 238 P. Chandrasekhar and P. H. Bird Znorg. Chim. Acta 1985 97,L31. 239 P.D. Smith J. L. Martin J. C. Huffman R. L. Bansemer and K. G. Caulton Znorg. Chem. 1985,24,2997. 240 D. L. Hughes and J. N. Wingfield J. Chem. SOC. Dalton Trans. 1985 459. 241 H. van der Heyden A. W. Gal P. Pasman and A. G. Orpen Organometallics 1985 4 1847. 242 N. Zeug J. Bucheler and H. Kisch J. Am. Chem. SOC. 1985 107 1459. 243 J. L. Hencher M. A. Khan F. F. Said and D. G. Tuck Polyhedron 1985 4 1263. 340 J. Silver The structure of sulphato-bis(thiosemicarbazide)zinc(11) has been described244 and [Zn,( p-SEt),( SEt),12- anions shown to be edge-shared tetrahedra.245 The Zn-S bond enthalpy has been determined in bis(diethyldithiocarbamato)zinc(11)~~~ and the electrochemical oxidation of zinc bis( 0,O-dialkylphosphorodithioates-S,S’) reported.247 The trinuclear complex [Zn3(MeCH=CHC02)6(C9H7N)z]contains a linear array of Zn atoms bridged by crotonate ligand~.’~* The structures of three monomethyl carbonato Zn” complexes have been reported,249u and a number of (monoalkyl carbonato)(tetraazacycloalkane)zinc(II) complexes have been characterized.249b Molecular orbital calculations on the model complex H,ZnC2H4 have been reported;250 Et,Zn contains infinite chains of zinc atoms with bridging cyclo- pentadienyl groups.It appears that both cr-and wtype interactions contribute to the cyclopentadienyl-zinc bonds.251 In [p-Ni(C5H5)PPh3][p-C5H5][ZnC5H5]2 (18) the Zn atoms are bridged by both the Ni atom and a C5H5 ring.252 The molecular structure of (Me5Cs),Zn (19) has been determined using electron diff ra~tion.’~~ The reaction of (C,Me5),Zn with bis(cyc1oocta-1 ,Sdiene)nickel gives (C5Me5Ni)2C16H24 via a novel zinc-induced ligand coupling.254 Pentadienylmetal compounds including (C5H7),Zn have been reviewed.255 C-C bond formation in reactions between tolylmethylidyne(dicarbonyl)(cyclopentadienyl)tungsten and di- organozinc reagents have been presented.256 2M S.Larsen and F. S. Nielsen Acta Chem. Scand. Ser. A 1985 39 441. 245 A. D. Watson C. H. Pulla Rao J. R. Dorfman and R. H. Holm Znorg. Chem. 1985 24 2820. 246 C. Airoldi J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans. 1985 369. 247 R. L. Blankespoor Inorg. Chem. 1985 24 1126. 248 W. Clegg I. R. Little and B. P. Straughan J. Chem. SOC.,Chem. Commun. 1985 73. 249 (a) M.Kato and T. Ito Inorg. Chem. 1985 24 509; (b) ibid 1985 24 504. 250 0. Gropen A. Haarland and D. Defrees Acta Chem. Scand. Ser. A 1985 39 367. 251 P. H. M. Budzelaar J. Boersma G. J. M. van der Kerk A. L. Spek and A. J. M. Duisenberg J. Organomet. Chem. 1985 281 123. 252 P. H. M. Budzelaar J. Boersma G. J. M. van der Kerk A. L. Spek and A. J. M. Duisenberg J. Organomet. Chem. 1985 287 C13. 253 R. Bloom A. Haaland and J. Weidlein J. Chem. SOC.,Chem. Commun. 1985 266. 254 B. Fischer J. Boersma B. Kojic-Prodic and A L. Spek,J. Chern Soc. Chem. Commun. 1985 1237. 255 H. Yasuda and A. Nakamura J. Organomet. Chern 1985 285 15. 256 J. C. Jeffery A. L. Ratermann and F. G. A. Stone J. Organomet. Chem. 1985 289 367. Cu Ag Au; Zn Cd Hg 341 Radical formation in the exchange interactions of some Zn Cd and Hg com- pounds has been investigated.257 Treatment of silyl-protected terminal alkynes con- taining an allylic alcohol moiety with Me,Al Bu',AlH ZnCl, and a catalytic amount of Pd(PPh,), induces cyclization in cases where the reaction can lead to the formation of five-membered rings via a-or y-The regioselectivities of vinylstannanes obtained from the reaction of terminal acetylenes with (Bu;Sn)2Zn in the presence of transition metal catalysts has been described,259 as have those of organozinc compounds derived from y-bromocrotonic and y-bromosenecioic trimethylsilyl esters.260 Substituted bis-( N-isopropylsalicylaldiminate)complexes of Zn" have been studied using 'H n.m.r.spectroscopy261 and a 13C n.m.r.study of the complexes formed between Zn" and trimethylentetraamine have been reported.262 Bis[ p-(tetracarbonylcobalt)zincio]( p-carbonyl)hexacarbonyldicobaltconsists of two trigonal Co(CO) units in an eclipsed configuration and bridged by one carbonyl ligand and two ZnCo(CO) Spectroscopic evidence for a new surface carbonyl species on a Cu/ZnO catalyst has been Mucrocylic Zinc Compounds. In the structure of ZII(TPP)(THF)~ the Zn atom is precisely in the mean porphyrin plane of the centrosymmetric Electrochemical redox properties and spectral features of supermolecular porphyrins including Zn(TCP) have been reported.266 The structure of chloro(phtha1ocyaninato)-zinc shows both an exceptionally large outward axial shift of the zinc and a rigorous planarity of the Pc ring.267 Zinc Compounds of Biological Interest.The synthesis of the biologically active complexes of 4-acetyl-2-( acety1amino)-5-dimethyl-A2-1,3,4-thiadiazole with Zn" Hg" Cd" and Cu" has been described.268 Captopril forms complexes with Zn" and Cd".269 The interactions between N-tosylamino-acids and Zn" ions in aqueous solutions and in the solid state have been in~estigated~~' and formation constants for the N-(2-mercaptopropionyl)glycine,Zn and Cd complexes have been report- ed.271 Mixed ligand complexes of zinc( 11) with glycine and uracil or 2-thiouracil have been prepared.272 257 Yu. A. Alexandrov S. A. Lebedev and N. V. Kuznetsova J. Organomet. Chem. 1985 292 39. 258 S. Chatterjee and E.-I. Negishi J.Organomet. Chem. 1985 285 C1. 259 S. Matsubara J.-I. Hibino Y. Morizawa K. Oshima and H. Nozaki J. Organomet. Chem 1985 285 163. 260 M. Bellassoned M. Gaudemar A. El Borgi and B. Baccar J. Organomet. Chem. 1985 280 165. 26 1 F. A. Bottino and P. Finocchiaro Polyhedron 1985 4 1507. 262 S. P. Dagnell D. N. Hague M. E. McAdam and A. D. Moreton J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans. 1985,2381. 263 J. M. Burlitch S. E. Hayes and J. T. Lemley Organornetallics 1985 4 167 264 G. Ghiotti F. Boccuzzi and A. Chiorino J. Chem. SOC.,Dalton Trans. 1985 1012. 265 C. K. Schauer 0. P. Anderson S. S. Eaton and G. R. Eaton Znorg. Chem. 1985 24,4082. 266 G. B. Maiya and V. Krishnan Znorg. Chem. 1985 24 3253. 267 M. Mossoyan-Deneux D. Benlian M. Pierrot A.Fournel and J. P. Sorbier Znorg. Chem 1985,24,1878. 268 K. N. Thimmaiah G. T. Chandrappa W. D. Lloyd and C. Parkanyi Inorg. Chim. Acta 1985 107 1. 269 M. A. Hughes G. L. Smith and D. R. Williams Znorg. Chim.Acta 1985 107 247. 270 L. P. Battaglia A. B. Corradi L. Menabue M. Saladini M. Sola and G. B. Gavioli Znorg. Chim. Acta 1985 107 73. 27 1 M. Filella and D. R. Williams Znorg. Chim. Acta 1985 107 49. 272 M. Gupta and M. N. Srivastava Polyhedron 1985 4 475. 342 J. Silver Zinc-containing haemoglobin hybrids have been as has the binding of zinc by the tripeptide glycyl-~-histidyl-~-lysine.~~~ The interactions of calmodulin with Zn2+ and an antagonist have been followed using 67Znn.m.r.275 Zinc adsorption in anorexia nervosa has been studied.276 The mechanism of action of zinc therapy may not be solely the restoration of a nutritional Cadmium.-In (NH2CH2CH2NH2),Cd12 the Cd atoms have distorted octahedral coordination.278 Luminescence and absorption properties of Cdl-,V,C12 crystals have been investigated.279 CdGe0 has the largest value of c/a yet recorded among compounds with the ilmenite structure.**' The photohydrogenation of acetylene and ethylene by Pt and Rh supported on CdS semiconductor particles has been studied281 and the semicon- ducting properties of MS-poly( acrylonitrile) composites (M = Cd Cu) reported.282 The preparation of active CdS/RuO particles for the photogeneration of H2 has been carried out.283 The synthesis and 'I3Cd n.m.r.spectroscopic characterization of the fully substituted clusters [(~-EPh)~(cdx)~]~- (E = S or Se X = Br or I) has been reported284 and '13Cd '19Hg 77Se and '25Te n.m.r.data for the zintyl anions HgChf- and CdCh:-(Ch = Se and/or Te) have been presented.285 3CdSO4-8H2O single crystals have been studied using e.p.r. and electronic absorption spectra.286 [M(TDPS),](ClO,) {where M = Cd or Zn and TDPS = tris(dimethy1-amino)phosphine sulphide} have been examined using 31 P and 35Cl n.m.r.287 [Cd( BCTA),I,] (BCTA = benzenecarbothioamide) contains tetrahedrally coordin- ated Cd atoms.288 E.p.r. spectra at X and Q band are reported for Mn" ions doped into CdLX2 (L = pyridine or 3-or 4-methylpyridine X = C1 or Br).289 Diaquabis- (phenoxyacetato)Cd" has a distorted trapezoidal bipyramidal coordination around the Cd atom.290 CdL( N03)2{where L = tris(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-l-ylmethyl)amine} contains a CdN403 chr~mophore.~~' 273 K.Simolo G. Stucky S. Chen M. Bailey C. Scholes and G. McLendon J. Am. Chem. SOC., 1985 107 2865. 274 S. A. Daignault A. P. Arnold A. A. Isab and D. L. Rabenstein Inorg. Chem. 1985 24 3984. 275 T. Shimizu and M. Hatano Inorg. Chem. 1985 24 2003. 276 W. W. Dinsmore J. T. Alderdice D. McMaster C. E. A. Adams and A. H. G. Love Lancet 985 1041. 277 G. S. Fell Br. Med. J. 1985 290 242. 278 C. Mahadevan M. Seshasayee S. Sastry and Ch. Subrahmanyam 2.Kristallogr. 1985 171 173. 279 B. Galli A. Hauser and H. U. Gudel Inorg. Chem. 1985 24 2271. 280 J. Susaki M. Konno and S. Akimoto Z. Kristallogr.1985 171 243. 28 1 A. J. Frank Z. Goren and I. Willner J. Chem. SOC.,Chem. Commun. 1985 1029. 282 T. Yamamoto A. Taniguchi K. Kubota and Y. Tominaga Znorg. Chim. Acta 1985 104 L1. 283 D. Harry M. W. Thewissen K. Timimer E. A. van der Zouwen-Assink A. H. A. Tinnemans and A. Mackor J. Chem. SOC.,Chem. Commun. 1985 1485. 284 P. A. W. Dean and J. J. Vittal Znorg. Chem. 1985 24 3722. 285 R. C. Bums L. A. Devereux P. Granger and G. J. Schrobilgen Inorg. Chem. 1985 24 2615. 286 N. Satyanarayana Polyhedron 1985 4 633. 287 K. Alauani M. R. Khaddar L.Rodehuser P. R. Rubini and J. J. Delpuech Polyhedron 1985,4 643. 288 A. Castineiras A. Arquero J. R. Masaquer A. Ruiz-Amil S. Martinez-Carerra and S. Garcia-Blanco Polyhedron 1985 4 143. 289 M. Goodgame and J.N. Okey J. Chem. SOC.,Dalton Trans. 1985 75. 290 T. C. Mak W.-H. Yip E. J. O'Reilly G. Smith and C. H. L. Kennard Inor:. Chim. Acta 1985,100,267. 29 1 G. J. Kleywegt W. G. R. Wiesmeizer G. J. Van Driel W. L. Driessen J. Reedijk and J. H. Noordik J. Chern. SOC.,Dalton Trans. 1985 2177. Cu Ag Au; Zn Cd Hg 343 Cadmium Compounds of Biological Interest. '13Cd n.m.r. studies have been carried out on small dynamically stable Cd2+ complexes used as models for metallo- proteins.292 The structure of dinitratobis(2-methylmercaptoaniline)Cd'r monohy-drate has been solved and the Cd2+ geometry described as trigonal bipyramidal CdSN,02 with an additional weakly bound sulphur. The complex was prepared as a model for Zn metal lo enzyme^.^^^ Mercury.-MNDO has been parametrized for mercury and calculations are reported for a number of compounds of mercury.294 Tetrahedral geometry about the Hg atom has been established in HgC12[P(2- thien~l)~]~ .295 Discrete eight-membered centrosymmetric nearly square (Hg-C1)4 rings have been found in Na4[Hg4(p-C1)4{P(0)(OEt)2}8]-6H20.296 The cis to trans isomerization of [Pt(CrCPh),(PMePh,),] has been reported to be catalysed by Hg" halides.297 The structure and solvation of Hg" halides in pyridine solution has been ~tudied.~~~",~ The Hg" salt-halogen combination HgX,-X; has been utilized as a versatile reagent for stereoselective addition of X'-X to alkene~.,~~ In the presence of (SCN)- mercuric chloride adds to acetylenic compounds.300 The synthesis and solution structure of Hg[ PPh2( CH2)nPPh2] n(03SCF3)2 has been inve~tigated.~'~ The solvation thermodynamics of methylmercury(11) chloride in water have been determined.302 The [(MeHg)3S]+ cation adopts a trigonal-pyramidal structure in the perchlorate Bis[(p-benzotriazolato-N',N2)methylmercury( 11)] has been structurally characterized304 and the radical cation of diethyl mercury studied.305 In the structure of (2-mercaptobenzothiazolato)methylmercury(11) the C-Hg-S group is found to be almost linear306 and the structure of pentachlorocyclopenta- dienylphenylmercury( 11) has been reported (20).307 Redox demercuration and 19F n.m.r.studies of PhHgSC6H4F-4 by Pt(PPh3)4 has been pre~ented.~~~"~ The preparation of bis( a,P-ditrifloxystyry1)mercury has been discussed,309 as has the electrochemical reaction of the preparative electrochemical symmetrization of 292 A.D. Keller T. Drakenberg R. W. Briggs and I. M. Armitage Znorg. Chem. 1985 24 1170. 293 E. A. H. Griffith N. G. Charles P. F. Rodesiler and E. L. Amma Polyhedron 1985 4 615. 294 M. J. S. Dewar G. L. Grady K. M. Merz Jr. and J. J. P. Stewart Organometallics 1985 4 1964. 295 D. W. Allen N. A. Bell S. T. Fong L. A. March and I. W. Nowell Inorg. Chim. Acta 1985 99 157. 296 P. Peringer P.-P. Winkler G. Huttner and L. Zsolnai J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans. 1985 1061. 297 R. J. Cross and M. F. Davidson Inorg. Chim. Acta 1985 97 L35. 298 (a) I. Persson M. Sandstrom P. L. Goggin and A. Mosset J. Chem. SOC. Dalton Trans. 1985 1597; (b) I.Persson and M. Sandstrom Acta Chem. Scand. Ser. A 1985 39 519. 299 J. Barluenga J. M. Matinez-Gallo C. Najera and M. Yus J. Chem. SOC. Dalton Trans. 1985 1422. 300 M. Gifford J. Cousseau L. Gouin and M. R. Crahe J. Organomet. Chem. 1985 287 287. 301 P. Peringer and M. Lusser Znorg. Chem. 1985 24 109. 302 I. Iverfeldt and I. Persson Inorg. Chim. Acta 1985 103 113. 303 B. Kamenar B. Kaitner and S. Pocev J. Chem. SOC.,Dalton Trans. 1985 2457. 304 A. L. Spek A. R. Siedle and J. Reeijk Inorg. Chirn. Acta 1985 100 L15. 305 J. Rideout and M. C. R. Symons J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1985 129. 306 J. Bravo J. S. Casas M. V. Castano M. Gayosa Y. P. Mascarenhas A. Sanchez C. de 0. P. Santos and J. Sordo Znorg. Chem. 1985 24 3435. 307 A.G. Davies J. P. Goddard M. B. Hursthouse and N. P. C. Walker J. Chem. SOC. Dalton Trans. 1985 471. 308 (a) S. I. Pombrik A. A. Bezrukova L. S. Golovchenko A. S. Peregudov A. Z. Rubezhov and D. N. Kravtsov J. Organornet. Chem. 1985 293 C1; (b) S. I. Pombrik L. S. Golovchenko E. V. Polunkin A. S. Peregudov and D. N. Kravtsov J. Organomet. Chem. 1985 292 81. 309 G. Maas R. Bruckmann and W. Lorenz J. Organomet. Chem. 1985 289 9. 344 J. Silver C-and B-carboranylmercury salts.310 The reaction of 2-bromoarylmercury com- pounds with cu,p-enoles permits a new entry to l-indanol~.~~’ Redox demercuration of chiral 2-bromomercuri-4-dimethylaminobutanehas been observed.312 The single product of bromide-ion catalysed solvolysis of ethyl a-bromomercury p-nitrophenyl- acetate in ethanol has been shown to be ethyl p-nitr~phenylacetate.~’~ MNDO has been applied to topics of interest in organomercury chemistry.314 E.s.r.has been used to study organomercury complexes,315 as has photoelectron The reaction of ethylnylferrocene with mercuric acetate has been investigated317 and the reactivities of X2Sm(THF) (X = C5Me or C5Me4Et) with organomercurial reagents followed.318 {CH,( HgBr),} has been ~ynthesized.~” The reaction of Hg with phenyl( P-carborary1)iodonium salts has been The addition of a mixture of benzaldehyde and BF3.0Et to crotylorganometallic reagents C4H,MLn (M = Cu Cd or Hg) produces predominantly .the erythro homoallyl A new intramolecular C-vinylation induced by Hg“ salts has been and mercurated and telurated Schiff bases and phenylhydrazones have been discussed.323 A new method for the determination of the stability constant of metalloporphyrins uses the catalytic effect of Hg” on metalloporphyrin formation.324 310 A.Ya. Usiatinsky V. A. Shreider T. M. Shcherbina V. I. Bregadze N. N. Godovikov and I. L. Knuniants J. Organornet. Chern. 1985 289 17. 311 S. Cacchi and G. Palmieri J. Organornet. Chern. 1985 282 C3. 312 V. V. Bashilov E. V. Maskeva P. V. Petrovskii and V. I. Sokolov J. Organornet. Chern. 1985 292 89. 313 N. P. Butin and T. V. Magdesieva J. Organornet. Chern. 1985 292 47. 314 M. J. S. Dewar and K. M. Men Jr. Organornetallics 1985 4 1967. 315 A. Alberti F. P. Colonna M. C. Depew and X. Li J. Organornet. Chern.1985 292 335. 316 (a)V. N. Baidin M. M. Timoshenka Yu. V. Chizhov Yu. A. Ustynyuk and I. I. Kritskaya J. Organornet. Chern. 1985 292 55; (b) J. C. Maire J. Organornet. Chern. 1985 281 45. 317 M. Bassetti B. Floris and G. Illuminati Organornetallics 1985 4 617. 318 W. J. Evans I. Bloom W. E. Hunter and J. L. Atwood Organornetallics 1985 4 112. 319 J. W. Bruin G. Schat 0. S. Akkerman and F. Bickelhaupt J. Orgunornet. Chern. 1985 288 13. 320 V. V. Grushin T. M. Shcherbina and T. P. Tolstaya J. Organornet. Chern. 1985 292 105. 32 1 Y. Yamamoto and K. Maruyama J. Organornet. Chern. 1985 284 C45. 322 J. Drouin M.-A. Boaventura and J.-M. Conia J. Am. Chern. SOC.,1985 107 1726. 323 H. B. Singh and W. R.McWhinnie J. Chern. SOC.,Dalton Trans. 1985 821.324 M.Tabata and M. Tanaka J. Chern. SOC.,Chern. Cornrnun. 1985,42. Cu Ag Au; Zn Cd Hg Compounds of the type ( T~-C~H,CH,)(CO)~MOH~X (X = C1 Br I SCN) have been synthesized.325 Formation of an asymmetric Rh-Hg-Rh bridged complex has been reported.326 Mercury Compounds of Biological Interest. Hg" complexes of 6-aminopenicillinic acid have been A linear C-H-N entity is found in the complex of 2-methylpyridine with methylmercury( 11) trifl~oroacetate.~~~ The structure may have significance in the understanding MeHg" binding in biological systems.328 The structures of [Hg3(SCH2CH2S),l2- and {[Hg2(SCH2CH2S)3]2-}n contain isolated trinuclear anions (21) and polymeric anions composed of quasi-isolated dinuclear subunits respectively; it is suggested that both Hg thiolates may reflect structural features of biologically active species.329 325 M.Cano R. Criado E. Gutierrez-Puebla A. Mange and M. P. Pardo J. Orgunomet. Chem. 1985,292 375. 326 A. R. Sanger Znorg. Chim. Actu 1985 99 95. 327 S. Kamrahm G. S. Sodhi and N. K. Kaushik Znorg. Chim. Actu 1985 107 29. 328 R. D. Bach H. B. Vardhan A. F. M. M. Rahman and J. P. Oliver Orgunornetaffics,1985 4 846. 329 G. Henkel P. Betz and B. Krebs J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Cornrnun 1985 1498.

ISSN:0260-1818    

DOI:10.1039/IC9858200321

出版商:RSC    

年代:1985

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

12 Sc Y the Lanthanoids and the Actinoids By J. D. MILLER Department of Molecular Sciences University of Aston Aston Triangie Birmingham B4 7ET 1 Introduction The pattern and style of this chapter will be similar to that adopted last year. Thus scandium will be discussed separately yttrium and the lanthanoids will be considered together while the last section will be devoted to the actinoids. Since the number of published papers relating to the chemistry of these elements is so large some areas must of necessity be excluded or seriously under-represented. For example the large bodies of information relating to electrical magnetic or luminescent properties of solid compounds are not considered here. Similarly most determina- tions of stability constants of complexes are not mentioned.By contrast those aspects that appear to be of increasing interest or of genuine novelty receive much fuller coverage. The organometallic chemistry of these elements the use of lan- thanoid species to probe ligand environments the investigation of the solvation environments of ions in solution and the use of 89Y n.m.r. can be seen from this year’s literature to be areas of developing interest. One report stands out this year as being novel and possibly important for the future the finding that a stable C60 fragment containing a La atom can be vaporized from graphite. Several new publications and further volumes in existing texts relating to the lanthanoids and actinoids have appeared during 1985. Thus Volume 1of Lanthanide and Actinide Research’’ is now available as is ‘Fundamental and Technological Aspects of Organo-f- Element Chemistry’.2 Some new parts of ‘Gmelin’s Handbook of Inorganic Chemistry’ covering the topics of this chapter have been p~blished,~ and Volume 22 of the Solubility Data Series entitled ‘Scandium Yttrium Lanthanum and Lanthanide Halides in Nonaqueous Solvents’ is now a~ailable.~ Volumes 6 and 7 of the ‘Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths’ contain a range of valuable review article^,^ as do the first two volumes6 of the companion series ‘Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of the Actinides’.Finally we note ’ ‘Lanthanide and Actinide Research’ VCH Weinheim 1985. ’ Fundamental and Technological Aspects of Organo-f-Element Chemistry’ ed.T. J. Marks and I. L. Fragala Klewer Academic Publishers Group Lancaster 1985. ‘Gmelin’s Handbook of Inorganic Chemistry’ 8th Edn. Parts A8 C4,D5,and E4,Springer-Verlag Berlin 1985. Solubility Data Series Vol. 22 ed. T. Mioduski Pergamon Press Oxford 1985. ‘Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths’ Vols. 6 and 7 ed. K. A. Gschneider and L. Eyring Elsevier Amsterdam 1984. ‘Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of the Actinides’ Vols. 1 and 2 ed. A. J. Freeman and G. H. Lander Elsevier Amsterdam 1984. 347 348 J. D. Miller that the Organometallic Chemistry Sourcebook entitled 'Organometallic Compounds of the Lanthanides Actinides and the Early Transition Metals' is now a~ailable.~ In the three sections that follow studies of inorganic materials in the solid state are reported first.That is followed by an account of investigations of the behaviour of solutions and of reagents in solution. The report then turns to the properties of co-ordination compounds and ends with an account of organometallic chemistry. 2 Scandium There has been little research activity connected with scandium and a significant portion of that has treated the element as an extension of the lanthanoids. The reader should therefore refer also to Section 3 for information on this element. A review of the chemistry of scandium reported during 1983 has now appeared.' Scandium ions in the gas phase exhibit unusual behaviour in the activation of C-H and C-C bonds. Ion-beam gas-phase studies show that Sc+ dehydrogenates butane and higher alkanes mainly by 1,3-elimination.' The absorption and desorption of hydrogen by A1 :Ln and A1 :Sc intermetallics have been investigated." At 300 "C and 70 atm the materials from 1 :1 to 1 :3 form MH,.The compound Sc(AlH,),-Et,O has been prepared and characterized." Its thermal decomposition occurs in three stages the first leads to the formation of ScH2 and AlH, which react together in the second stage to form ScAl, while the third stage is the decomposition of the remaining dihydride. Some hydrogen is released during each step. The preparations of anhydrous ScBr l2 and KSc3F7 l3 have been reported. The structure of the latter compound was determined; KScF was not found. Multi-nuclear n.m.r. investigations of the interactions of ATP with the trivalent metal ions Sc La and Lu have been carried out in aqueous ~olution.'~ All three metal species form 1 :2 complexes in which the ligands are a,p y-tridentate but the scandium complex differs from the others in exhibiting only a slow exchange between free and bound ATP.Two papers have been published concerned with Sc(Cp) (throughout this report Cp represents the cyclopentadienyl ligand pentahapto unless otherwise specified). The reaction between scandium trifluoride and ionic cyclopentadienides in THF does not produce a pure compound as previously reported but a mixture of Sc(Cp) and Sc(Cp),F. These components can be separated as the latter is insoluble in tol~ene.'~ That compound is in fact trimeric with a structure (1) based on a planar six-membered ring of alternating Sc and F atoms.The Sc-F bonds are very strong while the Sc-Cp bonds are very sensitive even to traces of water. Multi-nuclear n.m.r. studiesI6 of the tris-complex in solution in THF from +30 to -80°C show ' 'Organometallic Compounds of the Lanthanides Actinides and the Early Transition Metals' ed. D. J. Cardin S. A. Cotton M. Green and J. A. Labinger Chapman Hall London 1985. * E. C. Constable Coord. Chem. Rev. 1985 62 131. M. A. Tolbert and J. L. Beauchamp J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1984 106 8117. 10 B. Ch. Alyev and A. Gasan-Zade Zh. Neorg. Khim. 1985 30 1133. N. T. Kuznetsov N. N. Mal'tseva and A. I. Golovanova Zh. Neorg. Khim. 1985 30 1604. 12 A. 1. Golovanova and A. I. Konstantinova Zh.Neorg. Khim. 1985 30 566. l3 K. Guede and C. Hebecker Z. Naturforsch. Teil B 1985 40 726. 14 Y. J. Shyy T. C. Tsai and M. D. Tsai J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1985 107 3478. F. Bottomley D. E. Paez and P. S. White J. Organomet. Chem. 1985 291 35. 16 P. Bougeard M. S. Mancini and M. J. McGlinchey Inorg. Chem. 1985 24,93. Sc Y the Lanthanoids and the Actinoids that it is monomeric but that it undergoes two fluxional processes. One involves exchange between the u-and .rr-bonded rings; the other is a 1,5-shift of the Sc around the u-bonded ligand. The spectra in toluene at low temperatures are further complicated by the appearance of dimer formation uia bridging Cp groups. The presence of the dimer which has been previously reported in the solid state is shown by the appearance of two different Sc environments in the 45Sc spectra.3 Yttrium and the Lanthanoids Last year’s pattern has been retained in this section with information on yttrium being included with that on the lanthanoids. Similarly the sequencing of topics and the emphasis attached to them remain the same. This year’s literature seems to contain an unusually large number of review articles on the lanthanoids most of which are well written and informative. Many reviews are collected together in Volumes 6 and 7 of the ‘Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths’.’ Elsewhere the need for high-purity samples for research on lanthanoid metals and intermetallics has been reviewed,” as have the new perspectives of lanthanoids as cata1ysts.l8 When graphite is vaporized by laser irradiation a range of differently sized clusters of reasonable stability are produced.These have been investigated by time-of-flight mass spectrometry; a c60 cluster is amongst them. When a low-density graphite disc is exposed to a boiling saturated solution of LaC1 in water it becomes impregnated with La. Subsequent vaporization produces an even more stable C6,La cluster. The authers suggest that this cluster is a truncated icosahedron (2) i.e. a shape like a modern f~otball.’~,~~ If this species is indeed a lanthanum atom encapsulated in a (2) ” 0. Vogt Physica B + C 1985 130 491. l8 M. Bruzzone and A. Carbonaro NATO AS1 Ser. Ser. C 1985 155 387. 19 H. W. Kroto J. R. Heath S. C. O’Brien R.F. Curl and R. E. Smalley Nature (London) 1985 318 (6042) 162. 20 J. R. Heath S. C. O’Brien Q. Zhang Y. Liu R. F. Curl H. W. Kroto F. K. Tittel and R. E. Smalley J. Am. Chem. SOC.,1985 107 7779. 350 J. D. Miller 'soccerball' structure it could be the first of a new range of lanthanoid species with interesting perhaps catalytic properties. Data obtained from inelastic neutron scattering experiments at low temperature on a face-centred cubic single crystal of lanthanum show a low-temperature Kohn anomaly. This has been discussed in terms of bond structure calculations excluding the 4f state.2' Two alternative structures have been proposed for the distorted f.c.c. phase found for lanthanoids at high pressures. That phase is stabilized at ambient conditions in L~i,,,Th,,2.~~ A study of the effect of pressure on the phase diagrams of alloys has shown that 4f hybridization plays a significant but probably not major part in determining the crystal structures of lanthanoid~.~~ The techniques of electron- energy-loss spectroscopy and electron-stimulated desorption have been used to study the surface oxidation of Ce and La by oxygen and water vapour.The approach proved to be successful for both single-crystal and polycrystalline surfaces and electronic structure changes were observed.24 One of the research areas of greatest activity is that dealing with the uptake of hydrogen by the metals and their alloys. The physicochemical and crystal-chemical properties of a range of LnT species and their hydrides (x = 2 3 or 5 T = Fe Co or Ni Ln includes Sc) have been re~iewed,~' as have the thermodynamic structural and electrochemical properties of LaNi ,some of its substituted deriva- tives and its p-hydride.26 Reports of new research include some preliminary kinetic data on the use of Sm and Yb metal particles as hydrogenation catalysts for unsaturated hydrocarbons.The rate-controlling step is probably hydrogen adsorp- ti~n.~~ Further information about the phase diagrams for La Ce or Pr with H2 has been p~blished.~~-~' The optical re-emission edge shown by single crystals of CeH,,, corresponds to a band gap of 1.54 eV.29 Both theoretical band structure calculations and experimental data indicate that the phase transformations and the metal-to- semiconductor transitions exhibited by light lanthanum trihydrides are induced ele~tronically.~' The electrical resistivity of LaNi initially rises as dihydrogen begins to be taken up but subsequently drops.Desorption of gas causes the reverse pattern.32 Several factors are important in governing the rate of H2 uptake by LaNi,. Not only is it a surface reaction but heat transfer and H diffusion must also be considered.33734 Isotope effects in the H-LnNi systems (Ln = La or Sm) have been studied at 273 K and S2.5 MPa,35 as have the kinetics of isotope exchange for the La case.36 21 C. Stassis G. S. Smith B. N. Harmon M. K. Ho and Y. Chen Solid State Commun. 1985 53 773. 22 S. K. Sikka B. K. Godwal and V. Vijayakumar Phys. Lett. A 1985 108,83.23 K. A. Gschneidner J. Less-Common Met. 1985 110,1. 24 E.Bertel and F. P. Netzer Surf Sci. 1985 152-153 765. 25 K. N. Semenenko and V. V. Burnasheva J. Less-Common Met. 1985 105 1. 26 A Percheron-Guegan C. Lartigue and J. C. Achard J. Less-Common Met. 1985 109,287. 21 H.Imamura A. Ohmura E. Haku and S. Tsuchija J. Cutal. 1985 96 139. 28 R. Bischof E. Kaldis and M. Tellefsen J. Cryst. Growth 1984 70,491. 29 M.Tellefsen R. Bischof and E. Kaldis Thermochim. Actu 1985 85 127. 30 R. Bischof M. Tellefsen and E. Kaldis 1. Less-Common Met. 1985 110,99 107. 31 N. I. Kulikov J. Less-Common Met. 1985 107,111. 32 G. Adachi H. Sakaguchi K. Niki H. Nagai and J. Shiokawa Bull. Chem. SOC.Jpn. 1985 58,885. 33 F.Wang X. Wang and G. Wang In?.J. Hydrogen Energy 1985 10,19. 34 C. Bayane M. El Hammioui E. Sciora and N. Gerard (a) Muter. Sci. Monogr. 1985 28B,999; (b) In?. J. Hydrogen Energy 1985 10,531; (c) J. Less-Common Met. 1985 107,213. 3s B. M.Andreev Zh. Fiz. Khim. 1984 58 2418. 36 K. 1. Blank E. P. Magomedbekov and A. V. Krupenchenko Chem. Abstr. 1985 102 138453. Sc Y the Lanthanoids and the Actinoids 351 When LaNi is suspended as a slurry in silicone oil it can be used for the recovery of dihydrogen from gas mixtures. This system is very reactive with a conversion at least as high as for dry systems but it offers much easier continuous operating condition^.^' The sorption and catalytic properties of LaNi,- Cu,(I) and their hydrides in the hydrogenation of propene have been investigated.,* There is an inverse depen- dence of the rate on the I-H bond strength and on the rate of a-phase hydride formation.The reaction is first order in the alkene concentration and zero order in dihydrogen when I is used as catalyst while the orders are reversed when the hydrides are used. The last report to be noted under this particular topic is that which describes the high dehydrogenation activity of CuLa and CuPr6 towards methanol. These intermetallics are not however selective towards HCHO for- mati~n.,~ Rare-earth borides have again been of considerable interest to investigators of the solid state. A review has been published4’ of the occurrence and chemical and physical properties of the six families LnB ,LnB, Ln2BS LnB6 LnB, ,and hB66.Reports of new information include the preparation and properties of single crystals of GdB4 TbB, and EUB6 41 and a study of the thermal conductivities of CeB and LaB over a wide range of temperatures and magnetic fields. Large differences between the two were Neutron powder diffraction data have been reported, for Pr2Fe,,B and its Dy analogue. Both are isotypic with Nd,Fe,,B but differ in their magnetic behaviour. The Pr compound is ferromagnetic as the lan- thanoid moments are parallel to those of Fe while the Dy material has the moments antiparallel. Research on lanthanoid oxides is currently concerned with their catalytic properties. For example this year’s published results include a study of the interac- tion of H2 and CO with La,O,-supported Pd.Part of the oxide in close proximity to the Pd undergoes partial reduction and it is these Lao moieties that facilitate the dissociation of CO a key step in CO methanation. This effect helps to produce the high selectivity for methanol synthesis seen in La,O,-containing catalysts.* The role of unstable lattice 0 produced during the reduction of Pr601 by H2 has also been investigated. Dehydration and dehydrogenation of Bu”0H were found.45 The properties of various LnO(0H) compounds have been studied by observing the luminescence properties of Eu3+-doped samples.46 The ordering of low-spin and high-spin states of LnCoO starts around 180-200 “C.This is also the temperature at which a change occurs in the activation energies for the catalytic oxidation of 37 K.J. Ptasinsky A. A. C. M. Meenackers W. P. M. Van Swaaij and R. Holstvoogd Comm. Eur. Communities (Rep.) EUR 1985 EUR9687. 38 I. R. Kononenko E. V. Starodubtseva Yu. P. Stepanov E. A. Fedorovskaya A. A. Slinkin E. I. Klabimovskii E. M. Savitskii V. P. Mordovin and T. P. Savost’yanova Kinet. Kutul. 1985 26 340. 39 B. I. POPOV,N. G. Skomorkhova V. V. Karonik and V. I. Kolesmichenko React. Kinet. Cutul. Lett. 1985 27 419. 40 J. Etourneau J. Less-Common Met. 1985 110 267. 41 S. Okada and T. Atoda. Yogyo Kyokaishi 1985 93 301 (Chem. Absrr. 1985 103 46 050). 42 Y. Peysson C. Ayache B. Sake J. Rossat-Mignod S. Kunii and T. Kasuya J. Magn. Mugn. Muter. 1985,4748 63. 43 J. F. Herbst and W. B. Yelon J. Appl. Phys. 1985 57 2342.44 J. S. Rieck and A. T. Bell J. Catal. 1985 96 88. 45 J. L. G. Fierro and A. M. Olivan J. Less-Common Met. 1985 107 331. 46 J. Hoelsa and T. Leskela Inorg. Chem. 1985 24 1539. 352 J. D. Miller CO on these materials. Carbonates are present both above and below the change-over temperature^.^^ The catalysed decomposition of N20 on three mixed oxides La2MnMO6 (M = Ni Cu or Zn) has been studied over a range of temperatures and pressures. The rate-limiting process varies from one transition metal to another. Desorption of 0 is rate limiting with M = Zn while the Cu-containing oxide shows strong inhibition by 0 at higher pressures. The high magnetic moment with M = Ni apparently facilitates spin-decoupling in the 0 desorption process resulting in the adsorption of nitrous oxide being rate limiting.48 A new metastable mixed oxide Ba2SrLu220 can be prepared by a high-temperature method.This oxide has an octahedral framework containing two different types of tunnels whose occupation has been disc~ssed.~~ The sulphides have attracted less attention than have the oxides but a few interesting papers have appeared. The structure of Eu"Er~"S has been found to contain europium in an eight-fold prismatic environment and erbium in an octahedral environment of sulphurs. Two of the Eu-S distances on the equator of the prism are significantly longer (3.23 and 3.28 A) than the rest (3.05-3.07 A).50A technique for the preparation of macroscopic single crystals of the superconducting phase of HOMO& has been de~cribed,~' together with the measurement of its re~istivity.~~ The effects of the crystal field on the magnetic properties of the Sm within the species SmMo (S,-x Sex) have been in~estigated.~ The samarium is in the oxidation state 111 across the solid-solution range; the chalcogens are less ordered than in the case of the La solid solutions because the 3m3+ions are less localized with respect to the symmetry axis.The properties of the lanthanoid fluorides make them attractive candidates for use in electronic devices in semiconductor passivation gate dielectric production etc. Studies have been of the molecular-beam epitaxial growth of a hexagonal LaF on Si( 111) surfaces. The c-axis of the fluoride is normal to the 111 plane.When XeF is used as a fluorinating agent the trifluorides of both Ce and Tb are converted to the tetra fluoride^.^^ The heat of fluorination of CeF was determined to be 111.4 f7.5 kJ mol-'. The preparations and reactions of the oxyfluorides of both lanthanoids and actinoids have been reviewed.57 The unstable CeCl2- anion has been isolated and characterized as its Rb salt. Li Na and K cannot 'be used as counter-ion here.58 A low-oxidation-state chloride of a lanthanoid Gd2C13 has been the subject of electronic structure calculations. 47 B. Viswanathan and S. George React. Kinet. Catal. Lett. 1985 27 321. 48 N. Kameswari B. Rajasekhar R. Radha and C. S. Swany Curr. Sci. 1985 54 229. 49 J. Krueger and H. Mueller-Buschbaurn Z. Anorg. Allg.Chem. 1985 526 60. 50 P. Lemoine D. Carre and M. Guillard Acta Crystallogr. Sect. C 1985 41 667. 51 R. Horyn 0.Pena and M. Sergent J. Less-Common Met. 1985 105 55. 52 0. Pena R. Horyn M. Potel J. Padiou and M. Sergent J. Less-Common Met. 1985 105 105. 53 D. C. Johnson J. M. Tarascon and M. J. Sienko Inorg. Chem. 1985 24 2808. 54 R. F. C. Farrow S. Sinharoy R. A. Hoffman J. H. Rieger W. J. Takei J. C. Greggi S. Wood and T. A. Ternofonta Mafer. Res. SOC.Symp. Roc. 1985 37 181. 55 S. Sinharoy R. A. Hoffman J. H. Rieger W. J. Takei and R. F. C. Farrow J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 1985 3B 122. 56 Yu. M. Kiselev S. A. Goryachenkov and A. L. Il'inskii Zh. Neorg. Khim. 1985 30,835. 57 J. H. Holloway and D. Laycock Ado. Inorg. Chem. Radiochem. 1985 28 13. 58 Yu.M. Kiselev Yu. I. Filetov A. I. Popov S. A. Goryacgenkov L. I. Martynenko and V. I. Spitsyn Izv. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. Ser. Khim.. 1985 85. I. Sc Y the Lanthanoids and the Actinoids 353 M-M bonding was found to be strong. Various Er iodides were also discussed in the same paper.59 When EuBr3 is heated above 460 K in a vacuum an anhydrous mixed-valence phase EuBr with x > 2.8 is produced. It is an inhomogeneous phase in which electrons are thermally activated to hop from 4f into the 5d6s conduction band. The time-scale is of the order of a microsecond at 78 K60 Three more papers dealing with the solid state are worthy of mention at this point in the report. Y and Gd sulphates admixed with sodium sulphate and silica give a good solid electrolyte for use in SO2 gas detection in the range 0.1-23Y0.~~The photophysics involved in the use of Eu2+ in an activated mordenite for the study by luminescence of adsorption of such simple molecules as ammonia have been described.62 Lastly a modified ionic model has been developed which allows the prediction of heats of formation of simple Ln compounds with an uncertainty of only 5-10 kJ m01-l.~~ Significant advances have been reported over the past year in the understanding of the nature of lanthanoid ions in solution.An X-ray diffraction method has been described for the investigation of the inner and outer co-ordination spheres of Ln3+ ions in solutions containing ClO or SeOi- as the The trivalent ions of Er Tb Sm and La were deduced to be eight-co-ordinate with no perchlorate ions in their inner spheres.By contrast selenate can be incorporated into that sphere; the determined value of 140"for the angle LnOSe implies a monodentate attachment. Not only were the determined Ln-H20 distances consistent with the radii of aqua ions as given by Marcus but clear evidence of a second co-ordination sphere of radius approximately 4.6 8 was found. Similar information on aqueous solutions of DyC13 has been obtained by studying neutron scattering.66 The co-ordination number of the cation was determined to be 7.4 f0.5 with Dy-0 and Dy-H lengths of 2.37 8 and 3.04 A respectively. 'H and 13C n.m.r. spectroscopies have been used to investigate the hydration of Lu3+ in H,O/MeCOMe mixtures. A primary hydration number 29 was deduced for dilute perchlorate solutions.This number drops as the concentration increases. The suggestion being advanced is that this change is due to the intrusion of ClO into the inner co-ordination ~phere.~' In contrast '39La n.m.r. studies of aqueous DMF solutions were interpreted as showing that NO and C1- but not ClO, enter the first co-ordination sphere. Even at low concentrations the dimethyl formamide is present in that sphere.68 Already these differing techniques have led to a much more detailed knowledge of the solvation environments of ions in solution and we can expect the minor discrepancies to be sorted out in the near future. Diffusion coefficients and hydrated radii for some lanthanoid ions in aqueous solution have 59 D.W. Bullett Inorg. Chem. 1085,24 3319. 60 S. J. Lyle and W. A. Westall J. Less-Common Met. 1985,106,109. N. Imanaka Y.Yamaguchi G. Adachi and J. Shokawa Bull. Chem. SOC.Jpn. 1985,58 5. 61 62 T. Arakawa M.Takakuwa and J. Shiokawa Inorg. Chem. 1985,24 3807. S. G. Bratsch and J. J. Lagowski J. Phys. Chem. 1985,89,3310. 63 64 G.Johansson L. Nunisto and H. Wakita Acta Chem. Scand. Ser. A 1985,39,359. 65 G. Johansson and H. Wakita Inorg. Chem. 1985,24 3047. B. K.Annis R. L. Hahn and A. H. Narten J. Chem. Phys. 1985,82,2086. 66 67 E. Bruchner J. Glesser I. Grenthe and I. Puigdomenech Inorg. Chim. Acta 1985,109 11 1. V. P.Tarasov G. A. Kirakoryan Yu. A. Buslaev S. V. Trots and V. T.Panyushkin Koord. Khim. 68 1985,11 913. 354 J. D. Miller been reported.69 The decrease in hydration number from 14.1 to 12.7 as the atomic number increases follows the pattern shown by inner-sphere hydration numbers. Desolvation energies for LnX electrolytes (X = C1- ClO, or NO;) have been evaluated at intermediate and high concentration^.^' The identification of some of the less common lanthanoid ions in solution has also progressed this year. Thus the ions Ln,(OH);+ Ln,(OH)$+ and Ln4(OH)6,+ have been shown to occur in the hydrolytic polymerization of Eu3+ and Gd3+ in water at 25 0C.71 The use of O3 as an oxidant for solutions of Pr(C10,) in a tripolyphosphate solution leads to the formation of Pr4+ ions. The absorption band at 332nm is considered to be characteristic of that species.The rate of the reduction of the Pr4' ion was also in~estigated.~~ Similarly Tb4+ can be formed in aqueous solution by S2Oi-or electrolytic oxidation. Relatively stable deep-red solutions showing a broad absorption band at 420 nm are formed. The stability of the tetravalent ion drops as the pH is lowered.73 A different group of workers have studied the precipitates obtained from K,CO,-KOH solutions containing Tb4+,and they conclude that the ion in solution exists as a cluster.74 The thermodynamic parameters of formation of Ln aqua ions can now be calculated from a newly developed A Russian group has reported several studies of the exchange of the central ion in complexes i.e. the general reaction (1) Ln(L) + M + M(L) + Ln (1) where M represents a different metal ion usually a different lanthanoid.When Ln = Nd M = Yb or Gd and L is hydroxyethylethylenediaminetriacetate,two different pathways are found. An acid-catalysed path is dissociative in character while the non-catalysed pathway is a~sociative.~~ A similar situation is found when the ligand is changed to diethylenetriaminepenta-acetate?' In the case of exchange between Eu(EDTA)- and Cu2+ at pH = 6 the equilibrium (2) plays a part as the trihydrate is more reactive than the dihydrate Eu(EDTA)(H,O); S Eu(EDTA)(H,O) + H,O (2) The equilibrium constant was found to be unity at 36.2 "C while the enthalpy and entropy changes were determined.'* The rates of dissociation of the polydentate ligand of [Ln( MEDTA)(OAc)]- have been determined in aqueous acetic acid/sodium acetate media.79 Protonation of the anionic complexes is found to be rapid with an intzrna proton transfer within the neutral complex as the rate- determining step.The rate constant varies with the radius of Ln while the calculated 69 B. Fourest J. Duplessis and F. David Radiochim. Acta 1984 36 191. 70 E. I. Onstott Inorg. Chem. 1985 24 3884. 71 Q. Luo Y. Ding and M. Shen Gaodeng Xuexiao Huaxue Xuebao 1985 6 201 (Chem. Abstr. 1985 103 93 832). 72 R. Yang and W. Dong Zhonogguo Xitu Xuebao 1984 2 1 (Chem. Abstr. 1985 103 188 491). 73 N. Tang and M. Tan Zhonogguo Xitu Xuebao 1985 3 7 (Chem Abstr. 1985 103 188 490). 74 P. G. Verlashkin G. M. Begun and J.R. Peterson J. Less-Common Met. 1985 109 123. 75 S. G. Bratsch and J. J. Lagowski J. Phys. Chem. 1985 89 3317. 76 S. I. Nikitenko L. I. Martynenko and N. I. Pechurova Zh. Neorg. Khim. 1985 30,1169. 77 S. I. Nikitenko L. 1. Martynenko and N. I. Pechurova Zh. Neorg. Khim. 1984 29 2801. 78 S. I. Nikitenko L. I. Martynenko and N. I. Pechurova Zh. Neorg. Khim. 1985 30 1382. 79 M. De Jonghe and W. D'Olieslager Inorg. Chim. Acta 1985 109 7. Sc the Lanthanoids and the Actinoids 355 rate constant for complex formation is always greater than the upper limit for stopped-flow kinetic investigation. Non-kinetic studies of complexation in solution involve a wide range of different physical techniques and continue to provide interesting new information concerning the lanthanoids.In the following paragraphs these findings are organized according to the technique used. Luminescence studies are widely applied to study complexes. Thus the weak interactions between Eu3+ and several polyols have been investigated. Not surpris- ingly the interactions are stronger for vicinal diols.80 The delayed fluorescence of the same ion in aqueous solutions of some methyl glycofuranosides has been measured in order to obtain information on the effect of the ligand's configuration on the binding sites in the complexes formed." Circularly polarized luminescence studies of some racemic terbium complexes have been made. The technique is described as being promising as a structural probe for complexes in solution.82 The excitation band near 300 nm for Tb3+is affected by the ligand environment.Guanine is unique amongst a range of nucleotides and nucleic acids added to solutions containing terbium ions. Because of the ordered structures that guanine makes possible the band deduced to correspond to 7F6+ 'H4 becomes strongly allowed in some environment^.^^ Formation constants e.g. of Tb(OAc)2+ can be determined by measuring luminescence lifetimes.84 A quantitative correlation has been observed between the total charge on the ligands in 36 different Eu"' complexes and the frequency of the 7Fo 4 'Do transition. That finding could be of enormous value in probing the binding sites used on complex ligands such as proteins.85 Information from a range of different physical techniques including studies of electronic spectra and the band shapes of hyperfine transitions has also been obtained in the case of imidazole adducts with Ln(fod)3 .86 In n.m.r.spectroscopy the shifts caused for nuclei adjacent to lanthanoids are widely used as a tool for structural investigation. Several interesting examples of the use of this technique have been cited earlier in this chapter where the main thrust of the work seemed to be directed at the solvation environment of the lanthanoid. Inevitably that feature plays a part in all solution studies but it is not the main issue in the papers discussed now. Measurements of shifts and of rates of relaxation have been made using a wide variety of n.m.r. nuclei in order to study complex formation between lanthanoid ions and triphosphate ligands.The 1 :2 Ln :TP complexes are nine-co-ordinate and isostructural; one PO3 group is bidentate while the other and the PO2 act as monodentates. One water molecule is also attached to the metal ion. 6Li and 23Na studies show that seven cations are found in the second co-ordination sphere to neutralize the charge.87 A method for the quantitative analysis of Ln-induced shifts 80 A. Vesala and R. Kappi Acta Chem. Scand. Ser. A 1985 39 287. " A. Vesala and R. Kappi Polyhedron 1985 4 1087. 82 G. L. Hilmes J. M. Timper and J. P. Riehl Inorg. Chem. 1985 24 1721. 83 A. Rudmin S. Paoletti and E. G. Brittain Inorg. Chem. 1985 24 1283. 84 M. Baumann P. Becker and B. A. Bilal J. Solution Chem. 1985 14 67.85 M. Albin and W. de W. Horrocks Inorg. Chem. 1985 24 895. 86 K. Iftikhar and N. Ahmad Po/yhedron 1985 4 333. 87 M. S. Nieuwenhuizen J. A. Peters A. Sinnema A P. G. Kieboom and H. van Bekkum J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1985 107 12. 356 J. D. Miller has been used to obtain the best model for the interaction between Yb3+and aspartate or glctarate residues in aqueous solution. Both ligands give 1:1 and 2 :1 complexes but with Yb-0 bond lengths that differ by approximately 0.2 A. Backbone flexibility and side-chain length are key factors in governing the metal-ligand interactions.88 When a range of lanthanoid shift reagents are used in a 13C investigation of epi-inositol anomalous shift behaviour is again found for the three heaviest ions those of Er Tm and Yb.This behaviour is only seen for chelate complexes and is believed to be a reflection of ion sizes and the consequent lessening of hydration.89 Lastly ion-pair formation between [R(o~t)~N]' and three ions [Ln(N03)J2+in nitrobenzene has been investigated by n.m.r." The structure of the compound SmI,( NCCMe3)2 determined crystallographically shows a 150"SmNC angle. This is the first reported instance of a complex containing a non-linear metal-nitrile geometry. Since there is only a 15 cm-' difference between the CN stretching frequencies of the co-ordinated and free nitriles this arrangement would not have been detected by infrared spectroscopy. The authors of the report suggest that there is a similarity between this phenomenon and that found for some bent transition-metal nitrosyls arising because of the highly reducing nature of Sm" .91 When Gd(C10J3 reacts with a Schiff-base complex of Cu'' a cation contain- ing the bridged grouping (3) is formed with a Gd-Cu separation of 3.30A.The / Gd \O' -3.30\A-(3) two metal centres couple ferromagnetically as is shown by the magnetic data over a wide temperature range. There must be some degree of covalency in the bonding to Gd in this compound.92 A di-bridged structure is also present in the compounds [Ln{N(SiMe3),},(p-SBut)j2(Ln = Eu Gd or Y). These are amongst the very few complexes containing S-donor atoms attached to a lanthanoid. The Eu compound is a deep red colour and it decomposes rapidly in the presence of either dioxygen or moisture.By contrast both the Gd and Y compounds are colo~rless.~~ On the basis of X-ray data obtained for the complexes Ln(L)(MeCN)(CF3S03)3 (Ln = La or Yb L = a methylene-bridged tren ligand) the possibility has been of synthesizing a fully encapsulated environment for a lanthanoid ion; compare for example the sepulchrate complexes of the transition metals or the C60 species discussed above. So far that has not been achieved with a conventional 88 N. Jamin D. Bason and N. Lumbroso-Bader J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 2 1985 1. 89 S. J. Angyal L. Littlemore and P. A. J. Gorin Aust. J. Chern. 1985 38 411. 90 V. V. Bagreev and S. 0. Popov Polyhedron 1985 4 929. 91 V. Chebolu R. R. Whittle and A. Sen Inorg. Chem. 1985 24 3082. 92 A.Bencini C. Benelli A. Caneschi R. L. Carlin A. Dei and D. Gatteschi J. Am. Chem. SOC.,1985 107 8128. 93 H. C. Aspinall D. C. Bradley M. B. Hursthouse K. D. Sales and N. P. G. Walker J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1985 1585. 94 P. H. Smith and K. N. Raymond Inorg. Chem. 1985 24 3469. Sc Y the Lanthanoids and the Actinoids 357 ligand design the closest approach being the complexes of macrocyclic crown-ether and cryptand ligands. Some template syntheses of ligands on Ln ions have been reported this year especially derivatives of 2,6-diacetylpyridine and related specie^.^*,^^ The ring size within a macrocycle is important in determining the stability of its complexes. The triaza-triacetate macrocycle represented by the symbol NOTA contains a very flexible nine-membered ring.It forms complexes with La and Lu ions. N.m.r. spectroscopy and potentiometry have been used to investigate the protonation of these complexes. The results show that even at room temperature a fast interconversion between two conformations occurs in contrast to less flexible twelve-membered rings.97 The formation and dissociation rate constants of Ln complexes with a related macrocyclic ligand have been reported.98 The aim of such research is often to devise lanthanoid selective reagents. The ligand's rigidity cavity size and charge can be varied SO perhaps a suitable combination may be discovered; however see the comment of reference 102 mentioned below. The phthalocyanin complexes LuPc2-CH2C12 and [LuPc(0Ac)-(H20)2].H20.2MeOH have been synthesized and their structures have been deter- mined.99 The former compound has a sandwich structure with the ligands staggered.A good description of the bonding is suggested to be [Lu"'PcPc']. A large decrease in the ultraviolet extinction coefficient of the benzo-cryptand 2B :2 :1 is observed"' when it becomes complexed to lanthanoid ions. Shifts were also observed for all the paramagnetic complexes. The solid-state fluorescence spectra of [NdL (NO,)]*+[Nd (NO,),(H20)l2- have been measured at both room and liquid-nitrogen temperatures as has its structure."' Investigations of the crown ethers have provided the largest research output in this area in 1985. Studies of 15-crown-5 here represented by CR-5 are dealt with first again selectivity towards the different metal ions being a strong driving force.However because these ligands have rigid cavities they are not very selective. Linear polyethers are said to be much more promising candidates owing to their flexibility and the relative ease of chemical modification.'02 X-Ray studies of La'03 and Pr104 complexes have been reported. In the latter case it was observed that an earlier preparation which gives a product formulated as [Pr(CF3C02),],(CR-5) undergoes a change on recrystallization to yield [Pr2(CF3C02)3(0H)(CR-5)2][Pr2(CF3C02)8], only the crown ether is non-bridging in the cation. The compounds Ln(CR-5)2(C104)3 (Ln = La Nd or Eu) have been rep~rted."~ Luminescence and crystallographic data show the Eu compound to be 9s A.M. Arif C. J. Gray F. A. Hart and M. B. Hursthouse Inorg. Chirn.Acta 1985 109 179. 96 W. Radecka-Paryzek Znorg. Chirn. Acta 1985 109 L21. 91 C. F. R.G. C. Geraldes M. C. Alpoirn M. P. M. Marques A. D. Sherry and M. Singh Znorg. Chern. 1985 24 3876. 98 C. A. Chang V. 0. Ochaya and V. C. Sekhar J. Chern. SOC.,Chern. Comrnun. 1985 1724. 99 A. de Cian M. Moussan J. Fischer and R. Weiss Inorg. Chern. 1985 24 3162. 100 0. A. Gansow and A. R. Kauser Inorg. Chirn. Acta 1985 109 1. 101 F. Benetollo G. Bomieri A. Cassol G. De Paoli and J. Legendziewicz Inorg. Chirn. Acta 1985 110,7. lo* D. D. Ensor Energy Rex Abstr. 1985 22929. T. J. Lee J. C. Hsieh T. Y. Lee C. Y. Chiu and C. T. Chang Proc. Natl. Sci. Counc. Repub. China Part A 1985 9 99 (Chern.Absrr. 1985 103 132 775). 104 D. Harrison A. Giorgetti and J.-C. G. Bunzli J. Chern. SOC.,Dalton Trans. 1985 885. lo' J.-C. G. Bunzli W. D. Harrison A. Giorgetti G. 0.Pradervand and N. W. Alcock Znorg. Chirn. Acta 1985 109 59. 358 J. D. Miller fluxional. Four different configurations can be frozen out at low temperature each giving a different luminescence spectrum. A range of 15 complexes formed by Ln( N03)3and dicyclohexyl- 18-crown-6 have been prepared and investigated by n.m.r. Again the relationship between cation radius and cavity size is found to be important in determining stability. Ion-pair formation in solution must also be considered in physical studies.Io6 The size of the central Ln ion also affects the thermal stability and decomposition sequence of LnCl3(CR-6).'" The structure of a gadolinium complex has been shown to be [GdC12(CR-6)( EtOH)]+Cl-.'08 Four complexes of Ln" with 18-crown-6 ligands have been containing Sm Tm Dy and Nd.All are oxidized quickly in air while the Tm2+ complex decomposes in light. Kinetic studies of their oxidation in water acetonitrile and tetrahydrofuran were also made. The final reference"' to a macrocyclic ligand made here is to the structural determination carried qut for a 32-crown-8 complex of La [C1(CR-8)LaX12 where half the X sites are occupied by C1- and half by OH-. Approximately one quarter of the papers mentioned in this chapter are concerned with the chemistry of organometallic compounds. That is a fair reflection of the relative importance that is currently attached to this subdivision of lanthanoid chemistry.Two reviews covering aspects of organolanthanoid chemistry were pub- lished in 1985."29"3 One of these'I2 concentrates on the roles of organolanthanoids in catalysis an area of considerable potential. The bonding requirements of the ligands in organometallic compounds make the area one of especial interest for the isolation of Ln" species. Thus for example a metal-vapour synthetic route has been de~cribed"~ for the preparation of (Cp'),Sm(THF) (note that throughout this chapter Cp represents the q5-cyclo- pentadienyl ligand and Cp' its pentamethyl derivative). Reinvestigation of an earlier claim for another Sm" species has altered the status here. The reaction between activated Sm metal and Cp,Hg in THF produces Cp,Sm(THF) and not Cp,Sm(THF) .In order to obtain a compound of lower oxidation state it is necessary to treat the SmrlI species with potassium in THF KSmCp being formed as a soluble c~mplex."~ A related compound [Cp'Sm(p-I)(THF),] ,can be obtained by treating SmI with the organic anion in THF.'16 The preparation of Ln" products from the appropriate metal has been used to add iodothiophene and bromopentafluorobenzene oxidatively to various lan-106 Z.H. Xu J. Y. Guo J. Huang J. G. Wu and G. X. Xu Huaxue Xuebao 1985,43 733 (Chem. Abstr. 1985 103 152 649). 107 S. Kohata S. Ohta and A. Ohyoshi Thermochirn. Acta 1985 87 75. 108 E. Forsellini F. Benetollo G. Bombieri A. Cassol and G. De Paoli Znorg.Chim. Acta 1985 109 167. 109 A. N. Kamenskaya and N. B. Mikheev Znorg. Chim. Acta 1985 110 27. 110 A. N. Kamenskaya N. B. Mikheev S. A. Kulyukhin and S. V. Kondrashova 2. Neorg. Khim. 1985 30,615. 111 F. Benetollo G. Bombieri G. De Paoli and D. L. Hughes Acta Crystallogr. Sect. C 1985 41 34. 112 P. L. Watson and G. W. Parshall Acc. Chem. Rex 1985 18 51. 113 H. Schumann J. Organornet. Chem. 1985,281,95. 114 W. J. Evans I. Bloom W. E. Hunter and J. L. Atwood Organometallics 1985 4 112. 115 G. B. Deacon G. N. Pain and T. D. Tuong Polyhedron 1985,4 1149. I16 W. J. Evans J. W. Grate H. W. Choi I. Bloom W. E. Hunter and J. L. Atwood J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1985 107 941. Sc Y the Lanthanoids and the Actinoids 359 thanoids using di-iodomethane as a pr~moter."~ A different route has been used to prepare [K(C4H,o02)]2[Yb(C8H8)2].A stoicheiometric ratio of K Yb and the organic ligand was mixed in with liquid ammonia. The [8]-annulene yields a sandwich compound with eclipsed rings."' A few new cases of organo-Ln" compounds containing another different metal centre have been described. Thus an excess of Ln when added to the following mercurials in THF causes the replacement of Hg by Ln in yields that range up to 78% [CpFe(C,H,)],Hg [(OC)3Mn(C5H,)]2Hg or [(OC)3Cr(Pr)],Hg."9.'20 Ethyl-bridging groups can sometimes be found linking the two metal centres together as in the case of Yb[N(SiMe3)2]2[AlMe3]2. Four distinguishable Yb-Me-Al groupings can be identified with different bond lengths.The shorter the Al-C bond the longer the Yb-C. Additionally there are two different Yb-Me-Si moieties present.12' Both types of interaction have been reported previously in the literature while mention of Ln-Me-Si interactions is made below. Obviously the main interest in organo-Ln" compounds lies in their reactions and in the reactions that might be catalysed by them. Oxidative addition appears to be a common reaction type found for such materials. Thus evidence was found for a hydride intermediate in the synthesis of CP',S~(THF)~ in hexane as solvent. This was interpreted as being due to the oxidative addition of Me,C,H to Sm.l14 The same type of process has been postulated'22 as being one step in the complicated reaction sequence occurring when an excess of Yb12 reacts with the organic reagent PhCH=CHC(O)Bh.The mixture of products includes trans-stilbene 1,1,3-tri- phenylpropene and diphenylmethanol. The reaction between Cp',Sm(THF) and CO at a pressure of 90 p.s.i. can lead to the reductive homologation of the carbon monoxide with the formation of a dimer (4) containing a ketenecarboxylate bridge.'23 Another reductive coupling of CO has been reported'24 using the related complex [Cp',SmHI2. In this instance a cis-bridging enediolate group -OCH=CHO is produced which isomerizes to the trans form at room temperature. ,SmCp',.THF 'C 117 0. P. Syutkina L. F. Rybakova E. S. Petrov and I. P. Beletskaya 1. Organomet. Chem. 1985,280 C67. 118 S. A. Kinsley A. Streitwieser and A.Zalkin Organometallics 1985 4 52. 119 G. Z. Suleimanov Y. S. Bogatchev L. T. Abdullaeva I. L. Zhuravleva K. S. Khalilov L. F. Rybakova and I. P. Beletskaya Polyhedron 1985 4 29. 120 G. S. Suleimanov V. N. Khandozhko P. V. Petrovskii R. Yu. Mekhdiev N. E. Kobbova and I. P. Beletskaya J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1985 596. 121 J. M. Bonsella and R. A. Andersen Organometallics 1985 4 205. 122 Z. Hou N. Mini Y. Fujiwara and H. Taniguchi J. Chem. SOC.,Chem. Cornmun. 1985 1700. 123 W. J. Evans J. W. Grate L. A. Hughes H. Zhang and J. L. Atwood J. Am. Chem. SOC.,1985,107,3728. 124 W. J. Evans J. W. Grate and R. J. Doedens J. Am. Chem. SOC.,1985 107 1671. 360 J. D. Miller The photophysics of the interaction between two Cp',Ln.OEt compounds (Ln = Eu or Yb) in toluene have been in~estigated.'~~ The Yb compound quenches the emission from its Eu analogue.This is the first reported example of excited-state energy transfer between two organolanthanoid complexes. The process is very rapid with a bimolecular quenching constant of approximately 7 x lo8 dm3 mol-' s-'. Not only can q8-C8H8 be obtained on Ln'1,118 it can also be attached to Er or Lu in the oxidation state 111.l~~ In the compounds reported a sterically demanding ortho-metallated ligand is also attached to the metal viz. (C,H,)Ln[ o-C6H4CH2NMe2](THF).There are very few reports of the reactions of simple u-bonded organolanthanoids but one such concerns organocerium dich10rides.l~~ Their strong attraction towards organic molecules containing carbonyl groups allows exclusively 1,2-addition at C=O even in the presence of other potentially reactive functional groups such as C=C.This property may have some synthetic uses. Cyclopentadienide and its substituted derivatives form the most widely used group of ligands for organolanthanoid studies. Structural information appears with ever increasing frequency as in the case of YbCpX2(THF) (X = C1'28 or Br'29). A more unusual structure is found for the product of the reactions (3) YCl + 2KCp' -* Cp',YCl,K(THF) -+ Cp',Y(p-Cl)YClCp' (3) where the first reaction is carried out at room temperature and the second at 285 "C and reduced pressure. The asymmetrical structure arises because a symmetrically di-bridged structure would be overcrowded with the large Me-substituted ligands around the relatively small central Y.In solution 'H n.m.r. spectra show a single Cp' resonance at room temperature but a 1 :2 :2 pattern at 203-218 K.130A consider-able number of compounds containing Y and Cp" where Cp" represents the monomethyl derivative of Cp have been investigated by 89Yn.m.r.131 The range includes both mononuclear and bridged complexes. This is the first reported instance of the use of this nucleus in non-aqueous solutions with organometallic compounds. The wide range of chemical shifts observed over 400 p.p.m. indicates that the technique could be of much use; the long relaxation times that occur however result in the need of overnight data acquisition. Methyl groups can be used to bridge two different metal centres when one is Ln"' as well as when Ln is in the lower state as mentioned above.For example reaction (4) with Ln = Er or Lu and D = the donor N or 0 atom of a ligand has been reported THF Cp,LnCl + LiMe Cp,Ln(p-Me),LiD (4) 125 A. C. Thomas and A. B. Ellis Organometallics 1985,4,2223. 126 A. L. Wayda and R. D.Rogers Organometallics 1985,4 1440. 127 T. Imamoto and Y. Sugiura J. Organomet. Chem. 1985,285 C21. M. Adam X.-F. Li W. Oroschin and R. D. Fischer J. Organomet. Chem. 1985,296,C19. 128 129 G. B. Deacon G. D. Fallon and D. L. Wilkinson J. Organomet. Chem. 1985,293 45. W. J. Evans. T. T. Petersen M. D. Rausch W. E. Hunter H. Zhang and J. L. Atwood Organometallics 130 1985,4 554.W.J. Evans J. H. Meadows A. G. Kostka and G.L. Closs Organometallics 1985,4,324. 132 M. J. Heeg and D. van der Helm Organometallics 1985,4,321. Sc Y the Lanthanoids and the Actinoids 361 As was the case in the Ln" species quoted earlier there are short Ln-Me in the species Cp',Ln[CH(SiMe,),] and Cp',LnCl,. Representa-tive internuclear distances are shown in structure (5). Spectral studies suggest that there is some degree of 3-centre-2-electron bonding in both these bridges. The compounds very readily react with H2 to yield the dimers (CP',L~H)~ which are very active catalysts for ethene polymerization. The order of reactivity is La > Nd >> Lu. In the case of the much more crowded Cp,Y[CH(SiMe,),],- there is no hint of any Y-Me interaction.The reaction with dihydrogen is much slower again presum- ably because of greater crowding around the A slight increase in the bulk of the Cp derivative by making use of Me,SiC,Me, is insufficient to prevent the occurrence of the asymmetric Ln-Me-Si bonding.'36 The mechanism of the hydrogenation of alkenes catalysed by these organolanthanoid species has been inve~tigated.'~? Very low activation energies and a high efficiency are features of the steps within the catalytic cycles. It is suggested that the co-ordination of two v'-cyclopentadienyl ligands restricts any catalytic process to an equatorial girdle around the Ln and that a full exploration of this requirement may show new advantages. Theoretical calculations have been carried out on the effect of dof" LnCp fragments in stabilizing q2-acyls and bridging hyd~ides.'~~,'~~ Finally the reader's attention is drawn to reports of three LnCp derivatives that contain uncommon Ln-X bonds.The product of reaction (5) is stabilized by the intramolecular formation of a three-membered LuCP ring Cp2LuC1 + LiCH,PMe2 + Cp21;uCH2yMe (5) Not surprisingly perhaps the more usual five-membered ring of an ortho-metallated product can be formed when phenyl rather than methyl groups are attached to P.I4O The first reported instance of an organolanthanoid containing an Ln-Si bond shows an Sm-Si bond length of 2.880 A in [Li(dme)3][Cp2Ln(SiMe3)2].'4'The compound (6) is only the second fully characterized example of a material containing an Ln-S bond.The preparation was effected by treating the methyl-bridged analogue with the tertiary-butyl thiol in dieth~1ether.I~~ 133 H. Mauerrnann P. N. Swepston and T. J. Marks Organometallics 1985 4 200. 134 G. Jeske H. Lauke H. Mauermann P. N. Swepston H. Schumann and T. J. Marks J. Am. Chem. SOC.,1985 107 8091. 135 W. J. Evans R. Dorninguez K. R. Levan and R. J. Doedens Organometallics 1985,4 1836. 136 G. Jeske L. E. Schock P. N. Swepston H. Schurnann and T. J. Marks J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1985 107 8103. 137 G. Jeske H. Lauke H. Schurnann and T. J. Marks J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1985 1-7 8111. 138 P. Hofmann P. Stauffert K. Tatumi A. Nakarnura and R. Hoffmann Organometallics 1985 4 405. 139 J. V. Ortiz and R. Hoffrnann Inorg. Chem. 1985,24 2095.140 H. Schurnann F. W. Reier and E. Palamidis J. Organomet. Chem. 1985 297 C30. 141 H. Schurnann S. Nickel E. Hahn. and M. J. Heeg Organometallics 1985 4 800. 142 H. Schurnann I. Albrecht and E. Hahn Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1985 24 985. 362 J. D. Miller Bu' I Lu Li(THF)2 cp' \s/ I 4 The Actinoids A large number of papers dealing with actinoid chemistry contain material of interest. However none seems to indicate that major developments are likely nor this year can any topics within actinoid chemistry be said to have blossomed. As is often the case steady but unspectacular progress has been made over a broad front. "here has been considerable activity amongst reviewers of the chemistry of the actinoids this year.Not only have the first two volumes of the 'Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of the Actinides' become available,6 but several topics have been well described elsewhere. Coverage includes the preparation of high-purity actinoid metals and oxidation mechanisms and catalytic properties of the actinoids and their compounds,144 and studies of the redox reactions of Np and Pu.145A separate review has dealt with the redox chemistry heteropolyacid formation electrochemistry and electron configurations of the a~tin0ids.l~~ Two reviews have concentrated on individual elements. An account of the known chemistry of Bk has been published,'47 while the thermodynamic data concerned with Am have been collected together and di~cussed.'~~ The behaviour of curium metal at high pressure has been des~ribed.'~~*'~~ Three different phases were observed.Starting from a double-h.c.p. structure a change to a f.c.c. structure occurs at 23 GPa which in turn is converted into an orthorhombic phase at 43 GPa. The higher pressure for the delocalization of the 5f electrons of Cm compared to that for the neighbouring metals is discussed. Intermetallics formed between actinoids and non-actinoids have been examined. A simple band model based on 3d-5f band hybridization has been used to discuss the properties of U(Nil-xTx)2 (T = Fe Co or Cu or x = O)? The results indicate that there is a change-over from 3d to 5f ferromagnetism on passing from UFe to UNi2. A review of An-noble-metal compounds leads to the conclusion that the 5f electrons are involved in bonding although more bonding energy is provided by the d e1e~trons.l~~ Even though there is much less interest in the properties of the hydrides of the actinoids than in those of the lanthanoids a few interesting results have been 143 W.Muller and J. C. Spirlet Struct. Bonding (Berlin) 1985 59d0 57. 144 C. A. Colmenares hog. Solid State Chem. 1984 15 257. 145 V. S. Koltunov and N. N. Krot Radiokhimiya 1985 27,90. 146 V. I. Spitsyn Radiokhimiya 1985 27,241. 147 J. R.Peterson and D. E. Herbert Adv. Inorg. Chem. Radiochem. 1984 28 29. 148 J. F. Kerrisk Energy Res. Abstr. 1984 9 44077. 149 R. G. Haire J. R. Peterson U. Benedict C. Dufour and J. P. Itie J Less-Common Met. 1985 109 71. 150 U. Benedict R.G. Haire J. R. Peterson and J. P. Itie J. Phys. F 1985 2 29. C. Schrnitzer E. Gmelin and G. Hilscher Physica B + C 1985 130 237. D. E. Peterson High Temp. Sci. 1985 19 151. Sc Y the Lanthanoids and the Actinoids 363 reported. The species ThE,H (E = C or N x < 2 y < 1) have been studied statistical-thermodynamically.'53 There is a significant difference in the nature of the bonding in the two cases. Only with E = N is the bonding similar to that in ThH,. The entropies and enthalpies of formation of non-stoicheiometric Pa-H phases have been determined. The isotherms show severe hysteresis which correlates with the sluggish structural transformations Neutron powder diffraction studies have been made of the deuterides 239pUD,(x = 2.25 2.33 or 2.65).'55The hydriding behaviour characteristic of the heavier lanthanoids has been shown to extend through to berkelium.The metal reacts with dihydrogen to form both f.c.c. and hexagonal products BkH,, and BkH .156 The first uranyl borate to have its structure determined crystallographically'57 is ~[U02{B16024(OH),}].12H20. Other structures are likely to be described in the near future. On a related topic the leaching of uranium from borosilicate glasses has been investigated. One mechanism operates for all glasses irrespective of the initial oxidation state of U. In a simplified description the first step is the oxidation of U up to UOi+ which is fast in the presence of the leachate. The rate-controlling term is probably the equilibrium solubility of Uv'-oxide-hydrate that forms on the glass surface.'58 Uranyl phosphate hydrates have drawn a little more attention than have the borates.The interest is prompted by a desire to know more about these solids that are such good proton conductors. Their morphological structural conductivity and infrared spectral data have been as also has been the mechanism of intercalation of various foreign compounds into them.'61 A kinetic investigation of the chlorination of Na3PU2(P04)3 in molten NaCl + KC1 between 973 and 1073 "C gave an activation energy of 65 f 10 kJ mo1-'.'62 The electrical conductivities of USb3010 and USb05 have been measured over a range of temperatures and dioxygen pressures. Over the range 10-70 kPa 0,and 493-682 K both are n-type semiconduc- tors but at lower temperatures the semiconductance varies with the gas pressure.'63 Most solid-state studies of actinoid species deal with oxides and their derivatives.A systematic comparison of the heats of formation of the oxides M203 (M = Pu Am Cm or Ln) has been made in order to understand the stability relationships amongst these oxides. Included in that report is the quoted heat of formation of the hexagonal Am compound which is -1690 f8 kJ m01-l.'~~When one turns to the oxidation state IV it is found that the thermal stability of AmO is reduced by adding fused quartz powder while that of CmO is ~naffected.'~~ EXAFS has been 153 N. Shohoji J. Nucl. Muter. 1985 127 88. 154 J. M. Hascke J. W. Ward and W. Bartscher J. Less-Common Met.1985 107 159. 155 W. Bartscher R. Caciuffo J. M. Fournier J. M. Haschke L. Manes J. Rebizant F. Rustichelli and J. W. Card Physica B + C 1985 130 530. 156 J. K. Gibson and R. G. Howe J. Less-Common Met. 1985 109 251. 157 H. Behm Acta Crystallogr. Sect. C 1985 41 642. 158 H. D. Schrieber G. B. Balazs and T. N. Solberg Phys. Chem. Glasses 1985 26 35. 159 M. Pham-Thi and P. Colomban J. Less-Common Met. 1985 108 189. 160 R. Mercier M. Pham-Thi and P. Colomban Solid State lonics 1985 15 113. 161 P. Colomban and M. Pham-Thi Reu. Chim. Miner. 1985 22 143. 162 A. A. Burnaeva A. I. Kryukova 0.V. Skiha and I. A. Korshunov Radiokhimiya 1985,27 379. 163 S. E. Golunski T. G. Nevell and D. J. Hucknall J. Chem. SOC.,Faraday Trans.1 1985 81 1121. 164 L. R. Morss and D. C. Sonnenberger J. Nucl. Muter. 1985 130 266. 165 N. V. Lyalushkin L. V. Sudakov Yu. A. Baranov E. V. Shimbarev and N. V. Kapshukov Radiokhimiya 1985 27 28. 364 J. D. Miller described as a new approach to the investigation of the structures of uranium oxides.'66 It has so far been applied to the stoicheiometric crystalline materials U02 p-U308,and a-U308,before a study of the anion-excess defect structures U02+x is undertaken.'66 The oxides possess some catalytic properties as is seen by the fact that Tho2 promotes the hydrogenation of CO on Pd. The effect particularly favours the production of hydrocarbon^.'^^ That finding is in marked contrast to the report that there is little tendency to the formation of gaseous hydrocarbons during the produc- tion of methanol from synthesis gas over Tho2catalysts of high surface area.168 Other studies of solid species containing mainly U-0 bonds include the observa- tion that only UF6 and O2 are formed when fluorine attacks either UOz or U308.While difluorine reacts with the oxides F atoms react with the oxide surface immediately upon ~0ntact.l~~ A surprising result was obtained when NaU0 was investigated by neutron diffraction. Each U centre is surrounded by four 0 atoms at 2.15 A with two more at a greater distance of 2.24 A. Although a U02+ was expected no such unit was found in this ~olid.'~' Two reports of photochemical studies of the uranyl group incorporated into solids have appeared. When UOY is trapped in a zeolite energy can be transferred between it and Eu2+ ions.The efficiency can be controlled by selectively positioning the ions in the zeolite. The most efficient (around 0.9) and longest range of these exchanges occur in 'solution- like' amorphous environment^.'^' When the uranyl group is exchanged onto clays hectorite being the most active irradiation can lead to unusual radical-coupled products being formed from alcohols and ketones.'72 237Np Mossbauer spectroscopy has been to the study of neptunium chalcogenides. The oxidation state of the metal is very easily deduced from the isomer shift data. Thus the oxidation state is found to be IV in the compounds NpOS NpOSe NpS, and P-NpS2 while it is 111 in NpTe and a-and y-Np2S3. There is little to report on the fluorides.An accurate value for standard heat of formation of UF is -1910.6 f2.0 kJ m~l-','~~ while a study of the intercalation of UF6 into graphite either from the gaseous state or from solution in Cl2FCCF2C1 has been carried out.'76 The oxyfluorides have been the subject of slightly more activity with their preparations and reactions being reviewed.57 A mass-spectral study of the vaporization of U02F2 at high temperatures has revealed a complicated pattern of reaction^.'^^ Two major and two minor processes occur. The more important steps are the direct sublimation (AH' = 302.5 f 6.3 kJ mol-' at 298 K) and decomposition to UF5(g) 02(g) and U308(s); the minor pathways are decompo- sitions forming UF4(g) and UOF,(g). Heats of formation for U02F2 and UOF4 as 166 G.C. Allen P. A. Tempest C. D. Gamer I. Ross and D. J. Jones J. Phys. Chem. 1985 89 1334. 167 B. Denise and R. P. A. Sneeden React. Kinet. Catal. Lett. 1984 26 69626. C.A.Colmenares and G. A. Somorjai J. Catal. 1985 95 385. 169 W. H. Beattie and M. A. Salopek J. Fluorine Chem. 1985 30,59. 170 C. Miyake M. Kanamura H. Anada S. Imoto and S. Kawano J. Nucl. Sci. Technol. 1985 22 653. 171 S. L. Suib and K. A. Carrado Znorg. Chem. 1985 24 200. 172 S. L. Suib and K. A. Carrado Znorg. Chem. 1985 24 863. 173 T. Thevenin J. Jove and M. Pages Hyperfne Interact. 1984 20 173. 174 T. Thevenin J. Jove and M. Pages Muter. Res. Bull. 1985 20 723. 175 G. K. Johnson J. Nucl. Muter. 1985 130 102. 176 K. Klouda V. Rak and J.Vachuska Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1985,50 947. 177 K. H. Lau R. D. Brittain and D. L. Hildebrand J. Phys. Chem. 1985 89 4369. 16' Sc Y the Lanthanoids and the Actinoids 365 gases at 298 K were calculated to be -1351 f 6.3 and -1734 f 10 kJ mol-' respec- tively while that of UFS may be less negative at -1895 f 13 than was previously reported. The oxyfluoro anions U202F9 and UOF; can be converted into the fluoro anion UF7 using XeFg.178 The last mention of a halide concerns the reported preparation of an orthorhombic form of CfBr .This form is obtained from the monoclinic bromide under pressure with the transformation occurring at between 1.7 and 3.4 GPa.'79 In comparison to the situation for the lanthanoids there have been very few papers dealing with the solution properties of actinoids and none offering a comparable insight into the solvation environment of the metal species.The enthalpies and entropies of hydration of the ions Anx+(x = 2,3 or 4 An represents Pu or beyond) have been calculated with differing co-ordination numbers."' Estimations have also been made of the free energies of formation of the An-ions in liquid ammonia on the basis of a simple electrostatic model. All but Md- appear to be highly improbable species although the large estimated errors (f1.0 V) in the M/M- potentials make deduction difficult."' Solvent effects on E' for the Uv'/Uv couple have been re-examined in terms of a multi-parameter equation rather than using the parameters singly as is commonly done and a better fit was thus obtained.lS2 The formal redox potential of the Am'v/Am"' couple is estimated to be >+2.6 V.lS3 A review has been published covering the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of redox reactions of trans-Pu element^.'^^ There have also been published details of some new kinetic investigations.The reduction by solvated electrons in THF solutions of UC14 and its mixtures with alkenes and alkynes has been de~cribed.'~' The electrons produced by radiolysis of the THF can cause direct reduction to U"'. An alternative route to the lower oxidation state is by reaction with transitory anions such as PhCCPh- derived from the added organics. A different study of what is almost the reverse reaction dealt with the one-electron oxidation of U3+(aq) by free radicals produced by pulse radiolysis.186 Specific rates were determined for the radicals OH C12- Br2- 12- (NCS)2- CH2C02H CHMeCO,H CH2CMe20H and Me.All these radicals oxidize the U3+in an inner-sphere mechanism i.e. they pass through a transition state with an increased co-ordination number. This finding contradicts an earlier suggestion that H-atom abstraction from a water ligand occurred during the oxidation by the OH radical. The second-order rate constant for the oxidation by H202 was also estimated as 2 x lo5 dm3 mol-' s-'. In a study of a more conventional chemical reaction the reduction of Npv' by isomers of hydroxybenzoic acid was found to be first order in each reagent with reaction occurring mainly at the phenolic group.'" Solutions of LiAlH4 and UCL have a catalytic effect on the hydrogenation of alkenes.This is believed to be due to the transfer of a hydride ligand from a transient uranium compound.'8s S. M. Yeh Energy Res Abstr. 1985 10 10 162. 179 J. R. Peterson J. P. Young R. G. Haire G. M. Begun and U. Benedict Inorg. Chem. 1985 24 2467. 180 F. David B. Fourest and J. Duplessis 1. Nucl. Muter. 1985 130 273. 181 S. G. Bratsch and J. J. Lagowski Polyhedron 1985 4 841. 182 R. Seeber and P. Zanello J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans. 1985 601. 183 M. J. Kappel H. Nitsche and K. N. Raymond Inorg. Chem. 1985 24 605. 184 N. N. Krot and B. F. Myasoedov Radiokhimiya 1985 27 342. 185 A. M. Koulkes-Pujo J. F. Le Marechal B. Motais and G. Folcher L Phys. Chem.1985 89 4838. 186 D. Golub H. Cohen and D. Meyerstein J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans. 1985 641. 187 J. C. Sullivan M. Woods L. F. Rao,and G. R. Choppin Radiochim. Acta 1984 37 147. 366 J. D. Miller Evidence has been found for a two-step mechanism during complex formation between U022+and salicylate ligands at pHs between 7 and 8.5. A fast equilibrium is set up through which a U020H+ group becomes bound to a carboxylate group of the ligand. This is followed by the slow rate-determining step in which a water ligand is lost enabling ring closure to occur.188 That finding may be related to the unexpectedly small values found for the stability constants of An3+ trimethyl- enedinitrilotetra-acetate complexes (An = Am Cm Bk or Cf).'89 Weaker bonding than expected and the non-formation of six-membered chelate rings were advanced as possible reasons for the low values.Complex formation between H202 and An0,-species in aqueous carbonate or bicarbonate solutions has been in~estigated."~ U forms a 1 1 complex which is stable over a period of months while Np forms only a transient 1 :1 complex. The activation parameters are very different for the rate of formation of these two complexes being 67.8 f3.2 kJ mol-' and 30 f 11 J K-' mol-' in the case of U and 43.6 f2.0 kJ mol-' and -36 f7 J K-' mol-' for Np. The differing data appear to be attributable to an alteration in the change in solvation on going from reagent to transition state. A photoluminescence method has been applied to the study of ligand exchange on U022+.191 An e.s.r.investigation into the effect of its environment on the photosensitized reaction of UO:+ with thioethers at 77 K has been described. At high acidities aggregated radicals such as (Me2S)2+ are produced; monomeric radicals appear in neutral or low-acidity solution^.'^^ When "0 n.m.r. is used to investigate the uranyl group within complexes vari- ations in the chemical shift are observed which are related to and attributed to the lowest transition energies of the complexe~.'~~ Complex formation between Cm3+ and acetate and EDTA has been studied calorimetrically. The enthalpy and entropy changes determined are very similar to those observed for europium c~mplexation.'~~ The structures of the complexes [AnO,(bipy)( NO,),] and [AnO,(bipy)(OAc),] (An = U or Np) have been described.All are hexagonal bipyramidal but the two acetates show an interesting difference as the Np- N(bipy) bond is approximately 0.2A longer than its U analogue. This is attributed to overcrowding around the Np.19' Two distorted hexagonal-bipyramidally co-ordinated U"' centres have been shown to be linked together by a bridging peroxo group positioned equatonally. The mode of formation of this peroxo complex is di~cussed.'~~ Complexes of BH3Me with U Th and Np An(BH3Me)4 have been de~cribed.'~~ They are monomeric tetrahedral volatile and soluble in hexane. The structure of a dimer [Th(BH,Me),],*OEt, has been shown to contain two tridentate bridging and six terminal ligands as shown in structure (7).However in toluene solution there is no n.m.r. evidence from "B{'H} 'H{"B} or ',C{'H} studies even down to -96 "C I88 S. Gangopadhyay R. N. Banerjee and D. Banerjea Transition Met. Chem. 1985 10 325. 189 G. R. Choppin and A. C. Muscatello Inorg. Chim. Acta 1985 109 67. 190 M. E. Thompson K. L. Nash and J. C. Sullivan Zsr. J. Chem. 1985 25 155. 191 V. V. Yakshin and N. L. Khokhlova Zh. Neorg. Khim. 1985 30 2153. 192 H. B. Ambroz and T. J. Kemp J. Chem. Rex (S) 1985 290. 193 W. Jung H. Tomiyasu and H. Fukutomi Bull. Chem. SOC.Jpn. 1985 58 938. 194 G. R. Choppin Q. Liu and J. C. Sullivan Znorg. Chem. 1985 24 3968. 195 N. W. Alcock D. J. Flanders and D. Brown J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans. 1985 1001. 196 P. Charpin G.Folcher M. Lance M. Nierlich and D. Vigner Acta Crystallogr. Sect. C 1985,41 1302. 197 R. Shinomoto Energy Res. Absrr. 1985 10 10 165. Sc Y the Lanthanoids and the Actinoids of inequivalent borate ligands. It is suggested that a monomer dimer equilibrium results in a rapid site exchange.19* The thermal properties of volatile P-diketonates of Th U Np and Pu have undergone further investigation this year as has their radiolytic decomposition. The coatings formed during the pyrolytic decomposition of the volatile uranium com- pounds have been ~haracterized.'~~ As was the case last year there has been some interest in complexing between the uranyl group and ligands that may model the properties of humic acids. Thus the structural and spectral features of complexes with 2,6-dihydroxybenzoate and the related 2,6-dimethoxy ligand have been examined.200,201 The complexes which can be written as [U02L2(H20)2]-8H20,have an irregular hexagonal-bipyramidal structure.Intramolecular hydrogen bonding occurs allowing near planarity in the equatorial organic ligands. A new class of ligands uranophiles which exhibit large stability constants and rate constants for complex formation with U02,+ has been investigated. These are linear tris( dithiocarbamate)s and they are rapid extracting reagents from dilute carbonate solutions. By using the linear ligand the slow U-S bond formation found for related macrocycles is avoided.202 This finding reflects the observation made earlier" that the linear polyethers are a much more promising family of ligands than are the crown ethers for Ln3+ and An3+ selectivity because of their inherent flexibility.That notwithstanding the number of investigations of macrocyclic ligands co- ordinated to actinoids is still quite large. Template and cyclo-condensation products obtained from 2,6-disubstituted pyridines are used for most metals of the Periodic Table including the actinoids. For example the products of condensation of ethyl- enediamine both with 2,6-diacetylpyridine and with 2,6-diformylpyridine have been used to form [U02L]( X-)2 .,03 The closely related molecule pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid-bis-( salicylidenehydrazide) represented as H4L can yield differently co-ordin- ated products with the uranyl group the formulae U02(H2L)(EtOH) (U02)2L(H20)4 and [U02( H20),],[ U02(0Ac),]L being assigned to three different products.204 198 R.Shinomoto J. G. Brennan N. M. Edelstein and A. Zalkin Inorg. Chem. 1985 24 2896. 199 V. Ya. Mishin S. M. Solov'ev P. P. Chinenov A. S. Voronin V. I. Kapitonov E. M. Rubtsov P. S. Soloshenkov V. K. Isopov and Y. Z. Prokopchuk Radiokhimiya 1985 27 354. 200 G. Micera E. L. Strinna F. Coriati D. A. Clemente A. Marzotto and C. M. Biagini Inorg. Chim. Acta 1985 109 135. 20 1 G. Micera L.'Strinna Erre F. Cariati D. A. Clemente A. Marzotto and G. Valle Inorg. Chim. Acta 1985 109 173. 202 I. Tabushi A. Yoshizawa and H. Mizuno J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1985 107 4585. 203 L. De Cola D. L. Smailes and L. M. Vallarino Inorg. Chim. Acta 1985 110 Ll.204 G. Paolucci S. Stelluto and S. Sitran Inorg. Chim. Acta 1985 110 19. 368 J. D. Miller Inevitably crown ethers have also been used as ligands for actinoids. The interac- tions of U02,+ with some common crown ethers and cryptands have been investi- gated in aqueous and propylene carbonate solutions.205 The uranyl group only seems to enter or partially enter the ligand cavity in propylene carbonate solutions and then not with 12-crown-4 or 15-crown-5. In water the only interactions appear to be hydrogen bonding between the H of co-ordinated H20 and the 0 of the macrocycle; i.e. an outer-sphere complex is formed. A kinetic study has been made206 of the complex formation with 18-crown-6 in propylene carbonate. The general Eigen mechanism for complex formation is that which best describes the experi- mental results.That is a fast pre-equilibrium is followed by between one and four interchange steps in which water ligands are replaced by U-ligand(0) bonds. It could be represented by reactions (6) and (7) [UO2(aq)I2++ CR-6 % [UO2(aq)l2+.CR-6 (6) [UO2(aq)l2+.CR-6+ [UO2(CR-6)]*+ (7) The results also prove the existence of complexes in which the uranyl group is totally encapsulated in the macrocyclic cavity. Dibenzo- 18-crown-6 can be used satisfactorily in extraction chromatography for the separation of UIV from Uv' and of trace amounts of u"' from ~ h . ~ ~ ~ As with the lanthanoids so also here bis(trimethylsily1)amido ligands have been attached to the metals. For An = Th or U a quantitative one-step synthesis of [(Me3Si),N],An-CH2Si( Me),NSiMe ,a cyclo-metallated product from AnC1 has been described.208 Carbonyl compounds can be inserted into the An-C bond to increase the metallacycle from a four- to a six-membered ring i.e.[(Me3Si),N],A? OC( R'R2)CH,Si( Me),NSiMe,. There are major unexplained differences between the 'H n.m.r. spectra of the former compounds and the spectra previously reported for them. The structure of [U2(C6H6),C14( p-C1)3]AlC14 has been reported.209 Although the U-C(ring) bonds to the T6-ligand are long at 2.92& and therefore presumably weak the compound was isolated. Most organo-actinoid compounds described this year contain cyclopentadienyl ligands. A rare mono-Cp compound with a very high volatility has been prepared210 in toluene by reaction (8) U(BH414 + TlCP CPU(BH4)3 (8) + More usually two or more Cp ligands are co-ordinated to each An.The compounds (Cp'),AnMe (An = Th or U Cp' = the pentamethyl ligand) are active catalysts for propene hydrogenation after pretreatment. Their behaviour when supported has been examined. A mechanism involving the attachment of a .rr-alkene cis to a hydride ligand followed by their interaction to form a 0-alkyl is proposed.211 I3C m.a.s.- 20s M. Brighli P. Fux J. Lagrange and P. Lagrange Znorg. Chem. 1985 124 80. 206 P. Fux J. Legrange and P. Legrange J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1985 107 5927. 207 S. Xu and J. Jin He Huaxue Yu Fangshe Huaxue 1984 4 232 (Chem. Abstr. 1985 102 034 770). 208 A. Dormond A.El Bouadili A. Aaliti and C. Moise J. Organomef. Chem. 1985 288 C1. 209 F. A. Cotton and W. Schwotzer Organometallics 1985 4 104. 210 D. Baudry P. Charpin M. Ephrittikhine G. Folcher J. Lambard M. Lance M. Nierlich and J. Vigner J. Chem. SOC.,Chem. Commun. 1985 1533. 211 M. Y. He G. Xiang P. J. Toscano R. L. Burwell and T. J. Marks J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1985 107 641. Sc Y the Lanthanoids and the Actinoids 369 n.m.r. has been used to study the Th compound and derivatives such as [Cpf2Th(p- H)H], supported on alumina. There is evidence of both methyl transfer to surface Al and the formation of Th-0-Al bonded species.212 The supported polyoxo- anions [Cp,An(MW,0,,),]5- (An = Th or U M = Nb or Ta) have been the subject of detailed physical investigation^.^^^ All four anions contain trigonal-bipyramidal An centres with the Cp ligands equatorial and the polyoxo-anions axial.The An-0 bonds are readily broken so that mixtures of the Th complexes dissolved in nitromethane at room temperature undergo scrambling within fifteen minutes. A theoretical approach to the activation of CO by the Cp2An fragment has been The energy barriers to attack on CP,UR,~+ are found to be small with attack at the tetrahedral face defined by two Cp groups and only one R being preferred. The alternative modes of co-ordination of acyl groups to the same fragment are also discussed. A similar insertion process but this time of C6Hll into the U-Me bond of Cp,UMe has been observed e~perimentally.~~~ The reaction occurs at room temperature and forms an q2-N-cyclohexyliminoethylcomplex quantitatively.Other reports dealing with Cp-containing complexes can be said to be concerned mainly with the nature of the other groups. Thus bond disruption enthalpies have been measured for a series of (Cp,Th)-R compounds. All are around 335 kJ mol-l .216 An organometallic compound containing a direct An-transition-metal bond without any bridging ligands has been ~haracterized.~~’ The compound which is extremely air sensitive was prepared in 50% yield in THF at room temperature by reaction (9) Cp‘,ThX + CpRu(CO),Na + Cpf2Th(X)Ru(Cp)(C0) (9) When X = I the Th-Ru separation is 3.028 A compared with a value of 3.14 A for the sum of the metallic radii. ‘H and 13C n.m.r. show that two different species are in dynamic equilibrium with each other in solution at low temperatures.Compounds containing U and a transition metal linked by bridging ligands have been described for Mn218 and for Mo and W.219The uranium-phosphonium- enolate-manganese complex describedin last year’s Annual Report undergoes C-0 bond cleavage when refluxed in toluene for an hour as in reaction (10) Cp(OC),MnC( OUCp,)=CHPPhMe + Cp(OC),MnCCPPhMe + Cp,UOH (10) The heterobimetallic complexes Cp,U[OCM(CO),Cp] and Cp,U[OCM(CO),Cp] (M = Mo or W) are said to be of potential importance in catalysis and organic synthesis. A red pphenylisocyanato complex with the structure (8) can be formed by adding!he isocyanate to UCp”,(THF). The bridging ligand is best regarded as being PhN=C -0.The decarbonylated relative Cp”,UNPh has also been investigated 212 P. J. Toscano and T. J. Marks J. Am. Chem. SOC.,1985 107 653. 213 V. W. Day W. G. Klemperer and D. J. Maltbie OrganometaNics 1985 4 104. 214 K. Tatsumi. A. Nakamura P. Hofmann P. Stauffert,and R. Hofmann,J. Am. Chem. SOC. 1985,107,4440. 215 P. Zanella G. Paolucci G. Rossetto F. Benetollo A. Popo R. D. Fischer and G. Bombieri J. Chem. SOC.,Chem. Commun. 1985 96. 216 D. C. Sonnenberger L. R. Morss and T. J. Marks Organometallics 1985 4 352. 217 R. S. Sternal C. P. Brock and T. J. Marks J. Am. Chem. SOC.,1985 107 8270. 218 R. E Framer K. T. Higa and J. W. Gilje Organometallics 1985 4 1140. 219 A. Dormond and C. Moise Polyhedron 1985 4 595. 370 J.D. Miller Ph I structurally. The UNC grouping is essentially linear and is therefore deduced to contain a triple UzN bond.220 The first organo-actinoid complex containing a phosphido ligand is claimed221 to be Cp3UPPh2 which can be prepared in several different ways. The U-P bond is very reactive readily undergoing substitution or carbonyl insertion reactions. The authors deduce that the spare pair on P is little involved in the bond to U. The same PPh2 group has however also been reported as a bridging ligand in the heterobimetallic cluster compound Cp’,Th( p-PPh,),Ni(CO) .222 Finally we note that X-ray structural determinations have been carried out on two sulphur-containing organo-actinoid compounds. The compound UCp”,L (L = tetrahydrothiophene) contains a U-S bond of 2.99 A.223A puckered six-membered ring (9) is in Cpf3ThS5.While the Th-( a)S bond is 2.77,8, the separation between Th and the (p)S atom is only 3.04 A which presumably accounts for the twisted configuration observed. The free energy of activation for the ring inversion process is calculated to be 58 kJ mol-’. ”* J. G. Brennan and R. A. Anfersen J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1985 107 514. 221 G. Paolucci G. Rossetto P. Zanella and R. D. Fischer J. Organornet. Chem. 1985 284 213. 222 J. M. Ritchey A. J. Zozuliu D. A. Wrobleski R. R. Ryan H. J. Wasserman D. C. Moody and R. T. Paine J. Am. Chem. SOC.,1985 107 501. 223 A. Zalkin and J. G. Brennan Acta Crystallogr. Sect. C 1985 41 1295. 224 M. Draganjar and T. B.Rauchfuss Angew. Chem. 1985 24 742.

ISSN:0260-1818    

DOI:10.1039/IC9858200347

出版商:RSC    

年代:1985

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

13 Radiochemistry By D. S. URCH Chemistry Department Queen Mary College London El 4NS 1 Introduction This section of Annual Reports is devoted to a review of recent developments in those aspects of chemistry where radioactivity is of importance or interest rather than to the chemistry of those elements which happen to be radioactive (see Chapter 12). The main topics to be considered will be the production of specific isotopes the preparation of labelled compounds and a consideration of the chemical reactions that are initiated by nuclear reactions including decay. No new books on radiochemistry have appeared during 1985 but it is interesting to record that Choppin’s ‘Nuclear Chemistry’ has been translated into Russian.’ Recent general reviews have covered modem trends in radiochemistry,2 actinide chemi~try,~ and nuclear technology as well as radiochemical experiments for schools5 and colleges.6 Many popular articles have appeared to celebrate (if that’s the right word) the fortieth anniversary of the explosion of the first atomic bomb; particularly interesting is the account of work at Los Alamos from that time to the present day.’ 2 Isotopes Production.-Both chromatographic’ and thermal diffusion’ methods for the separ- ation of gaseous tritium labelled compounds have been described whilst molecular sieve 5A can be for the separation and concentration of tritiated water.The short-lived isotopes of carbon (l1C),I2oxygen (I5O),l2and chlorine (34mC1)’3,’4 ’ G. Choppin and Ya. Ridberg ‘Yadernaya khirniya.Osnovy teorii i primeneniya’ Ehnergoatornizdat Moscow U.S.S.R. 1984. * K. H. Lieser Nachr. Chem. Tech. Lab. 1985 33 408. L. R. Morss Radiochim. Acta 1984 36 17. R. H. Rodriguez Pasques ‘Introduccion a la tecnologia nuclear. Su desarrollo y perspectivas en America Latina’ EUDEBA Buenos Aires Argentina 1978. M. A. Malati and W. K. Wong Educ. Chem. 1984 21 156. E. Akatsu Nucl. Technol. 1982 59 532. ’J. D. Knight and J. E. Sattizahn Los Alamos Sci. 1983 8 2. M. Saeki T. Hirabayashi Y. Aratono T. Hasegawa and E. Tachikawa J. Nucl. Sci Technol. (Tokyo) 1983 20 762. ’0.Takayasu M. Takagi and T. Takeuchi Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Zsot. 1985,36,215. 10 R. C. Bindal S. Prabhakar and A. P. Jayaraman Radiochim. Acta 1984,36,215. I‘ T. Tabuchi T. Yanagi S.Imoto and K. Surnita Technol. Rep. Osaka Univ. 1983 33 455. 12 Y. Nishihara A. Tanaka K. Enoki H. Saji and K. Torizuka Radioisotopes (Tokyo) 1984 33 706. 13 F. Helus H. Gaspar G. Rettig and W. Maier-Borst J. Radioanal. NucL Chem 1985 94 149. 14 N. Rarnarnoorthy M. K. Das B. R. Sarkar and R. S. Mani Roc. Znt. Conf Radiopharmaceuticals and Labelled Compounds Tokyo 1984 IAEA Vienna Austria 1985 p. 107. 371 372 D. S. Urch can all be produced using a cyclotron. 34mCl is formed ~hen~~C1 is bombarded with 22 MeV a-particle~'~ At a lower or 34S with 22 MeV protons or 12 MeV deutron~.'~ a-particle energy (18 MeV) 35Cl reacd4 to produce 38K,but this isotope can also be made by the fast neutron irradiation of 43Ca.'6 A variety of techniques has been described mostly based on ion-exchange chromatography for the preparation of carrier-free transition metal isotopes e.g.48V from deutron irradiated titania,l7>l8 51Cr,19 52Fe,20 and 57C0.2167Ga is an important isotope in nuclear medicine and many paper^'^*^^-^' have described its production and separation in carrier-free form starting with the or de~tron~~ irradiation of zinc (66Zn). 77Br is also important in nuclear medicine. It can be produced by the a-particle (28 MeV) bombardment of 75As23,28 or together with 76Br by the decay of 76,77Krisotope^,'^ following the proton (16 GeV) irradiation of rubidium and strontium targets. New methods have been described for the prod~ction~**~' of 81Rb and ~alibration~~ [82Kr(p 2n)81Rb] (parent of the short-lived 81mKr)as well as for the of fission produced 85Kr.One of the most widely used isotopes in nuclear medicine is 99mTc which is produced by the decay of wmMo. Much attention therefore focuses upon this particular isotope of molybdenum. It can be made35 either by the neutron irradi- ati~n~~ of 98M0 or by separation from uranium fission fragment^.^' If the latter 15 D. N. Abrams E. E. Knaus L. I. Wiebe F. Helus and W. Maier-Borst Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 1984 35,1045. l6 L. N. Kurchatova V. I. Levin A. B. Malinin and I. N. Tronova AN Uzbekskoj SSR Tashkent Inst. Yadernoj Fiziki 1983 p. 72. " P. Grychowski B. U. Petelenz and J. Mikulski J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 1985 89 23. 18 A. N. Nesmeyanov B. Z. Iofa L. N. Makagonova A.A. Abramov A. G. Maklachov A. I. Silat'ev and Yu. G. Sevost'yanov AN Uzbekskoj SSR Tashkent Inst. Yadernoj Fiziki 1983 p. 19. 19 K. E. Collins and C. Archundia Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 1984 35,910. 20 T. N. van der Walt F. W. E. Strelow and F. J. Haasbroek Talanta 1985 32,313. 21 E. S.Gureev T. Islamov V. S. Usachenko and A. Kh. Mamatkhazina AN Uzbekskoj SSR Tashkent Insf. Yademoj Fiziki 1983 p. 61. 22 D. F. S. Chamma A. G. da Silva and R. Weinreich Abs. Assoc. Brasileira de Quimica Rio de Janeiro 1982 p. 116. 23 M. D. Kozlova L. S. Kozyreva-Aleksandrova V. I. Levin and A. B. Malinin AN Uzbekskoj SSR Tashkent Inst. Yadernoj Fiziki 1983 p. 50. 24 J. Koernyei Izotoprechnika 1984 27 110. 25 T. Islamov V. S. Usachenko and A.Kh. Mamatkazina AN Uzbekskoj SSR Tashkent Inst. Yadernoj Fiziki 1983 p. 57. 26 L. Fernandes C. P. G. da Silva and M. F. de Barbosa Publication No. 54 Insituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares Sao Paulo Brazil 1983. " T. Paradellis G. Vourvopoulis and E. Paleodimopoulis J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 1984 84 263. M.A. V. Bastos A. G. da Silva and W. A. Newton Acad. Bras. Cienc. 1984,56 121. 29 E. G. Alekseev V. S. Gusel'nikov V. M.Zajtsev L. A. Win and T. V. Koneva Radiokhimiya 1984 26,667. 30 T. Bjroenstad T. Holtbekk and A. Ruud Oslo Univ. (Fysisk Inst.) Publication No. 84-02 Oslo Norway 1984. 31 P. Blaeuenstein I. Huszar C. Bajo 0. Gasser and P. A. Schubiger in 'Nuclear Medicine in Research and Practice' (Proc. Eur. Nuc. Med. Congress Helsinki 1984) ed.H. A. E. Schmidt and E. Vauramo Schattauer Stuttgart B.R.D. 1984 p. 843. 32 N. R. Williams P. 0.Childs D. A. Causer and A. B. M.G. Mostafa Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 1985 10 33. 33 N. Ootsuka T. Yamamoto and K. Tsukui Radioisotopes (Tokyo) 1984 33,853. 34 V. N. Nikonov Yu. N. Kazankin E. I. Bozhenko I. M. Buntseva F. A. Makhmutov V. V. Teplyakov and I. N. Bekman Radiokhimiyu 1984,26,332. 35 S. Abrashkin Report No. 1394 Israel Atomic Energy Commission Yavne Israel 1984. 36 L. Zsinka Izotoptechnika 1984 21 145. 37 P. P. Boldyrev L. S. Kozyreva-Aleksandrova and A. G. Kosarev AN Uzbekskoj SSR Tashkent Inst. Yadernoj Fiziki 1983 p. 121. Radiochemistry 373 method is used great care must be paid to the radiochemical purity of the to avoid contamination such as 82Br.39 Care must also be taken that auto-radiolysis does not degrade the column upon which the molybdenum is adsorbed; copper appears to stabilize alumina:' and zirconium molybdate gel has also been shown to be satisfa~tory.~~ Other isotopes of technetium which have been produced are 101 and 97 from the neutron irradiation of natural molybden~rn~~ and ruthenium43 respectively and 95mT~ by the cyclotron bombardment of The cyclotron can also be used to produce '02Rh from ruthenium'* and 97Ru from molybdenum (25-40 MeV a- particle^).'^ Techniques for the separation of ImmAg from 109Cd45 and for the production of '09Cd from silver4 have been described.A variety of novel methods has been used to purify "'In made by the irradiation of silver with 28 MeV a-particle~.~~.~~,~~ 1231 is also widely used in nuclear medicine and its particularly attractive nuclear properties have led to many different prepara- or cae~ium~'~~' tive e.g.proton bombardment of tell~rium'~~~' targets at different energies. New methods have also been described for the production of iodine-125 and -131.'* Isotopes of caesium can be made either by neutron irradiation of barium-130 [13'Ba(n y) 13'Ba(p' decay) 131Cs] or by the bombardment of sodium iodide with 37 MeV a-particles (to give '29Cs).'6 New methods for the preparation of many rare-earth isotopes have been given 139Ce (deutron bombardment of lanthan~m),~~ 151Sm,55 '55Tb,and 145Sm,54 153Gd,56 167~~. 16 Neutron-deficient isotopes of the heavier rare-earths can be made quite easily by spallation reactions initiated by the proton bombardment of a tantalum Furthermore '72Hf produced in this way can then be used as a source of 172Lu.59 Tantalum targets can also be used in the productionm of I8'W whilst 38 G.Bernhard W. Boessert 0. Hladik and R. Schwarzbach Kemenergie 1985 28 352. 39 R. McAuley R. Lull and R. Ice Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 1985 10 60. 40 J. L. Vucina and S. M. Milenkovic Isotopenpraxis 1985 21 216. 41 J. V. Evans and M. E. Shying Report No. E-599 Australian Atomic Energy Commission 1984. 42 G. A. Brodskaya AN Uzbekskoj SSR Tashkent Inst. Yademoj Fiziki 1983 p. 117. 43 P. Kastenmayer Diss. Thesis Naturwiss. Fak. 4 (Chemie und Pharmazie) University of Regensberg B.R.D.1984. 44 R. Finn T. Booth J. Sinnreich E. Tavano A. Gilson and A. P. Wolf ref 14 p. 47. 45 P. M. Wanek F. J. Steinkruger and D. C. Moody Roc. 5th Symp. NucL Chem. Radiochem. and Rad. Chem. University of Guanajuato Mexico 1984 p. 35. 46 E. S. Gureev T. Islamov V. S. Usachenko and A. Kh. Mamatkazina AN Uzbekskoj SSR Tashkent Inst. Yadernoj Fiziki 1983 p. 67. 47 J. A. Osso Jnr. M.Sc. Thesis University of Rio de Janeiro Brazil 1982. 48 A. F. Novgorodov G. Yu.Bayer A. Zelinski A. Kolachkovski and K. Shomeker Report No. 6-84-609 Joint Inst. Nucl. Res. Dubna U.S.S.R. 1984. 49 J. L. Q. de Britto A. G. da Silva and G. W. A. Newton ref 22 1982 p. 118. 50 J. Vincent Report No. TRI-PP-82-16 ACNP symposium on short-lived radionuclides Washington D.C.U.S.A. 1982. 51 A. Adilbish N. G. Zajtseva 0. Knotek M. Ya. Kuznetsova Yu. V. Norseev V. I. Fominykh V. A. Khalkin and V. G. Chumin AN Uzbekskoj SSR Tashkent Inst. Yademoj Fiziki 1983 p. 96. 52 J. Miller Izotoptechnika 1984 27 160. 53 G. D. Meyer P.Anderson T. N. van der Walt and R. G. Boehmer Radiochim Act4 1983 34,207. 54 A. D. Gedeonov V. V. Smirnov B. N. Shuvalov A. A. Nosov and E. N. Loginov AN Uzbekskoj SSR Tashkent Inst. Yadernoj Fiziki 1983 p. 35. 55 A. V. Baluev V. S. Mityakhina B. I. Rogozev and D. A. Sarychev ref 54 p. 202. 56 V. V. Smirnov A. D. Gedeonov B. N. Shuvalov A. V. Malyshenkov and E. N. Loginov ref:54 p. 195. 57 V. A. Khalkin and N. A. Lebedev J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 1985,88 153. 58 Do Kim Tyung N.A. Lebedev Ngen Guin' Maj Nguen Kong Chang and V. A. Khalkin Radiokhimiya 1984 26 210. 59 N. A. Lebedev Eh. Kherrmann and L. Ehkhn Radiokhimiya 1984 26 223. 60 S. M. Gasita A. I. Silant'ev A. G. Maklachkov and B. Z. Iofa Radiokhimiya 1984 26 143. 374 D. S. Urch osmium ('s50s) and rhenium isotopes are formed6' when tungsten is bombarded with a-particles. Deutron bombardment of yields lS3Re. Radioactive gold (195mA~) has a variety of uses in nuclear medicine; new techniques have been described64965 for its separation from the parent isotope 195mHg. Other isotopes of gold 195 and 199 have also been prepared.66 Isotopes of thallium (e.g. 201 and 202) can be made by cyclotron irradiation" or by proton (660 MeV) bombardmed7 of mercury.Neutron irradiation of 209Bi68 and 226Ra69 together gives rise to 210Po and to 227A~ with 228Th respectively. 233Th can also be made by neutron irradiation7' (from 232Th). A variety of ion-chromatographic methods for the separation of 234Thfrom the elements of the 238Udecay series has been The application of the laser separation method to the isotopes of uranium has been facilitated by the p~blication~~ of high resolution fluorescence and absorption spectra for uranium vapour and for uranium hexafluoride. The plutonium isotopes 236 237 and 238 are formed when 237Np is bombarded with deutrons (9-25 MeV); 237Fupredomi-nate~.~~ The separation and purification of the isotopes 233Pa 237U,238i239Np,75 242Am,76and 253E~77 have also been described.Attempts to produce an isotope of element 107 by bombarding 249Bk with 22Ne particles have been rep~rted,~' part of an almost exclusively Russian preoccupation with the p~ssibility~~ of either making or detecting in nature elements with atomic numbers greater than 106. To this end cosmic rays and meteorites," manganese nodules,81 and exotic hot springss2 all have been scanned and all have been found wanting. Such a lack of experimental evidence continues to leave the field open83,84 for that new brand of science fiction 'the chemistry of the super-heavy elements'! 61 B. Z. Iofa L. N. Makagonova and Yu.G. Sevost'yanov AN Uzbekskoj SSR Tashkent Inst. Yadernoj Fiziki 1983 p. 84. 62 V. 0. Kordyukevich and N. P. Rudenko Radiokhimiya 1984 26 625. 63 V.0. Korkyukevich N. P. Rudenko and V. L. Giruts AN Uzbekskoj SSR Tashkent Inst. Yademoj Fiziki 1983 p. 78. 64 A. Rosevear and H.E. Sims U.K. Patent 2149562/A 1985. 6s K. J. Panek J. Lindeyer and H. C. van der Vlugt ref 31 p. 847. 66 G. A. Brodskaya AN Uzbekskoj SSR Tashkent Inst. Yademoj Fiziki 1983 p. 88. 67 A. F. Novgorodov A. Kolachkovski and Nguen Kong Chang ref 66 p. 234. 68 A. S. Abakumov Z. V. Ershova Yu.G. Klabukov B. V. Petrov and E. S. Prokin ref 66 p. 135. 69 G. S. Sinistyna B. I. Shestakov I. A. Shestakova V. A. Tsirlin V. M. Garbuzov and S. A. Ivanov ref 66 p. 178. 70 K. Grudpan and S. Moebius Chem. Ztg. 1985 109 109. 71 R. M. Garcia-Rendon R. M.Solache and D. Tenorio Rev. SOC.Quim. Mex. 1984 28 71. 72 Y. Inoue and M.Satoh Radioisotopes (Tokyo) 1984 33 291. 73 T. Arisawa Y.Maruyama Y. Suzuki M. Kato and Y. Naruse Report No. M-83-124 Japan Atomic Energy Research Inst. Tokyo Japan 1983. 74 S. Baba K. Hata M. Izumo R. Motoki and T. Sekine Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 1985 36 564. 75 S. Khuzhaev AN Uzbekskoj SSR Tashkent Inst. Yademoj Fiziki 1983 p. 130. 76 G. N. Shapkin Yu.S. Mis'ko and P. N. Moskalev ref 75 p. 125. 77 A. A. Elesin V. N. Nikolaev A. V. Klinov and E. A. Karelin ref 75 p. 191. 78 I. Zvara V. P. Domonov Z. Khyubener M. R. Shalaevskij S. N. Timokhin B. L. Zhjkov B. Ajkhler and G. V. Buklanov Radiokhimiya 1984 26 76. 79 V. Hnatowicz Vesmir 1983 62 173. 80 G. N. Flerov G. M. Ter-Akopyan and N. K. Skobelev Roc. 2nd. Int. Conf:Low Radioactivities 1980 ed.P. Povinec VEDA Bratislava Czechoslovakia 1982 p.217. 81 Yu. T. Chuburkov I. Zvara E. A. Sokol K. S. Chun and L. K. Al'pert Radiokhimiya 1983 25 520. 82 Yu.S.Korotkin G. M. Ter-Akop'yan A. G. Popeko T. P. Drobina and E. L. Zhuravela Radiokhimiya 1983 25 508. 83 I. Zvara Zh. Vses. Khim. 0-va D. I. Mendeleeua 1983 28 17. 84 V. I. Spitsyn Zh. Neorg. Khim. 1984 29 289. Radiochemistry 375 Properties.-It is now realised that half-lives can be slightly affected by chemical changes. An example of this effect has been reported” for ‘’’I and the changes correlated with Mossbauer data. 3 Labelled Compounds Much if not most of the effort put into the preparation of new labelled compounds is directed towards radiopharmaceuticals for nuclear medicine.86 Many reviews have appeared recently covering specific aspects of this work e.g.problems of organic synthesis87 or of production and analysis,g0 biochemical consider- ations:’ radiochemical aerosols:2 the advantages of using ‘hot-atom’ reaction^:^ and a critical discussion of the role of the cyclotron in producing positron-emitting isotopes.94 The production of radiopharmaceuticals has also been considered from a somewhat chauvinistic point of view for Brazil,” Hungary,96997 and Czecho- ~lovakia~~ as well as more generally for ‘developed’99 and ‘developing’lo0 countries. In the review that follows emphasis will be laid on new methods and developments of existing techniques for the production of labelled aompounds rather than attempt- ing to list all recently labelled molecules.Hydrogen (Tritium).-One of the simplest ways of introducing the tritium label into a molecule is direct exposure to tritium gas -the Wilzbach method. This usually leads to the formation of a large number of labelled by-products as has been shown in a recent detailed study of 3-fluorotol~ene.’~’ Despite this limitation it remains an effective method for labelling large molecules e.g. isoniazid.lo2 The reactive species in the Wilzbach process are presumably tritiated ions but translationally excited tritium atoms are also very reactive and can be used to initiate labelling. High specific activities with none of the complications usually associated with Wilzbach labelling have been rep~rted”~ when a beam of tritium atoms (2000 K) bombards a substrate target at 77 K.85 C. Eifrig Report No. 93 Zentralinstitut fur Isotopen- und Strahlen-forschung Leipzig D.D.R. 1984. 86 P. H. Cox ref 31 p. 797. 87 C. H. Collins ref 45 p. 29. 88 A. M. Robles A. S. Leon and E. S. Verdera Abstracts 4th Cong. Braz. SOC. Biology and Nucl. Med. Porte Alegre Brazil 1984 p. 74. 89 K. Debertin in ‘Imaging of metabolism and organ-function’ ed. H. A. E. Schmidt and W. E. Adam Schattauer Stuttgart B.R.D. 1984 p. 82. 90 G. A. Janoki L. Koeroesi B. Spett and G. Klivenyi re$ 14 p. 536. 91 D. R. Elmaleh E. Livini and S. Levy in ‘Diagnostic Imaging in Medicine’ ed. R. C. Reba and H. F. Davidwn Martinus Nijhoff The Hague Netherlands 1984 p. 299. 92 S. P. Newman in ‘Aerosols and the lung clinical and experimental aspects’ ed.S. W. Clarke and D. Pavia Butterworths London 1984 p. 71. 93 T. Nozaki in ‘Hot Atom Chemistry’ ed. T. Matsuura Kodansha Tokyo Japan and Elsevier Amsterdam Netherlands 1984 p. 404. 94 A. P. Wolf and J. S. Fowler ref 14 p. 23. 95 A. G. da Silva Report No. R-2886-F International Atomic Energy Agency Vienna Austria 1985. 96 G. Toth Izofopfechnika 1984 27 164. 97 L. Bursics Zzotopfechnika 1984 27 171. 98 F. Melchiar K. Svoboda and M. Hrasdil Jad. Energ. 1984 30,425. 99 G. Subramanian ref 14 p. 395. loo A. E. Mitta reJ 14 p. 411. 101 C. T. Peng and 0. Burchman Znt. J. Appl. Radial. Zsof. 1985 36 414. 102 K. Winsel H. Iwainsky E. Mittag M. Kiessling and H. Koehler Zsofopenprris 1985 21 310.103 A. N. Nesmeyanov E. F. Simonov Eh. S. Filatov and A. V. Shishkov AN Uzbekskoj SSR Tashkent Inst. Yadernoj Fiziki 1983 228. 376 D. S. Urch Tritium gas in the presence of a suitable catalyst such as platinum or palladium can be used to label many molecules in solution e.g. aflatoxin-B '04 and D-galactose D-mannose and 2-deoxy-~-glucose.'~~ A variation of this method is to adsorb the tritium gas on the metal first; compounds containing nitro alkene and carbonyl groups,'06 including lipids and prostaglandin^,'^' can be successfully labelled in this way. Tritiated molecules (benzene toluene) when activated by adsorption on zeolites can also be used to label a wide range of other compounds.'08 Other methods based on exchange have used tritiated water to produce labelled benzaldehyde (acid cataly~is'~~) or aromatic carboxylic acids and carboxamides [rhodium( 111) chloride cata1yst''OI.Tritium gas can also be used as a reducing agent and so lead to the formation of labelled molecules e.g. thapsigargin,"' 5-hydroxymethyl uracil,' l2 and N-(3-0xo-4-hexanoy1)homoserine lactone.' l3 A much more widely used technique however is catalytic reductive dehalogenation in which tritium atoms are induced to replace halogen atoms. The method has the advantages of simplicity accuracy in the positioning of the label and ease of execution. Some recent examples of its use are the formation of labelled catecholamine,' l4 nadolol,' l5 uracil,' l6 diaminopimelic acid,' '' 4-(4-butrophenyl)aminophenylisothiocyanate,"8alapr~clate,"~ as well as hormones'20 and antipsychotic drugs.'21 Particularly interesting is the kinetic study that has been made of the palladium-catalysed reaction leading to the formation of labelled nucleic acids from their bromo-derivatives.'22 Carbon.-Much effort continues to be directed towards the development of new techniques for the rapid incorporation of "C into an ever increasing range of molecules for use in nuclear medicine but new preparations of 14C-labelled com- pounds continue to be made.Methods for the efficient production of basic starting 104 K. Veres Czech. Patent 208439/B 1984. 105 Zhao Xialing Liu Jingzhi and Shen Defu ref 14 p. 331. 106 T. C. Peng and 0. Buchman Tetrahedron Lett. 1985 26 1375. 107 V.P.Shevchenko and N. F. Myasoedov AN Uzbekskoj SSR Tashkent Inst. Yadernoj Fizikt 1983,166. lo* M. A. Long J. L. Garnett and P. G. Williams J. Chem. SOC.,Perkin Trans. 2 1984 2105. G. Angelini M. Speranza M. Felici and M. Luna J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 1984 87 283. I10 W. J. S. Lockley J. Chem. Res. (S) 1985 p. 178. 111 S. B. Christensen J. Labelled Compd. Radiopharm. 1985 12 71. 112 E. Mittag J. Roemer T. Brankoff and S. Noll Wiss. 2. Karl-Man-Univ. Leipzig Math. Natunviss. Reihe 1985 34 177. H. B. Kaplan E. P. Greenberg A. Eberhard and C. Widrig J. Labelled Compd. Radiopharm. 1985,22 387. 114 0. Buchman M. Shimoni A. Cohen Y. Hagag and I. %-Bar Report No. IA-1404 Israel Atomic Energy Commission Tel Aviv Israel 1984 p. 162. 115 J.E. Oatis Jnr. T. D. Eller and D. R. Knapp J. Labelled Compd. Radiopharm. 1985 22 329. 116 N. F. Myasoedov G. V. Sidorov 0. B. Kuznetsova M. D. Frank-Kamenetskaya T. Yu. Lazurkina and V. A. Orlova Radiokhimiya 1984 26 341. 117 D. Schott B. Rousseau J. P. Beaucourt J. P. Lellouche and L. Pichat J. Labelled Compd Radiopharm. 1985 22 127. 118 B. Anjaneyulu R. K. Maller K. Nagarajan W. Kueng and B. Win J. Labelled Compd. Radiophann 1985 22 313. 119 S. Bengtsson L. Gawell T. Hoeberg and C. Sahlberg J. Labelled Compd. Radiopharm. 1985 22 427. 120 K. Muramoto J. Ramachandran P. Moshitzky and S. W. Applebaum Znt. J. Pept. Protein Rex 1984 23 443. 121 S. D. Wyrick and R. B. Mailman J. Labelled Compd. Radiopharm. 1985 22 189. N. F. Myasoedov and G.V. Sidorov AN Uzbekskoj SSR Tashkent Inst. Yademoj Fiziki 1983 151. Radiochemistry 377 materials have been described "C-labelled carbon carbon dioxide,'24 alkyl halide^,'^^-'^^ and hydrocyanic acid (from the Pt-catalysed reaction of "CH4 with NH3),127 14C-labelled carbon monoxide,128 barium ~arbonate,'~~ and acid chloride^.'^^ Many new ways of preparing l-["C]-D-glUCOSe and related sugars by both photosyntheti~'~'~'~~ and other (from H"CN)'33-'35 routes have been described with special attention being paid to product A series of Czech patents and papers has appeared covering similar methods for making 14C-labelled s~gars.'~'-'~' Many new "C-labelled species have been reported butan-1-01,'~~ cyanate and urea,144 nitroso~reas,'~~ both race mi^'^^ 5,5-dimethyloxazoladine-2,4-dione,1~ and other amin~-acids'~~-'~' and ~-phenylalanine'~~ as well as th~midine,"~ pro-line,'53 and ~arfentanil."~ A wide range of new 14C compounds has also been made but as standard methods are generally used no special comment is necessary.lZ3 S.C. Jones G. D. Robinson Jnr. and E. McIntyre Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 1984 35 721. 124 T. van der Walle C. van de Casteele F. de Guchteneire L. Meulewaeter D. van Haver P. Goethals and G. Slegers Int. J. AppL Radiat. Isot. 1985 36 469. 125 F. Oberdorfer M. Hanisch F. Helus and W. Maier-Borst Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 1985 36 435. 126 B. Langstroem G. Anoni G. Bergson C. Halldin P. Gullberg K. Nagren A. Rimland H. Svaerd and P. Malmborg ref 31 p.815. 127 C. van de Casteele D. van Haver N. A. Rabi P. Goethals J. Sambre and G. Slegers re5 14 p. 293. 128 R. J. Hardy J. C. Sheppard and M. J. Campbell Int. J. AppL Radiat. Isot. 1984 35 1071. 129 Technical Specification ON-4041 15 Prague Cezchoslovakia 1982. 130 H. Parnes and S. de Keczer J. Labelled Compd. Radiopharm. 1985 22 287. 131 M. Monma K. Ishiwata R. Iwata and T. Ido Radioisotopes (Tokyo) 1984 33 15. 132 H. Denutte G. Slegers P. Geothals C. van de Casteele and A. de Leenheer Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 1985 36 82. 133 C.-Y. Shiue and A. P. Wolf J. Labelled Compd. Radiopharm. 1985 22 171. 134 C.-Y. Shiue and A. P. Wolf U.S. Patent 4439414/A 1984. 13' S. Stone-Elander J. L. G. Nilsson E. Ehrin B. Garmelius P.Johnstoem G. Blomqvist L. Eriksson I. Sjoegren L. Widen and T. Greitz Eur. J. NucL Med. 1985 10 481. 136 H. Saji A. Tanaka and Y. Magata Radioisotopes (Tokyo) 1984 33 680. 137 J. Zemek S. Kucar and J. Kolina Czech. Patent 209572/B 1982. V. Bilik P. Biely and J. Kolina Czech. Patent 209557/B 1982. 139 J. Zemek S. Kucar and J. Kolina Czech. Patent 209571/B 1982. 140 V. Bilik P. Biely and J. Kolina Chem Zuesti 1984 38 491. 141 L. Skala Radioisotopy 1984 25 331. 142 G. Del Fiore J. M. Peters L. Quaglia J. L. Piette R. Cantineau C. de Landsheere D. Raets and P. Rigo J. RadioanaL Nucl. Chern 1984 87 1. 143 P. J. Kothari R. D. Finn M. M. Vora T. E. Boothe A. M. Emran and G. W. Kabalka Int. J. AppL Radiat. Isot. 1985 36 412. 144 T.E. Boothe A. M. Emran R. D. Finn M. M. Vora and P. J. Kothari Int. J. Appl. Radiat. hot. 1985 36 141. 145 M. Diksic S. Farrokhzad Y. L. Yamamoto and W. Feindel J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 1985 89 45. 146 M. Diksic Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 1984 35 1035. 147 C. Halldin and B. Laangstroem Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 1984 35 779. I48 C. Halldin and B. Laangstroem Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 1984 35 945. I49 H. Lundquist B. Langstroem and M. Malmquist 1. RadioanaL Nucl. Chem 1985 89 79. 150 J. M. Bolster W. Vaalburg T. H. van Dijk J. B. Zijlstra A. M. J. Paans H. Wynberg and M. G. Woldring Int. J. AppL Radiat. Isot. 1985 36 263. 151 L. E. Washbum T. T. Sun B. L. Byrd and A. P. Callahan J. Labelled Compd. Radiopharm. 1985 22 135.152 B. M. Sundoro-Wu B. Schmall P. S. Conti J. R. Dahl P. Drumm and J. K. Jacobsen Int. J. AppL Radiat. Isot. 1984 35 705. 153 J. M. Bolster W. ten Hoeve W. Vaalberg T. H. van Dijk 1. B. Zilstra A. M. J. Paans H.Wynberg and M. G. Woldring Int. J. AppL Radiat. Isot. 1985 36 339. 154 R. F. Dannals H. T. Ravert J. J. Frost A. A. Wilson H D. Bums and H. N. Wagner Znr. J. AppL Radiat. Isor. 1985 36 303. 378 D. S. Urch Nitrogen.-The short half-life of 13N(10 min) poses similar problems for its incorpor- ation into specific molecules as does "C. 13NH3 is the favoured starting material from which preparations of labelled glutam am ate,'^^ ~isplatin'~~ (cf ref 265) P-~henethylamine,'~~ and P-ni~otinamide'~~*'~~ adeno~ine,'~~ have been reported.Oxygen.-The chemistry that can be attempted with 150 is even more limited than that for 13N but despite the short half-life (2 min) methods have been described for the production of l5O-labelled water,'23 both from C1502 and from I5O2by reduction with hydrogen.'6o Fluorine.-The successful and rapid preparation of 18F-labelled organic compounds depends upon a judicious choice of the initial I8F species. Labelled difluorine itself can be used as in the recent preparations of 4-fl~oroantipyrine'~' or of aryl fl~orides,'~~?~~ but more often the nucleophilic power of the fluoride anion is exploited. Thus labelled 2-fl~oronicotine'~ was prepared from the corresponding bromo-compound simply by refluxing with Cs 18F and tetraethyl ammonium ['8F]fluoride (from the hydrolysis of ['8F]fluorotrimethyl ~ilane'~~.'~~) has been used to make ['8F]acetylcyclofoxy'67 as well as many fluoro-derivatives of Nucleophilic displacement of the nitro-group in p-nitrobenzonitrile by the fluoride anion leads to the formation of p-['8F]fluorobenzonitrile,'68 a useful starting material for many compounds used as neuroleptic drugs.Other fluoride carriers that have been investigated recently include H18F K18F and KB18FF3 (used to prepare 2-fluorobenzoic acid'69) and KH 18FF used in the preparation of 2-deoxy-2-[ '8F]-~- glucose.'70 Acetyl hypofluorite is also an effective fluorinating agent which has been used to make the same labelled sugar'71 as well as 5-['8F]fluorocytosine'72 and to cleave aryl-tir~'~~ bonds producing fluoro-labelled aromatic com- or aryl-~ilicon'~~ pounds.155 K. Suzuki and K. Tamate Znt. J. Appl. Radiat. Zsot. 1984 35 771. 156 A. J. L. Cooper K. C. Risenspire J. Z. Ginos and D. A. Rottenberg J. Labelled Compd. Radiopharm. 1985 22 509. 157 T. Tominaga M. Hirobe 0.Inoue T. Irie K. Suzuki and T. Yamasaki Znt. J. Appl. Radiat. lsot. 1985 36,555. 158 T. Irie 0. Inoue K. Suzuki and T. Tominaga Znt. J. Appl. Radiat. Zsot. 1985 36 345. 159 R. H. D. Lambrecht G. Slegers A. Claeys and C. van de Casteele re$ 14 p. 321. 160 H. Saji Y. Yonekua K. Torizuka T. Tokui Y. Nishihara and A. Yokoyama Radioisotopes (Tokyo) 1984 33 61 1. 161 C. Y. Shiue and A. P. Wolf U.S. Patent 4436717/A 1984. 162 M. J. Adam B. D. Pate T. J.Ruth J. M. Berry and L. D. Hall Can. J. Chem. 1983 61 658. 163 M. J. Adam T. J. Ruth S. Jivan and B. D. Pate Report No. TRI-PP-83-87 TRIUMF Vancouver Br. Columbia Canada 1983. 164 J. R. Ballinger B. M. Bowen E. S. Gamett G. Fimau and F. W. Teare Znt. J. Appl. Radiat. Zsot. 1984 35 1125. L. G. Hutchins A. L. Bosch M. S. Rosenthal R. J. Nickles and S. J. Gatley Int. J. Appl. Radiat. hot. 1985 36 375. 166 M. S. Rosenthal A. L. Bosch R. J. Nickles and S. J. Gatley Znt. J. Appl. Radiat. hot. 1985 36 318. 167 M. A. Channing W. C. Eckelman J. M. Bennett T. R. Burke Jnr. and K. C. Rice Znt. J. Appl. Radiat. Zsot. 1985 36 429. 168 C. Y. Shiue J. S. Fowler A. P. Wolf M. Watanabe and C. D. Amett J. Nucl. Med. 1985 26 181. 169 A. D. Strouphauer C. L.Liotta and R. W. Fink Znt. J. Appl. Radiat. Zsot. 1984,35 787. 170 P. A. Beeley W. A. Szarek G. W. Hay and M. M. Perlmutter Can. J. Chem. 1984,62 2709. 171 M. J. Adam T. J. Ruth S. Jivan and B. D. Pate Znt. J. Appl. Radiat. Zsot. 1984 35 985. 172 G. W. M. Visser S. Boele G. H. J. N. hops J. D. M. Herscheid and A. Hoekstra Nucl. Med. Commun. 1985 6 455. 173 M. Speranza G. Angelini C.-Y. Schiue A. P. Wolf and D. S. Wilbur J. Chem. SOC.,Chem. Commun. 1984 1448. Radiochemistry 379 Phosphorus.-Tri-alkyl [32P]phosphates can be prepared by the neutron irradiation of mixtures of carbon tetrachloride with the appropriate alc~hol.'~~.'~~ The labelling reaction is initiated by the recoil energy of the 32P atom [35Cl(n CU)~~P]. Methods for the preparation of compounds labelled with both 3H and 32Phave also been de~cribed.'~~ Sulphur.-The preparation of 35Slabelled amino-acids dithio-oxamide 2-amino- thiazole and sulphanilic acid by isotopic exchange has been de~cribed.'~~ Chlorine.-Rapid methods for the incorporation of short-lived 39Cl into alkyl halides have been given,178 whilst more conventional techniques were used to prepare labelled epoxy-nucleosides from H36Cl.i79 Selenium.-The preparation of dialkyl [75Se]selenides has been described'80s181 as well as methods for the production from dimethyl selenide,'8a of a range of biochemically interesting molecules labelled with 75Se.Other recently reported labelled selenium compounds have included 24-(isopropylseleno)chol-5-en-3~-o1182 and selenium analogues of d0~amine.l~~ Bromine.-Halogen exchange is a simple way to introduce the 82Br label into a molecule.Substituted ~racils'~~ and tetracycline^'^^ can be labelled in this way; in steroid^'^' the exchange is facilitated by the use of crown ethers. Chloramine-T was used to catalyse the replacement of a carboxyl group in a series of deoxyuridines.'86 75Br and 77Br can also be incorporated into specific radiopharmaceutical compounds e.g. e~tradiol'~~ and bromperidol." and its derivatives,'88 nor-~imelidine,'~~ Technetium.-99mTc-labelled compounds are probably the most widely used of all radiopharmaceuticals." Most syntheses start with pertechnetate the purity of which is most imp~rtant.'~~ This anion is then reduced to enable the technetium to be incorporated into a wide variety of complexes.Thus stannous(I1) chloride can be 174 A. M. Makarov A. S. Rodygin and V. M. Khrokhalev Radiokhimiya 1984,26 215. 175 A. M. Makarov G. K. Genkina and T. A. Mastryukova Radiokhimiya 1984,26 818. 176 E. Bauschke B. Drescher and A. Muenzenberg G.D.R. patent 218962/A 1985. 177 M. F. Barakat M. El-Banna A. N. Farag and L. Souka Isotopenpraxis 1985,21 321. 178 M. Yagi K. Masumoto Y. Murano and G. Izawa Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Zsot. 1985,36 69. 179 Y.W. Lee J. R. Mercer E. E. Knaus and L. I. Wiebe Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isof. 1984,35 1053. 180 S. J. Foster R. J. Kraus and H. E. Ganther J. Labelled Compd. Radiopharm. 1985,22 301. 181 Y. F. Liu H. Q. Qian Q. X. Zhang X. Y. Wang J.G. Sun and B. Z. Li ref 14 p.435. 182 F. F. Knapp Jnr. T. A. Butler L. A. Ferren A. P. Callahan C. E. Guyer and J. L. Coffey J. Med. Chem. 1983,26 1538. 183 S.A. Sadek G. P. Basmadjian P. M. Hsu and J. A. Rieger J. Med. Chem. 1983,26 947. 184 V. P.Mironov V. P. Kudryashov L. E. Grushevich and T. S. Kuz'mina AN Uzbekskoj SSR Tashkent Inst. Yadernoj Fiziki 1983,p. 171. 185 L. Boli J. Tutai L. Zhenghao L. Cheng M. Kojima and M. Maeda Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isof. 1985 36 561. 186 J. Samuel E.E. Knaus L. I. Wiebe and D. L. Tyrell Znf. J. Appl. Radiat. Isof. 1984,35 1949. 187 M. D. Hylarides P. L. Buska F. A. Mettler and D. S. Wilbur J. Labelled Compd. Radiopharm. 1985 22 437. 188 M. D. Hylarides A. A. Leon F. A. Mettler and D. S. Wilbur J.Labelled Compd. Radiopharm. 1985 22 443. 189 G. Kloster P. Laufer and J. Hanus J. Labelled Compd. Radiopharm. 1985,22 397. 190 M.Suehiro F. Yokoi T. Nozaki K. M. Kubo and M. Iwamoto rej 14 p. 311. 191 A. Laznickova and L. Konrad Radioisotopy 1983,24 817. 192 0.H.Pliego and A. E. A. Mitta Report No. 474 Comision Nacional de Energia Atomica Buenos Aires Argentina 1982. 380 D. S. Urch used to produce technetium(v) dimercaptosuccinic (a useful tumour imaging agent) or complexes with sucrose,197 gl~tamate,'~~ or peni~i1lamine.l~~ Potassium chlorotungstate(II1) can be usedZoo in the same way. A large number of preparations has been reported recently of derivatives of the technetium-iminodiacetic acid complex.201-207 Other complexes have included methyl-enediphosphonate derivative^^^^'^^^ and alkylene amine oximes.210 The preparation of sodium tetrachloronitridotechnetate has been describedZ1' from which a series of complexes containing the 99mT~N group can be made.212 Methods have also been described for labelling (using the term loosely) very large molecules such as fibrinogen,213 ble~mycin,~~~ serum albumen,215 monoclonal anti- bodies,216 and protein^.^^^,^^^ Ruthenium-Ruthenocenoyl-glycine derivatives labelled with 97R~ or lo3Ru can be prepared from the corresponding iron compounds by exchange.218 Indium.-Techniques have been described for the tagging of large molecules such as monoclonal antib~dies~l~-~~l and also leucocytes222 and lymphocytes223 with 111 In.193 K. Endo H. Ohta H. Sakahara T. Nakajima M. Koizumi N. Hata K. Horiuchi A. Yokoyama and K. Torizuka ref 14 p. 201. 194 M. T. Nunes L. C. Paticio I. Castanheira and M. Coimbra ref 14 p. 187. 195 G. Westera A. Gadze and W. Horst Znt. J. Appl. Radiat. Zsot. 1985 36 311. 196 J. Imre J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 1984 87 301. 197 M. C. Gil N. Godoy P. Mena C. Sole and J. Munoz ref 14 p. 273. 198 D. E. Campos A. S. Leon G. M. Cha and P. H. Cox Abstracts 4th Congress of the Brazilian SOC. Biol. and Nucl. Med. 1984 p. 71. 199 D. L. Johnson A. R. Fritzberg B. L. Hawkins S. Kasina and D. Eshima Inorg. Chem. 1984 23,4204. 2oo S. Vilcek M. Kalincak and V. Machan J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 1985 88 359. 201 A. S. Leon E. S. Verdera A.M. Robles S. Gama and M. Billinghurst ref 14 p. 267. 202 N. H. Agha A. M. Al-Hilli N. D. Dahir M. S. Al-Hissoni and M. N. Jasim Nuklearmedizin 1985 24 96. 203 B. Zmbova D. Konstantinovska-Djokic and I. Tadzer Znt. J. Appl. Radiat. Zsot. 1985 36 389. 204 D. V. S. Narasimhan and R. S. Mani J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 1985 88 301. 205 B. Angelis J. Cifka and I. Cifkova Abstracts 1st Congress Czech. SOC. Nucl. Med. and Rad. Hygiene 1981 p. 2. 206 D. V. S. Narasimhan P. Vanja S. M. Banodkar and R. S. Mani J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 1984 129. 207 E. S. Verdera A. S. Leon A. M. Robles A. Correa G. Oliver S. Gamma S. Lanzzeri and A. E. A. Mitta Report 475 Comision Nacional de Energia Atornica Buenos Aires Argentina 1982. 208 E. K. J.Pauwels R. I. J. Feitsma and J. Blom Nucl. Geneeskd. Bull. 1983 5 84. 209 F. M. P. Lindelauf and S. K. Sijtma ref 208 1983 5 89. 210 D. E. Troutner and W. A. Volkert South African Patent 84/3069/A 1984 and Australian Patent 84/27118/A 1984. 211 J. Baldas and J. Bonnyman Inr. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 1985 36 133. 212 J. Baldas and J. Bonnyman ref:14 p. 179. 213 M. A. T. M. de Almeida and C. P. G. da Silva Publication No. 62 Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares Sao Paulo Brazil 1984. 214 B. S. Nurlaila R. S. Wayan and N. Wachdiat Majalah BATAN 1983 16 48. 21s M. A. A. Al-Janabi and S. 0. Moussa J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 1985 88 403. 216 Y. Arano Y. Magata T. Furukawa K. Horiuchi A. Yokohama K. Endo and K. Torizuka reJl4 p.143. 217 (a) D. R. Crockford and B. A. Rhodes Calif. Patent 1177393/A 1984; (b) D. W. Wong Calif. Patent 1157374/A 1983. 218 G. Schachschneider and M. Wenzel J. Labelled Compd. Radiopharm. 1985 22 235. 219 J. C. Saccavini J. Bruneau J. Grzyb M. Bourdoiseau and J. F. Chatal reJ 14 p. 153. 220 A. C. Perkins M. V. Pimm and M. K. Birch Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 1985 10 296. 221 T. S. T. Wang R. A. Fawwaz P. Giacomini P. Richards M. Hardy P. 0. Alderson S. C. Srivastava and S. Ferrone. Nuklearmedizin 1984 23 193. 222 P. J. Mountford M. J. Allsop F. M. Hall C. P. Wells and A. J. Coakley Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 1985 10 304. 223 N. S. M. C. Ghaleb S. Roath and P. Wyeth Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 1985 10 148. Radiochemistry 381 Iodine.-Four useful general methods for the incorporation of radioactive iodine isotopes usually 1311 1251,or 1231have been reviewed the use of organoborane~,~~~ the use of copper salts to catalyse halogen exchange reactions in aromatic the use of heterogeneous catalysts to stimulate hydrogen as well as halogen exchange with iodine,226 and the use of ch10ramine-T.~~~ This latter method has been used for labelling metaraminol,228 metane~hrine,~~~ and castor oil together with other naturally occurring long-chain fatty acids.230 There has been continued and extensive in the production of labelled iodo-derivatives of these acids both with and without the incorporation of tellurium,240 because of their use as myocardial imaging agents.Many methods have also been reported for the preparation of derivatives of iodo-steroids (e~trone,~~~ 17p-hydroxy-4-androstene-e~tradiol,~~l-~~~ 3-0ne,~~ and other hormone-type molecules.246248 The pre- and chole~terol'~~,~~~) paration of labelled iodo-de~xyuridines'~~~~~~ has been and iodo-g~anidines~~~ described and many larger molecules have been labelled with either 1251or 1311 these include hipp~ran,~~' fibrinogen,254 nicotinic insulin,252 aflat~xin-B,,~~~ acetylcholine antib~dies,~~~.~~~ Current interest in 1231lies almost and 224 G.W. Kabalka Acc. Chem. Res. 1984 17 215. 225 V. I. Stanco N. G. Iroshnikova A. F. Volkov and A. I. Klimova Int. 1. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 1984,35,1129. 226 T. E. Boothe R. D. Finne M. M. Vors A. M. Emran and P. J. Kothari Int. J. Appl. Radiat.Isot. 1984 35 1138. 227 G. Toth ref 14 p. 359. 228 Y. Ohmomo A. Yokoyama K. Kawai Y. Arano K. Horiuchi C. Tanaka H. Saji and K. Torizuka Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 1985 10 269. 229 I. Ikeda K. Iinuma and K. Kurata ref 14 p. 369. 230 E. Hallaba A. Al-Suhybani F. S. Zaki and M. E. Abdullah J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 1985 89 97; see also ref 14 p. 211. 23 1 E. Hallaba A. Al-Suhybani and F. S. Zaki ref 14 p. 542. 232 E. Hallaba A Al-Suhybani and F. S. Zaki J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 1985 90 225. 233 D. R. Elmaleh E. Livini R. Okada F.-L. Needham J. Schleuederberg and H. W. Strauss Nucl. Med. Commun. 1985 6 287. 234 H. Dougan J. S. Vincent and D. M. Lyster J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 1985 89 71. 235 M. M. Goodman F. F. Knapp Jnr. F. Mauser and P.Richards J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 1985,89,63. 236 J. Steinbach G. J. Beyer and E. Lohr Radiol. Diagn. 1985 26 155. 237 M. M. Goodman F. F. Knapp Jnr. D. R. Elmaleh and H. W. Strauss J. Org. Chern. 1984,49 2322. 238 A. Bardy M. Comet S. Coornaee J. P. Mathieu F. Riche and M. Vidal US Patent 4 476 106/A 1984. 239 G. El-Shaboury and M. El-Garhy Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 1984 35 805. 240 F. F. Knapp Jnr. P. C. Srivastava A. P. Callahan E. B. Cunningham G. W. Kabalka and K. A. Sastry J. Med. Chem. 1984 27 57. 241 W. Brandau M. Eisenhut and D. M. Taylor Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 1985 36 379. 242 R. N. Hanson D. E. Seitz and J. C. Bottaro Int. J. AppL Radiat. Zsot. 1984 35 810. 243 R. N. Hanson and L. A. Franke J. Nucl. Med. 1984 25 998. 244 I.Kozak P. Dvorak and R. Hampl Czech. Patent 203 711/B 1983. 245 G. W. Kabalka R. S. Varma V. K. Jinaraj L. Huang and S. K. Painter J. Labelled Compd. Radiopharm. 1985 22 333. 246 J. Mucha P. Talan and M. Dobias Czech. Patent 209 960/B 1982. 247 M. de Bernal Report No. 2636-F International Atomic Energy Agency Vienna Austria 1984. 248 P. Hradilek K. Kopicka and L. Konrad ref 205 p. 42. 249 L. Konrad P. Hradilek and K. Kopicka re$ 205 p. 84. 250 D. E. Heggeli B. I. Brorson and P. 0. Bremper Report No. E-831005 Institute for Energy Technology Kjeller Norway 1983. 25 1 Dj. Sukiyati R. S. Wayan K. H. Nanny and Z. Misyetti Majalah BATAN 1983 16 72. 252 C. H. De Mesquita M. M. Hamada and J. A. Camnho Arq. Bras. Endocrinol. Metabiol. 1983 27 19. 253 K.Veres V. Dolezalova and D. Pichova Czech. Patent 208 440/B 1983. 254 M. Richter M. Paintz G. Nowak H. E. Schmidt and H. Herzmann Folia Haematol. (Leipzig) 1984 111 862. 255 T. Barkas and B. W. Fulpius Biochem. Soc. Trans. 1984 12 813. 256 M. I. Velazco T. Ba kas and B. Fulpius ref 255 1984 12 815. 382 D. S. Urch exclusively in the production of labelled N-isopropyl-p-i~doamphetamine;~~~-~~~ ‘231-hippuran has also been reported.264 Platinum.-The microscale synthesis of a suite of platinum anti-tumour drugs including cisplatin [cis-RC12(NH3)2],labelled with 191Pt has been reported265 (cJ re$ 156). Astatine.-Simple halogen exchange has proved an effective way of producing 6-[211At]astatomethyl-19-norcholest-5(10)-en-3~-o1;’85 astatotyrosine266 and para-astatobenzoic have also been prepared containing the same isotope.4 Recoil Atom Recoil Ion Chemistry Nuclear reactions which can result either from bombardment with charged particles or by spontaneous decay will confer translational energy upon the resulting nuclei. This ‘recoil’ energy will be dissipated in collisions which are often destructive but which may lead to the recoil species becoming chemically bound. As the recoil species may be neutral or ionized and may in either case be electronically excited exotic and new chemistry can result. Recent developments have been reported in the proceedings of two international symposia held in Hungary268 and other progress in this field inaccurately known as ‘hot-atom’ chemistry is reviewed below.Hydrogen (Tritium).-The reactivity of recoil tritium atoms with many aromatic molecules has been investigated (toluene,270 ben~onitrile:~~ and chl~roanilines,~~~ lithium P-phenylpr~pionate~~~). When an excess of an inert reagent is added a marked preference for reaction with the aromatic ring is shown. This shows that lower energy ‘hot’ atoms are more selective in their reactions and that substitution is easier at an aromatic site than at a saturated one. With rather smaller molecules 257 Y.Legoux M. Cieur R. Goutheraud J. Drouet C. Crouzel and A. Syrota Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Zsot. 1985 36 63. 258 I. P.Brizola A. Schuenke J. N. Baldauf and A. M. de Castro Fiori ref 198 p. 72. 259 J. J. R. Mertens W. Vanryckeghem and A.Bossuyt J. Labelled Compd. Radiopharm. 1985 12 89. 260 J. J. R. Mertens W. Vanryckeghem and A. Bossuyt ref 14 p. 303. 261 M. Bourdoiseau G. Desplanches S. Coornaert J. R. Rapin J. L. Moretti L. Delmon P. Moingeon H. Campos and B. L. Holman reJ 14 533. 262 D. Lyall Nucl. Med. Commun. 1985 6 485. 263 T.H. Lin R. M.Baldwin J. L. Wu H. S. Winchell D. D. True T. C. Bruggman B. M. Mar and J. F. Lamb Nippon Aisotopu Hoshasen Sogo Kaigi Hobunshu 1984 16 189 (16th Japan Conf. Rad. and Radioisot. Tokyo 1983). 264 R.Verbruggen J. J. R. Mertens and W. Vanryckeghem ref 31 p. 803. 265 J. Baer R. Harrison C. A. McAuliffe A. Zaki H. L. Sharma and A. G. Smith Znt. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 1985 36 181. 266 Yu. V. Norseev D. D. Nhan V. A. Khalkin N. Q Huan and L.Vasaros J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 1985 94 185. 267 A. Harrison and L. Royle Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 1984 35 1005. 268 12th International Hot Atom Chemistry Symposium Balatofuered September 1984 Abstracts Central Research Inst. for Physics Hung. Acad. Sci. Budapest Hungary 1984. 269 S. Bulbulian ref. 45 p. 15. 270 K. Oohashi and N. Morikawa Radioisotopes (Tokyo) 1984 33 601. 271 K. Oohashi H. Takiguchi and N. Morikawa Radioisotopes (Tokyo) 1984 33 747. 272 B. S. M. Rao G. A. Brinkman and J. T. Veenboer Radiochim. Acta 1984,35 57. 273 K. Oohashi and N. Morikawa Radioisotopes (Tokyo) 1984 33 444. Radiochemistry 383 (PH, ASH, H2S and HCl) the effect of bond angle changes and the possible involvement of lone-pairs in the substitution reaction have been In the solid phase the extensive studies of the reactions of recoil tritium with adsorbed ethane (zeolite and silica gel) have continued275 and the state of tritium formed in neutron irradiated lithium fluoride has been investigated.276 The decay of a tritium atom in a doubly labelled molecule can confer reactivity on the resulting cation;277 two examples of the chemistry of such cations have been reported recently of butyl with benzene278 and of phenylium with Group 111.-The recoil chemistry of 208Tlproduced by the a-decay of 212Bi in tri(diethy1dithiocarbamate)bismuth and related complexes has been studied;280 inorganic thallic ions were conspicuous by their absence.Group 1V.-"C reacts with ethene to produce "C-allene either by C-H bond insertion or by direct attack on the double bond.Detailed investigation281 of this reaction has shown that 'hot' and 'D atoms react preferentially at the latter site but that less energetic atoms inserted into the C-H bond.'D atoms did not react with the C-H bond to produce labelled allene. The reactions of recoil "C with hydrogen nitrogen water and ammonia have been reviewed.282 A summary of recent progress in the chemistry of recoil silicon and germanium has been pub- li~hed.~~ The effects of y-decay of the '19"Sn isotope of tin have been studied by a detailed comparison284 of the Mossbauer spectra from a series of tin complexes which had been subject to known amounts of external y-irradiation and to '"*Sn decay. Group V.-The reactions of recoil 13N made by [12C(d,n)13N] with benzene or cyclohexane gave rise to many labelled products including hydrocyanic acid ammonia and cyano or amine derivatives of the starting materials.285 The occurrence of these products was rationalized as resulting from the intermediacy of labelled CN' or N2H' radicals.A novel way to study the gas-phase chemistry of nitronium ions has been reported;286 they are generated directly by the decay of 14C02. In their reaction with toluene much more ortho-nitrotoluene is produced than in conventional liquid-phase nitration; nitrobenzene is also formed. 32P-tris (alkyl or thioalkyl) phosphates can be prepared directly by the neutron irradiation of (or thi~l'~~)-carbon tetrachloride mixtures. The labelling results from the reaction of recoil phosphorus produced by C3'Cl(n (Y)~~P].274 M. Castiglioni and P. Volpe Radiochim. Acta 1983 34 165. 27s T. V. Tsetskhladze L. I. Cherkezishvili and N. Ya. Tsibakhashivili Zh. Fiz. Khim. 1984 58 1214. 276 Y. Aratono M. Nakashima M. Saeki and T. Tachikawa Radiochim. Acta 1984 37 101. 277 F. Cacace in re$ 93 p. 161. 278 V. D. Nefedov E. N. Sinotova and Yu. M. Arkhipov Vestn. Leningr. Univ. Fiz. Khim. 1983 16 109. 279 G. Perez and E. Possagno Znt. J. Appl. Radiat. Zsot. 1985 36 87. 280 P. Zhang H. @an Y. Wu X. Wang Y.Hiang and Y. Liu Radiochim. Acta 1983 34 169. 28 I R.A. Femeri A. P. Wolf and Y. N. Tang J. Am. Chem. SOC.,1983 105 5428. 282 T. Ido and R. Iwata in re$ 93 p. 417. 283 P. P. Gaspar Report No.ER/01713-136 D.O.E. Washington D.C. U.S.A. 1984. 284 Yu.Perfiliev M.I. Af'ansov and A. M. Babeshkin J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 1985 93 29. "' Y. Sensui K. Tomursa and T. Matsuura Radiochim. Acta 1984 35 37. 286 V. D. Nefedov M. A. Toropova A. V. Vorontsov V. V. Avorin S. B. Rozenkov and A. S. Kanev Radiokhimiya 1984 26 417. 384 D. S. Urch Group VI.-The final valence state of recoil sulphur produced by neutron irradiation of chlorine,287 [35Cl(n,p)35S] has been shown to range from -2 to +6 in alkali halides288 and in mixed aluminium-iron( 111) chloride crystals.289 The fate of recoil selenium produced by an n,y reaction in phosphate-doped potassium selenate has been investigated.290 Studies have also been made to deter- mine the final valency of tellurium after the isomeric transition [*27mTe 127Te] has taken place291 in a wide variety of different solvents.Group VI1.-The primary yields of the reactions of recoil 18F with perfluoroethane are292 F-for-F 14% F-for-CF 0.7% and F-for-2F 1.9% but in the absence of stabilizing collisions many of the newly labelled molecules decompose (91YO 57% and 35% respectively). By measuring the yield of H18F from fluoroform in an otherwise wholly fluorinated medium it has been shown293 that recoil 18Fseems to abstract hydrogen only at near thermal energies. Apart from one report in which the reaction of recoil 34mCl (produced by 22 MeV proton or 12 MeV deuteron bombardment of 34S) with gaseous hydrogen sulphide was de~cribed'~ all other recently reported studies of the chemistry of recoil chlorine have been in condensed phases.Recoil 38Cl produced by the neutron irradiation of ,'Cl has been extensively investigated in mixtures of aldehydes or ketones or carboxylic acids with carbon tetra~hloride,~~~ in mixtures of chlorobenzene and carbon tetra~hloride,~~~ and in mixtures of aliphatic alcohols and chl~robenzene,~~~ in systems containing dichlorobenzene~,~~' and other substituted chloroaniline~,~~~ chlorobenzene~.~~~ In many cases the effect of adding scavenger molecules such as iodine was also studied and relative reactivities estimated by the method of Kontis and Urch. Phase change effects have been determined for a range of substituted chloroben~enes.~~~ The only inorganic system to be investigated was that based on K2[0s(Cl ~r)~] mixed crystals.301 Recoil bromine species are produced by many different nuclear reactions.One of the simplest is electron capture and both 76Br and 77Br are formed in this way from the corresponding krypton isotopes. The reactions of these nuclei with ben- zene302 and fluoroben~ene~~~ in the gas phase have given somewhat conflicting results concerning the charge state of the reactive species. With benzene it was concluded that the rate of charge neutralization exceeded that of hydrogen substitu- 287 D. S. Todorovsky and K. N. Konstadinov J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 1985 88 97. 288 N. R. Das and P. Chattopadhyay J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem 1984 84 185. 289 A. G. Maddock D. S. Todorovsky and K.Kostadinov Radiochim. Acta 1983 34 181. 290 R. Z. D. Fernandes M. F. de Jesus R. M. Machado and G. Duplatre Radiochim. Acta 1984 37 11. 29 1 S. I. Bondarevskij and S. A. Timofeev Radiokhimiya 1984 26 672. 292 C. A. Mathis R. Gurvis M. Knickelbein K. D. Knierim S. H. Mo and J. W. Root Int. J. Chem. Kinet. 1982 11 565. 293 M. B. Knickelbein Z. Xue and J. W. Root J. Phys. Chem. 1984 88 2017. 294 M. Pertessis-Keis Radiochim. Acta 1984 36 169. 295 N. Chandrasekhar R. N. Bhave and B. S. M.Rao J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 1985,93,73. 296 S. S. Kontis and E. A. Gasparakis Radiochim. Acta 1984 36 103. 29' N. Chandrasekhar R. N. Bhave and B. S. M. Rao Radiochim. Acta 1984 36 163. 298 B. S. M. Rao G. A. Brinkman and J. T. Veenboer Radiochim. Acra 1984 35 61.299 A. S. Agrawal and B. S. M. Rao Radiochim Acta 1984 35 65. 300 V. G. Dedgaonkar S. Mitra and S. Waghmare J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 1984 87 373. 301 H. Mueller and P. Obergfell ref:45 p. 18. 302 S. M. Moerlin M. J. Welch and A. P. Wolf Radiochim. Acta 1984 35 29. 303 H. Backhausen Report No. 1918 Juelich Nuclear Research Centre Juelich F.R.G. 1984. Radiochemistry 385 tion so that the reaction was due to bromine atoms but with fluorobenzene the addition of radical scavengers had no effect whilst pyridine which would neutralize bromine ions reduced yields to zero. These investigations have been extended to the liquid and solid states302 and to the determination of reaction mechanisms involving substituted benzenes as well.304 Both substitution and polymerization increase in the condensed phases.Activated bromine species can also be produced by the neutron irradiation of bromine itself. Both "Br and 'OrnBr are made directly and 82Br results from the decay of excited 82mBr. Trends in the yields of labelled products from the reaction of 'OmBr with mixtures of chlorobromomethanes and alkanes alcohols and aniline have been analysed by the Urch-Kontis method.305 The reactions of "Br (neutron capture) and "Br (isomeric transition) with methyl bromide under a wide range of physical conditions and also in different chemical environments have been studied.306 82Br-labelled 1-(3'-bromo-3'-deoxy-P-~-arabinofuranosyl)uraci1'~~ and (E)-5-(2-bromovinyl)-2'-deoxyuridine186 can both be prepared in small but useful yields by the direct neutron irradiation of the parent compounds.A detailed investigation of the final state of 82Br in mixed crystals of K20sBr6-K2SnC16 has enabled the processes leading to defects to be unravelled.307 A study of the reaction of recoil iodine ['271(n,y)12'1] with iodobenzene in the presence of molecular iodine tagged with 1311 has allowed different reactions to be identified and indicated that the (n y) reaction can lead to the rupture of the benzene ring.308 In a very different type of experiment it has been shown that recoil iodine 1231 from the decay of 123Xe can exchange directly with iodine in long chain iodo-fatty acids.239 Extensive annealing studies have been made to investigate the reactions of recoil 12'1 in solid iodate^^^-^" periodates?l1 and iodate-nitrate mixed crystals.312 Dissolution of irradiated potassium periodate showed313 that the oxidation state of the iodine is strongly pH dependent.Transition Metals (First Row).-Considerable interest continues to be shown in the fate of recoil 51Cr in solid chromates and chromium complexes. Thermal annealing studies of potassium chromate doped with trivalent "Cr have indicated314 that the radioactive atom is incorporated into chromate polymers and appears to undergo oxidation. On the other hand annealing of neutron-irradiated K3[Cr( NCS)6].4H20 has given evidence315 for 'ligand collection' by the recoil atom within the crystal lattice as the crystal is warmed up. Similar investigations have been reported316 for chromium(111) trifluoroacetylacetonate.Recoil studies with mixed complexes of the 304 S. M. Moerlin M. J. Welch and A. P. Wolf J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1983 105 5418. 305 A. S. Agrawal P. G. Reddy and B. S. M. Rao J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem 1985,94 339. 306 L. R. Opelanio-Buencamino F. A. El-Amri W. M. Grauer and E. P. Rack Radiochim. Acta 1984,37 191. 307 H. Mueller P. Bekk and U. Bicheler Radiochim. Acta 1984 36 115. 308 T. A. H. Peacocke and G. N. Walton Radiochirn. Acra 1984 37 187. 309 R. B. Sharma A. Patnaik and S. P. Mishra J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 1985 94 33. 310 S. P. Mishra A. Patnaik R. B. Sharma and D. P. Wagley Radiochirn. Acta 1983 34 189. 311 R. B. Sharma and S. P. Mishra J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem 1985 93 103. 312 S.P. Mishra and R. B. Sharma Met. Miner. Rev. 1983 22 37. 313 R. B. Sharma and S. P. Mishra J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 1984 87 117. 314 K. E. Collins J. C. de Andrade and C. H. Collins Radiochim. Acta 1984 35 71. 315 F. M. Lancas and C. H. Collins Radiochim. Acta 1984 35 77. 316 M. C. A. de Souza and C. H. Collins Abstracts 1st National Meeting Anal. Chem. Rio de Janeiro Brazil 1982 p. 83. 386 D. S. Urch types K3[(Cr Al or Fe)(C293q)3]317i318 have and K3[(Cr Al or Fe)(CN)6]3171319 shown a correlation between the chromium 'retention' and the initial chromium concentration. Neutron irradiation of potassium permanganate releases 56Mn into the lattice; the range of observed320 valence states has been rationalized thermodynamically.Similar treatment of sodium nitroprusside generates recoil iron the final states of which were studied321 both by thermal annealing and by electrophoresis. A non-recoil study of the 57Fe that results from the decay of 57C0 in cobalt(I1) sulphate has been made using Mossbauer Theories concerning the fate of recoil cobalt in crystal lattices have been reviewed323s324 and further experimental work has been reported. In studies of the behaviour of 6oCo made by the neutron irradiation of tris(acety1-acetonato)cobalt(111) in frozen organic solvents325 or adsorbed on silica use was made of the Mossbauer spectrum of the corresponding iron complex to deter- mine the initial state of dispersion of the compound. Recoil cobalt has also been studied in mixed crystals of K3[Co(CN),]-K3[(Fe or Cr)(CN)6].327 When recoil cobalt comes to rest in [CO(H~O),][COEDTA]~.~H,O there is the possibility that it might enter the cationic or the anionic complex; annealing studies have indicated328 the existence of thermal exchange reactions.These have been studied by annealing of cobalt complexes doped with ,OCo. Transition Metals (Second Row).-Neutron irradiation of molybdenum will produce recoil 99M0 and by subsequent p-decay recoil 99mTc. A preliminary analysis of the various labelled products that can be formed from molybdenum trioxi~ie~~~ and from ammonium m~lybdate~~l has been reported. Other recoil reactions of tech- netium that have been investigated include that of 95Tc activated by the isomeric transition from 95mT~ in the pertechnetate anion in a solution containing excess 99TcO;.Electron-transfer reactions are proposed332 to explain the formation of 95Tc0,. It has been observed333 that recoil rhodium atoms can react with air to produce a volatile oxide (possibly 99,100Rh03). Transition Metals (Third Row).-Annealing has been used to the chemistry of I8,Re produced by the neutron irradiation of '''Re in mixed crystals of &Re&,- 317 R. M. Mahfouz J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 1984 87 143. 318 El-H. M. Diefallah J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 1985 93 89. 319 El-H. M. Diefallah S. N. Basahl M. S. El-Meligy and R. M. Mahfouz Radiochim. Acta 1984 37 17. 320 N. P. Kosev Yad. Energ. 1983 19 60. 321 C. di Risio and R. 0. Marques J. Radioanal. Nucl.Chem. 1985 94 191. 322 T. Kobayashi Radiochim. Acta 1984 35 43. 323 M. I. Afanasov A. M. Babeshkin L. A. Kulikov and Yu. D. Perfiliev J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 1985 93 37. 324 V. Ramshesh Natl. Acad. Sci. Lett. 1983 6 379. 325 Y. Sakai H. Nishioji and T. Tominaga Radiochim. Acta 1984 36 181. 326 H. Nishioji Y. Sakai and T. Tominaga J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 1985 95 63. 327 El-H. M. Diefallah and A. 0. Baghlaf J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 1985 94 109. 328 C. H. Collins and M. I. M. S. Bueno ref:45 p. 20. 329 G. Albarran C. Archundia and A. G. Maddock Radiochim. Acta 1984 35 183. 330 J. L. Iturbe ref 45 p. 17. 331 S. Bulbulian rej 45 p. 16. 332 M. Colin E. Ivanovici P. Lerch and A. G. Maddock Radiochim. Acta 1984 37 199. 333 V. P. Domanov and I.Zvara Radiokhimiya 1984 26 770. 334 H. Mueller Radiochim. Acta 1983 34. 173. Radiochemistry 387 KZSnC1,. At 50 “C some labelled hexabromorhenate is found whilst at higher temperatures mixed halogeno-complexes are formed. Recoil osmium iridium and platinum have all been found to react in air to produce volatile labelled The labelled compounds produced as a result of the neutron irradiation of diphenyl- mercury and dimethylmercury have been described.335 5 Chemical Effects of Nuclear Decay As well as the chemical reactions that can be initiated by the recoil energy given to an atom or ion as a result of decay which have been considered above many other reactions are possible caused by the passage of a,p or y rays through a sample. For the most part this is ‘radiation chemistry’ rather than radiochemistry and so only those aspects that impinge directly on the reactions discussed in previous sections will be considered here.Many general reviews have appeared concerning the effect that decay-induced decomposition can have upon radiopharma~euticals.~~~ These articles have dealt with all aspects of the problem detection of the levels of impurities (both radioactive and not) methods for their removal and the effect which they may have upon detecting systems if they are not removed.337 Technetium compounds have been investigated particularly thoroughly with many chromatographic methods being reported,338 for the removal of decay-induced impurities. Specific methods for the quality control of technetium radiopharmaceuticals have been described339 and the problems of long-term storage considered.340 6 Miscellaneous Uranium in the Sea.-The intense Japanese interest in the extraction of uranium from the sea continues; the current position has been reviewed341 and the chemical state of the uranium at various stages of the process discussed.342 The efficacy of many different types of adsorbant or chelating agents have been considered hydrated titania (‘titanic acid’!),343 a titanium-activated carbon c~mposite,~~ sulphonamide-335 R.Dzhingova K. Kostadinov and D. Todorovski God. Sojij. Uniu. Khim. Fak. 1978,72 11. 336 (a) S. I. Gomez de Castiglia A. H. Fraga de Suarez and A. E. A. Mitta Report No. 470,Comision Nacional de Energia Atomica Buenos Aires Argentina 1981;(6)T.Szarvas Izotopteckniku 1984,27 174;(c) M. Molter Nuklearmediziner 1984,7 37;(d)A. K. Thakur S. J. Listwak and D. Robard ref 14,p. 345;(e) M. Irie Y. Shishiba H. Yamada F. Kinoshita S. Iino H. Demura and Y. Miyachi ref 14,p. 513. 331 J. W.Haggith and P. H. Bartholomew Proceedings Hospital Physicists’ Assn. Conf. Report No. 38,ed. R. F. Mould London 1983,p. 125. 338 (a) V. Jovanovic T. Maskin J. Bzenic and N. Terzic Isotopenpraxis 1985,21 147;(b) N. H. Agha H. M. A. Karim and N.D. Dahir J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 1985,90,3; (c) T.Mueller Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 1985,10,551; (d) B. A. Rhodes and D. Torvestad Calif. Patent 1 177 392/A 1984. 339 E. S. Verdera A. S. Leon and A. M. Robles ref 14,p. 540. 340 J.Zelnickova M. Starkova and Z. Horak re$ 205,p. 213. 341 (a) N.Ogata Proceedings Int. Conf:on Recouery Uranium from Seawater Atomic Energy SOC. Japan Tokyo Japan 1984,p. 187;(b) I. Tabushi and Y. Kobuke Mem. Fac. Eng. Kyoto Univ. 1984,46,51; (c) N.Ogata Nippon Kaisui Gakkai-Shi 1984,38 14. 342 N. Ogata Nippon Kaisui Gakkui-Shi 1984,38 111. 343 (a) T. Yamazaki Nippon Kaisui Gakkai-Shi 1984,38 116; (b) S. Senho Y. Oda and H. Konishi Nippon Kaisui Gakkui-Shi 1984,38 154 and 158. 344 (a) T. Hirotsu A. Fujii K. Sakane S. Katoh and K. Sugasaka Nippon Kaisui Gakkai-Shi 1983,37 159 and 290; (b) K. Ooi S. Katoh and K. Sugasaka Nippon Kaisui Gakkai-Shi 1984,37 352. 38% D. S. Urch type adsorb ant^,^^' polymers containing amidoxime groups,346 and liquid surfactant membranes containing organo-ph~sphates.~~~ The next stage is of course to remove the uranium from its sequestered site.This can be achieved by the use of anion exchange resins.348 Some such resins (AN-2F) have been to have the ability to adsorb heavy metal ions (including uranium) directly from sea-water. Extraction of Other Elements from Solution.-The use of fabrics and fibres coated with specific adsorbants as proposed for the extraction of uranium for the removal of many other radionucleides (e.g. 6oCo 90Sr 13"Ce etc.) from solution has been in~estigated.~~' Detection.-New techniques have been described351 for the intensification of faint autoradiographs made by 35S(although presumably not confined to that isotope) and for determining the detection efficiency of tritium-labelled compounds on paper chrornatograrn~.~~~ Calibration.-Details have been given353 for the preparation of standard samples of tritiated methane for the calibration of gas-phase proportional counters.Tech- niques have also been described354 for the standardization of 22Na solutions and the availability of a new range of standard sources has been announced.355 Positronium and Muonium-The chemistry of positronium has been reviewed356 and the structure of positronium halides in a polyacetylene matrix in~estigated.~'~ Heavier muons can form temporary liaisons with electrons and protons when they come to rest in matter. The chemistry of the 'muonic atoms' that result has been discussed for both positive358 and negative359 muons.345 M. Sakuragi K. Ichimura and Y. Suda Kogyo Gijutsuin Seni Kobunshi Zairyo Kenkyusho Kenkyu Hokoku 1984 140 29. 346 (a) K. Sakane T. Hirotsu N. Takagi S. Katoh and K. Sugasaka Shikoku Kogyo Gijutsu Shikenjo Hokoku 1982 14 107; (b) Y. Koide H. Takamoto K. Matsukawa and K. Yamada Bull. Chem. SOC. Japan 1983 56 3364; (c) S. Katoh K. Sugasaka K. Sakane N. Takai and H. Takahashi Shikoku Kogyo Gijutsu Shikenjo Hokoku 1983 15 1 and 8. 347 K. Akiba T. Kanno and T. Takahashi Tohoku Daigaku Senko Seiren Kenkyusho Zho 1984,40 1. 348 (a) T. Yamamoto H. Takase and F. Fukuoka Kogakuin Daigaku Kenkyu Hokoku 1984 56 71; (b) A. Sasaki Y. Echigo M. Yamao Y. Suematsu T. Ishikura T. Hirotsu S. Katoh and K. Sugasaka Nippon Kaisui Gakkui-Shi 1984 37 341.349 0.T. Krylov N. N. Zavadskaya P. D. Novikov B. V. Volostnykh and M. P. Nesterova Okeanologiya, , 1984 24 611. 350 M. P.Zverev A. N. Barash and G. L. Popova AN Uzbekskoj SSR Tashkent Inst. Yadernoj Fiziki 1983 p. 254. 35' A. Owunwanne Anal. Biochem. 1984 138 74. 352 B. K. Kudelin and Yu. L. Kaminskij Radiokhimiya 1984 26 219. 353 K. Kushitaf N. Takeuchi and K. Hoizumi Radioisotopes (Tokyo) 1985,34,1. 354 B. R. S. Simpson and B. R. Meyer Research Report No. 596 CSIR National Accelerator Centre Faure R.S.A. 1985. 355 L.Szokolyi and A. Szoerenyi Meres Koezl. 1985 26 39. 356 V. I. Gol'danskij and V. P. Shantarovich Zh. Vses. Khim. 0-va. D. I. Mendeleeva 1983 18 36. 357 E.Cartier F.Heinrich H. Kiess G. Wieners and M. Monkenbusch Helv.Phys. Acta 1985 57 760. 358 P. Burkhard H. Fischer E. Roduner W. Strub F. N. Gygax S. F. J. Cox D. Geeson and M. C. R. Symons SIN Newsl. 1985 17 52. 359 Y.Sakai T.Tominaga K. Ishida and K. Nagamine Radiochim. Acta 1984 36 173.

ISSN:0260-1818    

DOI:10.1039/IC9858200371

出版商:RSC    

年代:1985

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

Author Index Aaliti A. 368 Abakumov A. S. 374 Abboudi M. 272 330 Abdou Z. J. 54 Abdullaeva L. T. 359 Abdullah M. 208 Abdullah M. E. 381 Abel E. W. 160 166 Abicht H. P.,137 Abraham F. 103 330 Abraham R. J. 32 Abrahams I. L. 163 323 Abram U. 193 223 224 Abramov A. A. 372 Abramova A. G. 102 Abrams D. N. 372 Abramson S. 179 Abrashkin S. 372 Abruna H. D. 239 Abu-Dari K. 233 Abu-El-Wafa S. M. 331 Abu-Salah 0. M. 335 Achard J. C. 350 Adachi G. 153 155 350 353 Adachi T. 302 Adam M. 360 Adam M. J. 378 Adams C. E. A. 342 Adams H. 300 Adams J. S. 109 Adams M. W. W. 213 238 Adams R. D. 160 285 286 289 Adams S. 134 Adelskold V. 327 Adhikesavalu D. 83 Adilbish A.373 Agarawal U. P.,176 Agarwal M. K. 152 Aganval S. K. 275 Agarwala U. C. 190 277 283 284 Aggarwal A. 309 Agha N. H. 380,387 Aghabozorg H. 271 Agrawal A. S. 384 385 Agresti A. 161 Aguil6 M. 21 Ahlrichs R. 141 Ahmad N. 355 Ahmed F. R. 251 Ahmed K. J. 216 217 Ahmed R. 99 Ahmed S. 242 Ahmeti X. 258 Ai C. D. 206 Aida T. 94 Ainscough E. W. 331 Airoldi C. 165 339 340 Aiube Z. H. 127 Aizman A. 236 Ajkhler B. 374 Akatsu E. 371 Akhmad’yar A. 105 Akhmetova A. K. 205 Akhtar J. 16 Akhtar M. J. 136 Akhter L. 212 Akiba K. 388 Akimoto S. 342 Akitt J. W. 84 Akkerman 0. S. 125 344 Akpan C. A. 312 Akutagawa S. 283 Al-Allaf T. A. K. 122 Alauani K.342 Alba A. 87 Albano V. G. 258 305 Albarran G. 386 Alberti A. 79 344 Alberts A. H. 271 Albin M. 355 Albinati A. 305 313 315 Albizxati E. 93 Albrecht I. 361 Alcock N. W. 46,262 267 308,330 357 366 Alden M. 90 Alderdice J. T. 342 Alderson P. O. 380 Alekseev E. G. 372 Alekseev F. P. 101 Alexander K. A. 3 11 Alexandrov Yu. A. 341 Alexeev N. V. 60 Al-Hilli A. M. 380 Al-Hissoni M. S. 380 Ali M. A. 330 Alici E. 8 180 Alizadeh M. H. 22 Al-Jabar N. A. A. 145 Al-Janabi M. A. A. 380 Al-Janabi M. Y. 251 Alkire R. W. 104 105 Allaoud S. 72 Allcock H. R. 142 243 Allen D. W. 343 Allen G. C. 364 Alleyne C. S. 269 Allison J. 102 Allsop M. J. 380 Al-Ohaly A.-R.A. 335 Alonso J. A. 173 Alonzo G. 144 Al’pert L. K. 374 Alpha B. 29 Alpoim M. C. 357 Al-Resayes S. I. 315 Al-Shatti N. I. 331 Alston D. R. 302 Al-Suhybani A. 381 Alt H. G. 281 Alvarado-Swaisgood A. E. 12 Alvarez S. 336 Al-Wassil A.-A. I. 94 Alyea E. C. 201 218 Alyev B. Ch. 93 348 Ama T. 162 Amani S. 333 Ambroz H. B. 366 Amelinckx S. 93 her S. I. 256 Amm D. T. 8 Amma E. L. 343 Ammeter J. H. 259 Amstutz R. 21 Anada H. 364 Andersen R. A. 16 228 359 Anderson A. B. 149 Anderson J. A. 95 Anderson J. E. 172 303 Anderson L. 245 Anderson 0. P. 189 198 341 Anderson P. 373 Anderson S. E. 245 Anderson J. Y. 6 Anderson S. 192 321 389 390 Author Index Andreev B.M. 350 Andrews J. S. 57 Andrews L. 11 107 119 168 179 180 Andrews S. J. 40 43 Andriamizaka J. D. 118 Andrianarison M. 118 Andrianov V. G. 220 Andriollo A. 285 Anelli P. L. 29 Anfersen R. A. 370 Ang H. G. 184 Angelici R. J. 256 Angelini G. 376 378 Angelis B. 380 Angerer W. 75 Angermund K. 17 121 Angyal S. J. 356 Anjaneyulu B. 376 Annis B. K. 353 Anoni G. 377 Anson F. C. 265 Antal K. 254 Antel J. 110 187 Antolini L. 328 332 Antonio M. R. 213 Antonopulos G. 240 Antonovich V. A. 61 Antonucci P. L. 91 Aoi N. 163 Aoki M. 120 Aoyagi K. 241 Aoyagi T. 324 Appakao G. V. N. 235 Appel R. 137 140 142 Appelman E. H. 175 Appelt A.94 121 Applebaum S. W. 376 Appleton T. G. 309 Arabi S. 280 Arai F. 31 Arai T. 283 Arakawa T. 353 Araki S. 77 Aramendic M. A. 87 Arano Y. 380 381 Aratano Y.,371 383 Arce A. J. 286 Archundia C. 372 386 Arcus R. A. 142 Ardizzoia G. A. 323 Arduengo A. J. 145 Arean C. O. 147 232 Arhincheeva S. I. 103 Arias J. 7 Arif A. M. 219 357 Arisawa T. 374 Arkhipov S. M. 87 101 Arkhipov Yu. M. 383 Arkle V. 241 Arlinghaus R. T. 168 179 Armbrecht M. 77 Armbruster Th. 75 Armitage I. M. 343 Armstrong D. R. 7 20 Armstrong F. A. 333 Armstrong G. D. 235 Armstrong W. A. 213 238 Armstrong W. H. 234 235 Amdt L. W. 251 Arnett C. D. 378 Arnold A. P. 342 Amold K.A. 26 Aroney M. J. 16 Arp P. A. 88 Arpalahti J. 332 Arquero A. 342 Artioli G. 92 Artish A. S. 100 Arulsamy K. S. 277 Arunchaiya M. 40 44 Asadov M. M. 104 Asakawa M. 329 Asano S.,94 Asensio G. 176 Ashby E. C. 11 Ashe A. J. 138 142 Asher S. A. 255 Ashok R. F. N. 190 277 283 Ashworth T. V. 283 Askari S. 249 Askham F. R. 258 Aslam M. 22 Asperger S.,258 Aspinall H. C. 356 Asplund M. 192 321 Asprey L. B. 176 Astheimer H. 326 Aston L. A. 325 Astruc D. 255 Atkins R. 270 329 Atkinson E. R. 322 Atoda T. 351 Attali S. 253 Attanasio D. 262 Attard J. P. 279 Atwood J. L. 80 344 358 359 360 Auburn M. J. 301 307 Auld J. H. 93 Auk B. S.,76 107 176 179 183 188 Auner N.124 Avarmaa R. A. 30 Averbuch-Pouchot M. T. 339 Averill B. A. 213 Avorin V. V. 383 Ayache C. 351 Ayrestini A. 238 ham K. A. 312 Azoulay M. 6 Baba S. 374 Baban J. A. 66 Babanly M. B. 103 104 105 Babeshkin A. M. 383 386 Babievskaya I. Z. 88 Babonneau F. 258 Babot D. 169 Baccar B. 341 Bacci M. 161 238 Bach R. D. 345 Bachechi F. 297 333 Bachrach S. M. 120 Back R. A. 109 Back S. 109 Backhausen H. 384 Bader R. F. W. 156 Baek H. K. 163 330 Baenziger N. C. 165 272 331 339 Baer J. 382 Baeza J. F. 336 Baggio S. 83 Baghlaf A. O. 386 Bagieu M. 9 Bagreev V. V. 356 Baidin V. N. 344 Bailey M. 342 Bailey N. A. 328 Bailey 0.H. 303 Bailey S. I. 203 Bailey W. F. 13 Baines K. M. 119 Baiocchi C. 97 Baird G. J. 248 281 Baird M. C. 249 255 Baird N. C. 93 116 Bajdor K. 262 Bajo C. 372 Baker M. D. 234 Baker R. T. 60 Bakhmutov V. I. 267 Bakhtiyarov I. B. 101 Balasanmugam K. 239 Balasubramanian P. N. 265 266 Balavoine G. 281 Balazs G. B. 363 Balch A. L. 243 244 245 247 271 295 296,297,315 Balchin A. A. 5 Baldas J. 222 380 Baldauf J. N. 382 Baldo A. 310 Baldwin D. A. 266 Baldwin R. M. 382 Bales J. R.,309 Balke V. L. 247 Ball D. W. 255 Ball R. G. 175 Ballinger J. R. 378 Balogh-Hergovich E. 327 Balt S. 266 Baltruschat E. 187 Baluev A. V. 373 Balzamo S. 330 Balzani V.250 Banait J. S.,327 Banci L. 327 Bandini A. L. 313 338 Banditelli G. 313 338 Author Index Bandy J. A. 23 222 Bandyopadhyay D. 321 Banerjea D. 366 Banerjee R. N. 366 Banford J. 286 Banodkar S. M. 380 Banos J. 254 Banos-Lopez L. 153 Bansemer R. L. 191 200 339 Banta G. A. 99 Banuelos T. 54 Banville D. L. 332 Banyai I. 254 Bao Q.-B. 259 Bara J. J. 92 Barakat M. F. 379 Baran E. J. 173 Baranov Yu. A. 363 Barash A. N. 388 Barbe B. 134 Barbier J.-P. 265 Barbush M. 242 243 Barcelo F. 292 Bard A. J. 167 295 Bard J. R. 275 Barder T. J. 226 Bardy A. 381 Barkas T. 381 Barluenga J. 176 343 Barnes A. J. 176 Barnes C. L. 80 121 Barnes J. D.90 Barnighausen H. 193 Barr D. 22 Barratt D. S. 224 Barrera H. 309 Barrera P. 330 Barrett D. S. 276 Barrett J. 206 208 Barrett S. A. 44 Bamentos-Penna C. F. 335 Bamola A. 61 Barron A. R. 83 292 Bartczak T. 182 242 Bartholomew P. H. 387 Bartlett N. 194 Bartlett R. A. 22 Barton L. 46 57 323 Barton S. W. 126 Barton T. J. 125 Bartsch R. A. 19 26 Bartscher W. 363 Bartucci R. 332 Basahl S. N. 386 Bashilov V. V. 344 Bashkin J. 210 Bashkin J. K. 164 Basmadjian G. P.,379 Bason D. 356 Bassetti M. 344 Basson S. S. 9 Bassoul P. 91 Bastos M. A. V. 372 Batchelor R. J. 321 Bateman B. R. 239 Bates P. A. 336 Batley G. E. 86 Batlogg B. 147 Bats J. W. 129 155 192 Battaglia L.P. 328 330 341 Bau R. 16 20 39 308 333 Baudler M. 138 139 140 143 Baudry D. 45 368 Bauer J. 86 Bauer W. 11 21 Bauknight C. W. 169 Baum G. 14 Baumann F. W. 163 Baumann M. 355 Bauschke E. 379 Baxter J. C. 251 Baxter J. L. 127 Baxter P. L. 94 172 188 Bayane C. 350 Bayer G. Yu. 373 Bayeul D. 101 Bazarova Zh. G. 103 Beach D. B. 39 184 Beamish J. C. 95 Beardwood P. 162 Beattie J. K. 270 Beattie W. H. 193 364 Beauchamp A. L. 192 Beauchamp J. L. 138 348 Beaucourt J. P. 376 Beber G. 189 202 Becher J. 330 Beck J. 207 Beck M. T. 254 Becker G. 22 Becker H. J. 64 Becker J. Y. 333 Becker P. 355 Becker R. 153 Beckermann N. 128 Beckett M.A. 51 52 105 Beelen T. P. M. 327 Beeley P. A. 378 Beer P. D. 26 Beers W. W. 191 Beezer A. E. 31 Begley B. J. 263 Begley M. J. 144 Begun G. M. 193 354 365 Behm H. 75 363 Behnken P. E. 60 Behrooz M. 324 Beinhauer K. 332 Beister J.-J. 173 Bekk P. 385 Bekman I. N. 372 Beletskaya I. P. 359 Belforte A. 226 Beliakova Z. V. 60 Belikov V. M. 267 Belin C. 171 219 Bell A. T. 351 Bell N. A. 343 Bellagamba V. 12 Bellassoned M.,341 Bellitto C. 165 272 Belokon' Y. N. 267 328 Belton P. S. 25 Belyaeva L. I. 223 Bencini A. 325 326 327 329 330 333 356 Bender R. 314 Benedict U. 193 362 365 Benelli C. 329 332 356 Benetollo F. 357 358 369 Bengtsson S. 376 Benlian D.341 Bennett J. M. 378 Benson C. G. 224 251 Bentz P. O. 300 Bereman R. D. 272 Berends H. P. 332 Berg A. 156 189 211 Berg J. M. 166 Berg R. W. 84 85 Berger A. S. 87 97 Bergman R. G. 16 22 45 300,306 Bergson G. 377 Bernadet P. 179 Bernal I. 135 Bernard J. 14 108 Berndt A. 62 Bernhard G. 373 Bernhole J. 158 Bernstein J. 172 Berry A. 23 Berry A. K. 171 Berry D. E. 311 315 Berry D. H. 295 Berry F. J. 173 Berry J. M. 378 Berry R. D. 309 Bertazzi N. 144 Bertel E. 350 Berthelot M. 176 Bertini I. 327 332 333 Bertrand G. 119,248 Bertz S. H. 322 Besenyei G. 312 Bethell D. 168 Betterton E. A, 266 Bettinelli M. 224 Betz P. 345 Bevendge K.A. 3 11 Bevilacqua M. 134 Beyer G. J. 381 Bezer M. 308 Bezrukova. A. A.. 343 Bharaj H. K.,330 Bhargava S. K. 166 Bhattacharyya A. A. 278 Bhave R. N. 384 Biagini C. M. 367 Bianchi A. 331 Bianchini C. 44 164 166 294 323 392 Bicheler U. 385 Bickelhaupt F. 118 125 344 Bielawski J. 72 Biely P. 377 Biernat J. F. 30 Bigoli F. 168 Bilal B. A. 355 Bilik V. 377 Billinghurst M. 380 Billups W. E. 232 Biloen P. 86 Bindal R. C. 371 Binder D. 140 Binder H.,79 80 Binkley J. S. 7 Bino A. 127 181 182 218 29 1 Birch M. K. 380 Birchall T. 126 173 183 321 Bird P. H. 310 339 Birkeneder F. 18 Birker P. J. M. W. L. 328 Birks J. W. 180 Birus M. 234 Bischof R.350 Bishop P. J. 160 Bjermm N. J. 84 85 325 Bjroenstad T. 372 Blachnik P. 169 Black P. 13 Blaeuenstein P. 372 Blagg A. 325 Blaha J. P. 256 257 Blake A. B. 236 Blake A. J. 183 Blank F. 333 Blank K. I. 350 Blankespoor R. L. 340 Blaschke G. 139 Blau R. J. 3 15 Block E. 22 Blom J. 380 Blom R. 16 Blomgren G. M. 5 Blomqvist G. 377 Blonk H. K. 326 Blonsky P. M. 252 Bloom I. 344 358 Bloom R. 340 Blower P. J. 160 Blum J. K. 118 Blunden S. J. 133 Blyholder G. 249 Boardman A. 95 96 Boaventura M.-A. 344 Bobe F. W. 32 Boccuzzi F. 341 Boche G. 14 21 167 Bochman M. 283 Bocian D. F. 244 Bock H. 109 117 118 182 184 Bock M. 336 Boden P.J. 136 232 Boechko V. F. 102 Bogge H.,159 163 214 Bohlen E. 20 283 333 Boehmer R.G. 373 Boele S. 378 Boere R. T. 157 262 327 Boersma J. 340 Boese R.,68 71 73 78 121 140 Boessert W. 373 Boeyens J. C. A. 227 240 270 331 Bogacz B. F. 92 Bogatchev Y.S. 359 Bogdanovie B. 17 Boggess R. K. 268 Boggs J. E. 118 Bohle D. S. 285 Bohling D. A. 256 Bohm M. C. 168 Bohra R. 168 Boillot M.-L. 329 Boisselier-Cocolios B. 99 101 243 244 Bokobza L. 97 Boldrini G. P. 125 Boldyrev P. P. 372 Bolesev I. G. 336 Boli L. 379 Bolster J. M. 377 Bolt N. J. 244 Bombieri G. 223 311,357 358 369 BonaEiOKouteck9 V. 65 Bonati F. 293 338 Bond A. M. 329 Bond G. C. 87 Bondareva A.S. 84 Bondareva N. P. 84 Bondarevskij S. I. 384 Bonel G. 30 Bongardt F. 19 Bonner F. T. 136 Bonnet J.-J. 277 Bonnetot B. 44 Bonnyman J. 222,380 Bonomi F. 237 Bonsella J. M. 359 Bontchev P. R.,206 332 Boone J. L. 171 Boorman P. M. 160 Booth T. 373 Boothe T. E. 377 381 Borau V. 87 Bordner J. 272 Borish E. T. 334 Borm J. 140 Borras J. 330 332 Bos W. 305 335 Bosch A. L. 378 Bosco B. 243 245 Bosnich B. 292 301 Boss R. D. 25 Bossuyt A. 382 Author Index Botsivali M. 147 Bott S. G. 80 Bottaro J. C. 381 Bottcher P. 173 Bottino F. A. 341 Botto I. L. 173 Bottomley F. 197 203 285 348 Bottomley L. A. 170 244 248 Botulinski A. 262 Boubel J.-C.331 Boucher H. 292 Boudjada A. 103 Boudjouk P. 11 126 Bougeard P. 348 Bougon R. 191 Bould J. 46 Bour J. J. 305 335 Bourdoiseau M. 380 382 Bousseau M. 271 Bouwman E. 263 Bowen B. M. 378 Bowen D. 145 Bowers C. P. 273 Bowmaker G. A, 272 Bowman K. 303 Boyar E. B. 149 277 294 301 Boyd D. C. 256 Boyd P. D. W. 272 Boyd R. J. 109 178 Boyle E. L. 195 Boyle P. D. 236 Boyles M. L. 210 Bozhenko E. I. 372 Bozsik M. 199 Braccia D. 338 Bradic Z. 234 Bradley D. C. 213 356 Bradshaw J. S. 24 25 Braga D. 258 286 305 Braga M. 239 266 Brain G. 240 Bramley R. 264 Brandau W. 381 Brandl A. 66 Brandsma L. 10 Brandt G. 173 Brankoff T. 376 Brant P.92 Bratsch S. G. 353 354 365 Brauer D. J. 22 Brauman J. I. 246 Braunstein P. 314 315 Bravo J. 343 Braydich M. D. 215 Braye E. 3 11 Brazi E. 265 Brec R. 150 153 Bredol M. 100 Bregadze V. I. 61 344 Brekke P. B. 84 325 Bremard C. 103 Bremper P. O. 381 Author Index 393 Breneman C. M. 15 Brennan J. G. 367 370 Brereton I. M. 29 Bresciani-Pahor N. 259 266 Brese N. E. 155 Breunig H. J. 144 Brevard C. 157 290 333 Brevnova T. N. 134 Brewer C. T. 42 47 Brewer G. 260 270 329 Brezinski M. M. 267 Briant C. E. 57 314 315 Bricevic J. 191 Brich Z. 13 Bricker D. L. 146 249 Bricker J. C. 278 Briggs R. W. 343 Brighli M. 368 Briguglio J. J. 57 Brill T. 258 259 Brinckman F.E. 133 Brinkman G. A. 382 384 Brinkmann C. 173 Brint P. 38 Bristow S. 159 206 Brittain H. G. 355 Brittain R. D. 193 364 Brivastava G. 99 Brizola I. P. 382 Broadley K. 253 Brock C. P. 30 70 369 Brockner W. 153 Brodie A. M. 331 Brodskaya G. A. 373 374 Brody J. F. 199 Brogan L. E. 251 Bronger W. 155 Brook A. G. 119 Brookhart M. 210 Brorson B. I. 381 Brorson M. 264 Brown C. 65 Brown D. 366 Brown D. B. 331 Brown D. H. 338 Brown D. V. 210 Brown H. C. 35 Brown J. M. 308 Brown M. A. 312 Brown P. L. 86 Brown P. R. 276 Brown R. D. 107 Brown R. S. 175 Brown S. B. 28 Brown S. S. D. 333 Brown T. L. 44 218 242 Brown W.E. 6 Brown W.M. 262 327 Bruce M. I. 277 279 335 Brucher E. 86 Bruchhaus R. 156 Bruchner E. 353 Bruckmann R. 343 Bruening R. C. 199 Bruggman T. C. 382 Bruha A. 262 Bruice T. C. 246 Bruin J. W.,125 344 Brun G. 174 Bruneau J. 380 Brunner H. 160 161,213 Bruno G. 301 311 333 Brunschwig B. S. 261 333 Bruzzone M. 349 Bryan S. A. 311 Bublak W. 95 Bucci R. 327 Bucheler J. 339 Buchler J. W. 201 262 Buchman O. 376 Buchmeier W. 8 180 Buchner W. 75 Buckley R. I. 205 Budzelaar P. H. M. 39 62 340 Bueno M. I. M. S. 386 Burger H. 22 Burgi H. B. 284 Buklanov G. V. 374 Bukovec N. 103 Bulbulian S. 382 386 Bullett D. W. 353 Bullock J. I. 325 Bulman L. A. 38 Buncel E. 22 Buntseva I.M. 372 Bunyakina N. V. 87 Bunzli J.-C. G. 357 Burchman O. 375 Burdett J. K. 7 Burford N. 157 Burg A. G. 137 184 Burgess B. K. 213 238 Burgess K. 286 Burget G. 22 138 Burgmayer S. J. N. 206 Burk M. J. 308 Burka L. T. 246 Burkat V. S. 83 Burke T. R. jun. 378 Burkhard P. 388 Burlitch J. M. 341 Bumaeva A. A. 363 Bumasheva V. V. 350 Bums H. D. 377 Bums J. H. 30 Bums R. C. 8 171 173 342 Burschka C. 96 144 Bursics L. 375 Bursten B. E. 215 Bursten B. F. 256 Burton K. A. 109 Burtseva K. G. 205 Burwell R. L. 252 368 Busby D. C. 60 Busch D. H. 149 271 Bushnell G. W. 311 315 Buska P. L. 379 Buslaev Yu.A. 353 Buss D. H. 86 Butcher R. J. 58 Butin N.P. 344 Butler A. R. 161 236 237 Butler L. G. 44 Butler T. A. 379 Buttrus N. H. 127 Buyanov R. A. 86 Byers P. K. 338 Byrd B. L. 377 Bywater S. 13 Bzenic J. 387 Cabello C. I. 173 Cabeza J. A. 94 290 300 Cabras M. A. 324 Cacace F. 383 Cacchi S. 344 Caciuffo R. 363 Cader B. M. 126 Cahill P. A. 177 Cai G.-Z. 269 330 Cais M. 265 Calabrese J. C. 145 327 Calderazzo F. 203 226 Caldwell G. 178 Callahan A. P. 377 379 381 Calb V. 11 Camellini M. T. 295 314 Cameron A. D. 255 Cameron T. S. 83 130 166 Campbell C. T. 6 Campbell D. H. 242 Campbell F. L. 111 215 Campbell G. K. 122 Campbell M. J. 377 Campisi A. 98 Campos D. E. 380 Campos H. 382 Campos P.J. 176 Camus A. 324 Canella K. A. 11 Caneschi A. 356 Caneva D. C. 7 Canich J. M. 188 Cannon R. D. 240 Cannon S. A. 93 Cano F. H. 292 Cano M. 345 Cantineau R. 377 Canty A. J. 338 Capon J. M. 330 Cappell H. A. 338 Carbonaro A. 349 Cardin C. J. 197 289 Cardin D. J. 196 289 Cariati F. 268 323 324 327 332 367 Carlin R.L. 332 356 Carlisle G. O. 332 Carlisle J. A. 332 Carlsen L. 140 Carlton L. 221 Author Index Carmona D. 292 Carmona E. 207 Carmona-Guzman M. C. 254 Caron A. 29 Carpenter G. B. 21 Carr S. W. 315 Carrado K. A. 364 Carrano C. J. 235 Carre D. 352 Carrinho J. A. 381 Carroll P. J. 47 Carrondo M. A. A. F. de C. T. 331 Carter A.195 Cartier E. 388 Carunchio V. 327 330 Casab6 J. 21 328 Casalnuovo A. L. 305 335 Casalnuovo J. A. 305 335 Casas J. M. 315 Casas J. S. 343 Case D. A. 236 242 Casella L. 331 333 Casellato U. 224 Casey C. P. 255 280 Caspar J. V. 218 266 Cassedy C. J. 231 Cassol A. 357 358 Cassoux P. 271 Castan P. 310 Castanheira I. 380 Castano M. V. 343 Castel A. 117 Castellani M. 203 Castiglioni M. 383 Castineiras A. 342 Castro C. E. 243 245 Caughlin D. 33 Cauletti C. 124 Caulton K. G. 23 44 191 200 291 305 308 325 Causer D. A. 372 Cavanaugh M. A. 37 Cavell K. J. 272 Cayuelas J. A. 336 Ceccarelli C. 262 310 Cecconi F. 161,238 Cenini S. 318 323 Ceriotti A, 267 Ceulmans A.263 Cha G. M. 380 Chadda S. K. 86 Chadha R. K. 160 321 Chagas A. P. 339 Chakravarty A. R. 240 284 285 291 Chakravorty A. 240 321 Chalmers A. A. 282 283 Chamma D. F. S. 372 Chan A. S. C. 283 Chan M.-C. 6 Chan P. C. 333 Chan W. H. 328 Chan W. T. 138 Chan Y.-W. 244 271 Chandra S. 326 Chandrappa G. T. 341 Chandrasekhar J. 120 Chandrasekhar N. 384 Chandrasekhar P. 339 Chandrasekhar V. 129 130 Chandret B. 280 Chang C. A. 351 Chang C. K. 245 247 262 Chang C. T. 357 Chang D. 244 Chang S. C. 232 Chang T.-H. 250 Channing M. A. 378 Chanson E. 134 Chaplygina N. M. 88 Charles N. G. 343 Charlland J.-P.,266 Charpin P. 45 366 368 Chatal J.F. 380 Chatterjee S. 341 Chattopadhyay P. 384 Chaudhuri M. K. 76 Chaudhuri P. 326 329 Chaudouet P. 36 Chauhan V. B. S. 190 283 Che C.-M. 282 Che S. 159 214 Che T. M. 197 Chebolu V. 356 Cheek Y. M. 51 333 Cheeseman P. G. 136 232 Cheetham A. K. 8 Chelori M. M. 330 Chemaly S. M. 266 Chen G. S. H. 185 Chen H. W. 167 338 Chen S. 329 342 Chen Y. 350 Cheng A. H. B. 119 Cheng K.-M. 6 Cheng L. 379 Cheng R.-J. 243 Cherkezishvili L. I. 383 Chernova R. K. 93 Cheshnitskii S. M. 91 Chessa G. 310 Chester A. W. 91 Chevrel R. 151 Chevreton M. 169 Chevy A. 169 Chiadmi M. 103 Chiang M. Y. 20 333 Chiari B. 167 335 Chibiskova N. T. 199 Chicote M.-T. 292 336 Chiek C.159 Chien J. C. W. 310 Chiesa A. 314 Chiesi-Villa A. 198 324 Childs P. O. 372 Childs R. F. 86 Chinenov P. P. 367 Chini P. 258 Chinn J. W. 13 108 Chiorino A. 341 Chisholm M. H.,214 215 216 217 315 Chiu C. Y. 357 Chiu K. W. 283 Chivers T. 6 157 Chizhov Yu. V. 344 Chodiewicz W. 251 Choi H. W. 358 Choi P. C. 44 Choi S. C. 109 Choppin G. R. 365 366 371 Chou T.-S. 4 Choudary B. M. 319 Choudary U. V. 5 Choukroun R. 197 Chow L. C. 6 Choy W. 292 Christe K. O. 136 177 179 191 Christen D. 188 Christensen J. J. 24 25 32 Christensen S. B. 376 Christianson D. W. 266 Christophersen M. J. N. 21 324 Christou G. 148 164 200 223 Chu Y. F. 91 Chuburkov Yu.T. 374 Chumin V. G. 373 Chun K. S. 374 Chunplang V. 247 Church S. P. 219 Churchill M. R. 146 250 255,328 Chuvaev V. F. 103 Chuvilin A. L. 314 Chyragov F. M. 98 Ciampolini M. 248 264 Ciani G. 296 327 332 Ciano M. 250 Cieur M. 382 Cifka J. 380 Cifkova I. 380 Cimpl Z. 169 Ciriano M. A. 296 Claeys A. 378 Clarembeau M. 10 Clark B. 93 Clark D. L. 215 217 Clark G. A. 25 Clark H. C. 315 Clark R. J. H. 205 301 Clark T. 12 14 15 39 62 Clarke C. M. 70 Clarke F. G. N. 276 Claude R. 262 Clay R. M. 330 Clayden N. J. 8 335 Cleary T. P. 27 Author Index 395 Clegg W. 22 161 163 168 212,238 323 340 Cleland W. E. jun. 213 Clemente D. A.367 Clementi E. 32 Cliffe I. A. 20 Cloke F. G. N. 210 Closs G. L. 360 Clucas J. A. 278 286 Coakley A. J. 380 Coates J. H. 329 Cocolios P. 101 243 244 Coffey J. L. 379 Coffindaffer T. W. 200 Coffman R. E. 265 Cohen A. 376 Cohen H. 269 365 Cohen S. 127 181 182 Cohen Y. 4 167 Cohn M. J. 256,257 Coimbra M. 380 Coke G. 97 Colborn R. E. 255 Cole N. F. 216 Cole R. D. 124 Cole-Hamilton D. J. 276 291 Colin M. 386 Collamati I. 262 Collins C. H. 375 385 386 Collins K. E. 372 385 Collins M. J. 173 189 Collins S. 133 Collison D. 212 Collman J. P. 246 Colmenares C. A. 362 364 Colomban P. 363 Colombeier M. 44 Colombet P. 150 155 Colombo A. 325 Colonna F.P. 344 Colquhoun H. M. 30 61 302 Colquhoun I. J. 75 Colton R. 133 Colussi A. J. 179 Comarmond J. 330 Comba P. 200 241 Comet M. 381 Companion A. L. 70 Concepcion R. 18 Condrate R. A. 155 Conia J.-M. 344 Connelly N. G. 253 275 281 Conrad M. P. 194 Conradson S. D. 213 238 Consani K. 18 Constable E. C. 309 348 Contant R. 9 Conti F. 223 Conti P. S. 377 Cook K. D. 25 Cook M. 238 Cook M. J. 239 Coombe V. T. 291 Coons D. E. 41 46 Cooper A. J. L. 378 Cooper M.K. 16 Cooper R.L. 163 330 Coornaert S. 381 382 Corbelin S. 23 Corbett J. D. 8 36 Corcoran E. W. 42 Corden B. B. 261 Cordes A. W. 157 Cornell R. M. 89 Cornillon J. L. 101 Coronas J. M. 267 Corr S.330 Corradi A. B. 328 330 341 Correa A. 380 Corsico C. D. 126 Costes J.-P. 328 Cotton F. A. 192 202 214 215 218 226 284 285 291 305 315 339 368 Coucouvanis D. 44 165 196 237 238 272 331 339 Coughenour C. E. 332 Couret C. 118 Cousland S. McK. 93 Cousseau J. 343 Coutsolelos A. 99 Couture C. 289 Coville N. J. 227 Covino J. 150 Cowan R. L. 312 Cowley A. H. 39 118 142 146 167 219 249 Cox D. N. 57 Cox K. 210 Cox P. A. 333 Cox P. H. 375 380 Cox S. D. 272 Cox S. F. J. 388 Coyle C. L. 161 237 Crabtree R. H. 193 308 Cragg R. H. 65 72 Crahe M. R. 343 Cram D. J. 28 Crecely R. W. 133 Creutz C. 260 261 293 Criado R. 345 Crisponi G. 168 Crissey R. K.4 Croatto U. 223 Crocker M. 281 Crockford D. R. 380 Crook J. E. 49 Cross R. J. 308 343 Crossley R. 20 Crotti C. 318 Crouzel C. 382 Cruickshank D. W. J. 155 Cruickshank M. C. 88,91 Crumbliss A. L. 233 Cummins D. 232 Cunningham D. 127 Cunningham E. B. 381 Curl R. F. 349 Curry M.E. 31 Curtis H. 249 Curtis M. D. 70 148 Curtis N. F. 331 Curtis N. J. 266 Curtis T. L. 57 259 Curtiss L. A. 17 Curzon E. H. 262 Cusumano M. 311 Cutler A. R. 269 3 11 Cygan A, 30 Cyvin B. N. 159 214 Cyvin S. J. 159 214 Czapski G. 149 Czech A. 19 Czech B. P. 19 Czeska B. 159 Dabbagh G. 322 Darr E. 140 Dagnell S. P. 341 Dagron C. 193 Dahan F. 253 328 Dahir N. D. 380 387 Dahl J.R. 377 Dahmen K.-H. 315 Daignault S. A. 342 Dakternieks D. 133 Daley L. S. 333 Dalimunte C. A. 330 D’Amboise M. 25 Damewood J. R. 134 Daminova T. V. 87 Damja R. I. 127 Darnmel R. 109 118 184 Dance I. G. 164,272 Daniele P. G. 18 Daniels L. M. 226 Danilenko A. M. 193 Dannals R. F. 377 Danot M. 155 Darah D. 125 Darensbourg D. J. 29 Darensbourg M. Y. 251 Darkwa J. 203 Dartmann M. 159 214 Das B. 76 Das M. K. 66 371 Das N. R. 384 Das T. P.,242 da Silva A. G. 372 373 375 da Silva C. P. G. 372 380 Datta D. 321 Dauben W. G. 19 Daudey J. P. 137 Daul C. 262 Dauter Z. 30 276 Davankov V. A. 331 David F. 354 365 David P. G. 326 David S. J.76 107 Davidov D. 194 Davidovits P. 80 Author Index Davidson E. R. 116 Davidson G. 83 Davidson I. M. T. 119 124 Davidson J. L. 221 Davidson M. F. 343 Davies A. G. 343 Davies C. E. 222 Davies G. 149 321 325 330 Davies J. A. 166 Davies J. W. 91 Davies S. G. 248 255 281 Davis B. E. C. 93 Davis G. 269 Davis J. 100 Davis M. E. 303 Davis R. E. 236 Davis R. L. 44 Davis S. R. 179 Davison A. 226 Dawes H. M.,16 301 322 331 Dawson J. H. 243 261 Day C. S. 88 Day R.J. 239 Day R. O. 129 130 143 Day V. W. 197 369 Deacon G. B. 358 360 de Almeida M. A. T. M. 380 Dean P. A. W. 122 133 167 342 de Andrade J. C. 385 Deane M. E. 70 Dearduff L. A. 246 DeArmond M.K. 239 Deb K. K. 169 de Barbosa M. F. 372 de Bernal M. 381 Debertin K. 375 de Britto J. L. Q. 373 Debrunner P. G. 235 de Castro Fiori A. M. 382 Dechter J. J. 93 de Cian A. 357 Decock P. 332 De Cola L. 367 Decurtins S. 241 Dedgaonkar V. G. 384 Dee T. D. 201 Deeming A. J. 286 303 Deeth R.J. 241 De Fontaine D. 93 Defrees D. 340 Degani Y. 281 de Graaff R. A. G. 263 de Guchteneire F. 377 Dehmlow E. V. 130 Dehnicke K. 156 157 158 159 160 174 189 202 206 207 209 211 212 220 Dei A. 329 356 Deina S. 332 Deiseroth H.-J. 80 169 de Jesus J. C. 61 de Jesus M. F. 384 De Jonghe M.,354 de Kanter F. J. J. 13 de Keczer S. 377 Delacoto D. 338 Delaive P.J. 333 de Landsheere C. 377 De La Orden M. U. 338 Delavaux B. 280 de Leenheer A. 377 Delfini M. 199 Del Fiore G. 377 Delgado E. 162 DelGobbo V. C. 13 Delionback E. C. 93 Delmon L. 382 de 10s Angeles Paz-Sandoval M. 227 Deloume J. P. 282 Delpuech J.-J. 331 342 Delpy K. 73 Delsignore M. 5 Delville A. 25 Demartin F. 324 De Mesquita C. H. 381 Demura H. 387 Dendooven M. 263 Denise B. 364 Dent Glasser L.-S. 88 91 Denutte H. 377 De Pablo J. 6 de Pamphilis B. V. 226 de Paola R. A. 7 De Paoli G. 357 358 Depew M. C. 344 Deplano P. 168 DePoy R. E. 39 de Querioz J. C. 339 Deraniyagala S. P. 83 295 296 De Robertis A. 18 Derome A. E. 210 308 Derringer D.R. 216 Desai M.C. 35 Desbois M.-H. 255 Desideri A. 332 Desilets C. P. 222 DesMarteau D. D. 169 de Souza M. C. A. 385 Desplanches G. 382 Dessau R. M. 91 Dessi A. 332 Dessy G. 165 196 272 De Stefano C. 18 Detellier C. 25 Detering B. 165 272 339 Deuschle U. 333 Deutsch E. 164 165 193 222 224 Devaud M. 134 Devereux L. A. 171 173 342 Devin C. 130 Devlin J. P. 18 Devore D. D. 148 Devoto G. 332 de Vries N. 282 Devyatkhina E. T. 87 Dewan J. C. 133 256 Dewar M. J. S. 120 126 343 344 De Young D. J. 118 Dhathathreyan K. S. 22 114 Diaddario L. L. jun. 164 331 DiBenedetto J. 241 Di Casa M.,330 Dicken C. M. 246 Dickens P. G. 5 Dickson R. S. 300 Diebold M.P. 202 214 Diefallah El-H. M. 386 Diefenbach J. 7 Diekmann S. 239 Diemann E. 159 203 214 Diembeck W. 86 Dietrich B. 24 330 Dietrich H. 14 Diez Vinuela J. S. 92 Diksic M. 377 Dillon K. B. 184 Dilworth J. R. 160 DiMartino M. J. 338 Ding Y. 354 Dinsmore W. W. 342 Dinten O. 19 Dinus R. H. 327 di Risio C. 386 Dishong D. M. 26 di Sipio L. 224 Distefano E. W. 54 Ditzel E. J. 286 Di Vaira M. 166 329 Dixneuf P. H. 248 Dixon D. A. 119 Dixon D. W. 242 Dixon K. R. 311 315 Djarrah H. 114 Djuran M. I. 303 Dmitriev V. S. 100 Do Y. 160 166 200 Dobias M. 381 Dobson A. 276 277 294 Dobson C. M.,8 335 Dobson S. M. 331 Dockal E. R. 164 331 Doddridge B.G. 329 Dodsworth E. S. 195 Doedens R.J. 328 359 361 Doenhoff F. O. 8 Dohmaru T. 117 Do Kim Tyung 373 Dokuzovic Z. 258 Dolezalova V. 381 DOlieslager W. 85 354 Dolphin D. 246 269 Domanov V. P. 374 386 Dominguez R.,361 Donahue C. J. 209 Dondi S. 130 Dong T.-Y. 256 257 Author Index Dong W. 354 Donovan-Mtunzi S. 286 Dorfman J. 255,328 Dorfman J. R. 272 340 Dori Z. 214 218 Dormond A. 368 369 Dorofeeva 0. V. 190 264 Dory T. S. 80 121 Dougan H. 381 Dougherty G. 331 Doughty S. M. 30 302 Doull J. 220 Dove M.F. A. 136 192 232 233 263 Downes J. M. 292 Downs A. J. 94 172 177 188 Doyle G. 324 325 Drager M. 134 135 144 Draganjac M. 150 370 Drago R. S.261 Dragovich P. 150 Drake C. B. 65 Drake D. A. 210 Drake J. E. 160 321 Drakenberg T. 343 Dreissig W. 30 Drescher B. 379 Drew M.G. B. 144 153 165 192 322 Drezdzon M. A. 252 Driessen W. L. 261 263 326 Driscoll D. J. 6 Drobina T. P. 374 Drone F. J. 142 Droste D. 169 Drouet J. 382 Drouin J. 324 344 Drouin M. 303 Drulis H. 264 Drumm P.,377 Dryuchko A. G. 87 Dua S. K. 324 Duarte M. T. L. S. 331 Dubchak I. L. 267 Dubois B. 332 Duboudin J. G. 130 Dubovitskaya L. G. 100 Dubraski J. 314 Duc G. 282 Dudis D. S. 338 Duff A. W. 23 Dufour C. 362 Duisenberg A. J. M. 333 340 Dujardin R. 10 Dulap B. E. 246 du Mont W. W. 122 Dunbar K. R. 226 Dunham W.R. 238 Dunitz J. D. 21 Dunker J. W. 256 Dunne T. S. 20 Duplatre G. 384 Duplessis J. 354 365 Dupuis M. 119 Duraj S. A. 202 339 Dutta P.K. 329 Dvorak P. 381 Dwight K. 170 Dyason J. C. 322 Dye J. L. 8 24 Dykema K. J. 118 Dykstra C. E. 7 177 Dyrek K. 264 Dzhingova R. 387 Eabom C. 61 80 122 127 Easton T. 280 283 Easwaran K. R. K. 31 Eaton D. R. 255 Eaton G. R. 243 245 341 Eaton S. S. 243 245 341 Eberhard A. 376 Ebner M.,313 Ebsworth E. A. V. 130 183 303 Echegoyen L. 27 Echigo Y.,388 Eck C. 314 Eckelman W. C. 378 Eckers W. 8 180 Eckert H. 79 153 232 Edelstein N. M. 367 Edlund U. 22 Edmonds R. N. 4 Edwards D. A. 5 Edwards J. O. 242 245 Edwards P.G. 16 Edwards P. P. 4 5 8 152 Edwin J. 64 Eger R. 333 Egeret E. 114 Eggleston D. S. 31 Egharevba G. O. 197 Egsgaard H. 140 Ehighaokhuo J. O. 266 Ehkhn L. 373 Ehrin E. 377 Eicher J. 156 189 Eifrig C. 375 Eiki T. 31 Einstein F. W. B. 252 282 286,335 Eisch J. J. 11 324 Eisenberg R. 295 303 Eisenhut M. 381 Eisenmann B. 153 169 173 Eisenstein M.,155 Eisman G. A. 171 El-Amri F. A. 385 El-Awady A. A. 165 244 El-Banna M. 379 Elbaze G. 314 Elbel S. 140 El Borgi A. 341 El Bouadili A. 368 Elder R. C. 193 Elderfield H. 4 Elesin A. A. 374 El-Garhy M. 381 El-Halim A. 105 El-Halim M. A. 105 El Hammioui M.,350 El-Horn N. 9 Elias H. 267 328 Eliasson B.22 El-Kady N. 330 El-Kheli M. N. A. 61 80 Ellaboudy A. S. 8 Eller P. G. 176 Eller T. D. 376 Elleman J. 137 145 Ellis A. 140 Ellis A. B. 360 Ellis A. F. 330 Ellis J. 86 Ellul H. 225 Elmaleh D. R. 375 381 Elman B. 327 El-Meligy M. S. 386 Elmes P. S. 107 El Murr N. 258 Elo H. D. 332 Elofson R. M. 152 Elrington M. 49 Elsasser A. 110 186 El-Sayed M. A. 149 321,330 Elschenbroich C. 259 El-Shaboury G. 381 Elter G. 72 El-Toukhy A. 149 269 321 325,330 Eltzner W. 159 214 Emery S. L. 81 Emo A. T. 162 Emons H.-H. 18 Emran A. M.,377 381 Endo I. 329 Endo K. 380 Enemark J. H. 70 160 206 209 Engel P. S. 109 Engele M. 134 Engelhardt L. M. 23 200 203 241,322 338 Engelken R.D. 171 Engerer S. G. 175 English A. M. 333 English D. R. 245 Ennis C. A. 180 Enoki K. 371 Ensling J. 234 Ensor D. D. 357 Ephntikhine M. 45 368 Ercolani C. 196 248 Ercoli R. 12 Erdik E. 35 Erdman A. A. 60 Eriks K. 30 Eriksen K. A. 324 Eriksson L. 377 Emst S. R. 30 398 Author Index Erre L. S.,327 332 Ershova Z. V. 374 Escriche L. 328 EscudiC J. 118 Eshima D. 380 Eshima K. 148 149 242 EskCnazi C. 281 Espidel J. 285 Espinet P. 336 Esteban M.,292 Esteban-Calderon C. 330 Etourneau J. 351 Etzrodt H. 14 Evain M.,153 Evans D. F. 147 271 Evans D. H. 255 Evans G. S. 300 Evans J. 220 280 335 Evans J. V.373 Evans W. H. 33 Evans W. J. 344 358,359 360 361 Evilia R. F. 269 Evison J. C. 5 Ewing P. 221 Eyring L. 5 Fabbrizzi L. 330 Fabry L. 260 Fackler J. P. jun. 167 335 338 Faggiani R. 226 Fajer J. 262 Falk M.,83 Fallon I. D. 92 Fallon G. D. 300 360 Falvello L. R. 192 226 240 315 Fanchiang Y.-T. 266 308 Fanizzi F. P. 309 Fanning J. C. 240 Fanwick P. E. 192 Farag A. N. 379 Faraone F. 301 333 Farber H. 5 Fares V. 165 196 272 Farrar D. H. 289 310 Farrar T. C. 39 Farrington G. C. 90 Farrokhzad S. 377 Farrow R. F. C. 352 Farrugia L. J. 289 297 Fava G. G. 324 Fawwaz R. A. 380 Fayos J. 75 Feasson C. 134 Fedorovskaya E. A. 351 Fedotov M.A. 205 Fehlner T.P. 37 Fehrmann R. 85 Feindel W. 377 Feitsma R. I. J. 380 Felici M. 376 Fell G. S. 342 Feltham R. D. 314 Feng D. 245 Fenske D. 140 156 159 164 189,211,212 Fenton A. 119 Fenton D. E. 328 Fenwick P. E. 291 Ferdj-Allah L. 174 Ferguson G. 70 201 256 312 315 330 Fernandes L. 372 Fernandes R. Z. D. 384 Fernholt L. 182 Ferrari M. B. 324 Ferraudi G. 330 Ferren L. A, 379 Ferri D. 339 Fenieri R. A. 383 Ferrone S. 380 Fettinger J. C. 146 250 Fielding L. 245 Fierro J. L. G. 351 Figgis B. N. 239 Fikar R. 164 Filatov Eh. S.,375 Filella M. 341 Filetov Yu. I. 352 Filipczuk S. W. 16 Fink M.,7 214 Fink R. W. 378 Finke N. 71 Finn R. D. 373 377 381 Finocchiaro P.341 Finster D. C. 56 Fiore E. A. 216 Firnau G. 378 Fischer B. 340 Fischer E. O. 336 Fischer G. 118 Fischer H. 24 388 Fischer J. 265 357 Fischer P. 264 Fischer R. D. 45 360 369 370 Fish L. L. 233 Fisher H. 219 Fisher M.T. 246 Fitzgerald W. 328 Fitzpatrick L. J. 164 Fitzpatrick N. J. 232 Fjare D. E. 279 Fjeldberg T. 120 121 Fjeldsted D. 0. K. 307 Flahaut J. 152 155 171 Flakus H. T. 178 Flanders D. J. 366 Fleming D. 338 Fleming J. 338 Flengas S. N. 84 Flerov G. N. 374 Fletcher J. K. 332 Flint C. D. 301 Floriani C. 198 324 Horis B. 344 Fluck E. 168 185 Foces-Foces C. 292 Folcher G. 45 365 366 368 Folting K. 200 216 217 315 Fominykh V.I. 373 Fong S. T. 343 Fontaine X.L. R. 51 Font-Altaba M.,21 168 309 Forbes A. G. S. 240 Forbes C. E. 4 Ford B. L. 180 Ford P. C. 241 251 Fornasini M. L. 8 Forniis J. 192 315 Forrow N. J. 281 Forsellini E. 358 Forster A. M.,172 177 188 Fortier N. E. 240 Foss O. 167 Fossett L. A. 297 Foster S. J. 379 Foster S. P. 257 Fotier A. A. 91 Fourest B. 354 365 Fournel A. 341 Fournier J. M. 363 Fowkes H.,51 Fowler J. S. 375 378 Fowler P. W. 37 Foxman B. M. 239 Fraenkel G. 14 Fraga de Suarez A. H. 387 Frahm J. 239 Framer R. E. 369 Frampton C. S. 128 148 Francesconi L. C. 197 Francis K. C. 232 Frange B. 72 Frank A. J. 151 342 Frank W.,122 Franke L.A. 381 Frankel R. B. 256 Frank-Kamenetskaya M. D. 376 Franzen H. F. 93 Frasunyak V. M. 102 Frech R 90 FrCchet J. M.J. 319 Fredeen D. A. 249 Fredrich M. F. 197 Freedman A. 139 Freeman M. J. 300 Freeman W. A. 175 Freijanes E. 195 Freiser B. S. 231 232 259 French R. J. 184 Frenking G. 116 Freour R. 150 Frere Y.A. 309 Frey J. E. 124 Friebel C. 159 Friedheim J. E. 120 Friedlander S. K. 5 Friedt J. M. 193 Author Index 399 Frisch M. J. 7 Fritz H.P. 156 Fritzberg A. R.,380 Frlec B. 183 Gama S. 380 Gamache R. E. jun. 329 Gamba A. 12 Gambarotta S. 198 Geoffroy G. L. 198 250 257 George S. 352 Geraldes C. F. R. G. C. 357 286 Frohn H.J. 176 Gambarov D. G. 98 Gerard N. 350 Frolov Yu.L.128 Gamelkoorn H. J. 266 Gerasimenko V. S. 102 Fronczek F. R 26 309 311 Ganadu M.L. 268 Gerhardt G. E. 115 Frost J. J. 377 Gandour R. D. 26 Gerloch M. 241 Fruchart R.,36 Fryzuk M. D. 195 294,307 Gangopadhyay S. 366 Gans P. 333 Germeshausen J. 138 139 Gerner R.,22 115 116 Fu S.-L. 152 Gansow 0. A. 357 Gerry M. C. L. 109 Fu W.-K. 256 Gantar D. 183 Gervais D. 197 Fuchita Y. 276 Ganther H. E. 379 Gessa G. 332 Fuchs B. 179 Garbauskas M. 271 Get’man E. I. 87 Fiirholz U. 232 284 Garbuzov V. M. 374 Geue R. J. 269 Fuess H. 155 192 Garcia J. 332 Gevorgyan V. 24 Fuji M. 152 237 Garcia M. P. 57 Ghaleb N. S. M. C. 380 Fujii A. 387 Fujii Y.,328 Garcia-Blanco S. 309 330 342 Ghedini M. 315 Gheller S. F. 213 238 Fujimoto M. 211 Fujita E. 262 Garcia Femandez M.E. 195 Garcia-Rendon R. M. 374 Ghibaudi E. 179 Ghilardi C. A. 44,161 164 Fujita J. 170 Gard G. L. 188 165 238 248 263 272 323 Fujiwara F. Y. 252 Gard J. K. 242 Ghiotti G. 341 Fujiwara M. 331 Gardein T. 23 Ghiron A. F. 267 Fujiwara Y. 359 Gardiner D. J. 322 Ghosh S. 243 Fukumoto T. 117 Garlaschelli L. 308 Giacomelli A. 261 Fukuoka F. 388 Garmelius B. 377 Giacomini P. 380 Fukutomi H. 147 366 Gamer C. D. 159 161 163 Giannini U. 93 Fukuyama J. M. 260 206 212 238 323 364 Gibb T. C. 232 Fuller K. 54 Garnett E. S. 378 Gibbins S. G. 232 Fulpius B. W. 381 Garnett J. L. 376 Gibson D. 127 181 182,218 Fultz W. C. 3 11 Garrou P. E. 275 Gibson D. H. 122 Fumagalli A. 258 Gartner A. 333 Gibson J. F. 162 Furlani C. 124 Gasan-Zade A. A. 93 348 Gibson J.K. 363 Furukawa H. 232 Gasita S. M. 373 Gielen M. 126 133 Furukawa J. 199 Gaspar H. 371 Gieren A. 169 Furukawa T. 380 Gaspar P. P. 117 383 Giffard M. 343 Fu-Son H. 80 Gasparakis E. A. 384 Gil M. C. 380 Fussa O. 8 Gasparrini F. 318 Gilbert B. 85 Fux P. 368 Gasser O. 372 Gilbert T. M. 22 45 306 Gastaldi L. 196 Gilbert T. R.,269 330 Gabe E. J. 331 Gatehouse B. M. 92 Gatley S. J. 378 Gilje J. W. 369 Gill J. B. 165 333 Gadd G. E. 219 Gatteschi D. 325 326 327 Gill U. S. 175 Gadze A. 380 329 330 332 333 356 Gillard R. D. 310 Gadzekpo V. P.Y. 33 Gatto V. J. 27 Gilles J. C. 91 Gaggelli E. 199 Gagne R. A. 240 Gattow G. 22 115 116 Gaude J. 36 Gilmore K. E. 269 Gilmour D. I. 314 315 Gaines D. F. 41 43 46 Gaudemar M. 341 Gilmour D. W. 309 Gainsford G. J.331 Gaudiello J. C. 295 Gilson A. 373 Gais H.-J. 10 21 Gaitan M. 172 Gavioli G. B. 331 341 Gawell L. 376 Gingerich K. A. 5 Ginos J. Z. 378 Gaitzsch E. 137 Gaitzsch T. 142 Gaizer F. 339 Gayoso M. 195 343 Geanangel R. A. 70 120 121 Gedeonov A. D. 373 Ginsberg A. P. 147 305 Ginzburg G. 269 Giordam J. C. 156 Gajhede M. 75 Gal A. W.,339 Geeson D. 388 Geib S. J. 257 Giorgetti A. 357 Girelli A. M. 327 Galas A. M. R. 196 248 294 Galindo A. 207 Galle J. E. 4 Galli B. 318 342 Geiger D. K. 247 Geiger G. A. P.,14 Geiger W. E. 275 286 Geisel M. 115 Girolami G. S. 16 196 248 Giruts V. L. 374 Gladfelter W. L. 275 279 Glaser B. 68 Galvagno S. 91 Galvani R.,330 Galy J. 272 330 Gelmini L. 198 Gelsthorpe M. R.,87 Genkina G. K. 379 Glasser F. P. 75 Gleiter R.,137 Glemier O. 86 400 Glesser J.353 Glick M. D. 164 331 Glidewell C. 93 120 161 236 237 Glinski R. J. 119 Glusker J. P. 265 Gmelin E.,362 Godber J. 234 Goddard J. P. 343 Goddard R. 16 Godemeyer Th. 211 Godfrey P. D. 107 Godovikov N. N. 61 344 Godoy N. 380 Godukiv N. N. 61 Godwal B. K. 350 Godziela G. M. 244 Goedken V. L. 94 196 248 254 Goel A. B. 11 Goldner W. 139 Goethals P. 377 Goff D. A. 32 Goff H. M. 244 Gogan N. J.,,220 Goggin P. L. 343 Goguel R. 5 Goh L. Y. 169 Goher M. A. S. 329 Gokel G. W. 26 27 Gol'danskij V. I. 388 Goldberg M. 333 Goldsby K. A. 149 271 Goldstein S. 149 Gole J. L. 119 Goli D. M. 27 Golic L. 103 Golovanova A. I. 83 193 348 Golovchenko L.S. 343 Golub D. 365 Golubev S. N. 267 328 Golubinskaya L. M. 61 Golunski S. E. 363 Gomez F. 54 Gomez de Castiglia S. I. 387 Gomez-Sal M. P. 281 286 Gomiscek S. 332 Gomm P. S. 332 Goncalves M. L. S. 331 Goncharov E.G. 102 Gonzhlez E. 285 Gonzalez J. M. 176 Gonzalez J. M. R. 147 232 Goodall D. C. 165 Goode M. J. 172 188 Goodgame D. M. L. 159 Goodgame M. 342 Goodman B. A. 332 Goodman M. M. 381 Goodman P. 98 104 Goodwin H. A. 241 Goodwin J. G. 6 Gopinathan C. 276 283 303 Gopinathan S. 276 283 303 Gorce J.-N. 170 244 248 Gordon G. 147 Gordon M. S. 118 119 Goren Z. 151 342 Gorin P.A. J. 356 Gorvin J. H. 6 Goryachenkov S. A. 352 Gospodinov G.171 Goto M. 101 134 254 Gott G. A. 224 Goudsmit R. J. 286 Gougen P. 151 Gouin L. 343 Gould E. S. 265 266 Gould R. 280 Gouterman M. 247 Gouteron J. 329 Goutheraud R. 382 Gracey B. P. 255 280 Graddon D. P. 326 Grady G. L. 120 126 343 Graber C. P. 121 Graf W. 75 Graham P. G. 253 Graindourze M.,179 Grand A. 75 Grandberg K. I. 220 336 Grandi G. 331 Granger P. 171 342 Granifo J. 330 Granozzi G. 124 Grate J. W. 358 359 Grauer W. M. 385 Gray C. J. 357 Gray H. B. 333 Graziani M. 3 11 Graziani R. 224 Greatrex R. 42 Grebenik P. D. 210 Grec D. 75 Green J. C. 210 222 227 Green M. 57 60 152 281 289 Green M. A. 23 291 Green M. L. H. 23 210 222 228 276 286 Greenaway F.T. 332 Greenberg E. P. 376 Greenblatt M. 232 Greene R. L. 260 Greenough T. J. 61 Greenwood N. N. 42 44 46 49 51 52 Greggi J. C. 352 Greitz T. 377 Greiwe K. 165 223 Grenthe I. 339 353 Grenz M. 122 Gressier P. 171 Grevels F.-W. 219 Griffith E. A. H. 343 Grimes R. N. 42 47 58 264 Grobe J. 184 227 Groh B. L. 125 Author Index Gropen O. 340 Groshens T. J. 259 Gross C. A. 239 Gross D. C. 251 Gross H.-D. 211 Grosselein J.-M. 248 Groth P. 29 Groves J. T. 245 Grudpan K. 374 Grundy H. D. 92 Grundy K. R. 295 296 Grundy S. L. 307 Grushevich L. E.,379 Grushin V. V. 57 344 Grushka G. G. 102 Grushka 2.M. 102 Grychowski P. 372 Grzyb J.380 Gnybowski J. J. 77 239 Gschneidner K. A. 350 Guastini C. 198 324 Gudel H. U. 342 Guede K. 348 Guemas L. 171 Guengerich F. P. 246 Gutlich P. 241 Guglielmo G. 31 1 Guilard R. 99 101 196 243 Guilhelm J. 29 Guillard M. 352 Guillin J. 255 Guimerans R. G. 295 Guimerans R. R. 315 Guittard M. 155 171 Gukathasan R. R. 310 Gullberg P. 377 Gulliver D. J. 171 Gullotti M. 331 333 Gultneh Y. 327 Guo J. Y. 358 Gupta K. D. 114 167 184 187 Gupta M. 190 277 283 341 Gupta 0. D. 190 Gupta P. K. 89 Gupta R. K. 144 160 Gupta V. D. 102 Gupta V. K. 309 Gurak J. A. 13 Gureev E. S. 372 373 Gurvis R. 384 Guseinov F. Kh. 104 Gusel'nikov V. S. 372 Gusev A. I. 60 Gustowski D.A. 27 Guth W. 183 Gutierrez-Puebla E. 173,345 Gutowsky H. S. 218 Guy S. C. 4 Guyader J. 36 Guyer C. E. 379 Guymont M. 155 Guyot D. 117 Gygax F. N. 388 Gysling H. J. 36 Author Index Haake P. 32 Haaland A. 16 120 182 228 340 Haarland A. 340 Haas A. 66 186 Haasbroek F. J. 372 Haase M. 68 Haase W. 325 326 329 330 332 Haasnoot J. G. 328 333 Habben C. 72 Hachgenei J. 164 Hacker R. 14 Hackert M. L. 30 Hacklin H. 187 Haddleton D. M. 300 Hadjikyriacou A. 196 Haberle K. 144 Handler V. 144 Hanssgen D. 128 Haga M.-A. 212 Hagag Y. 376 Hagen K. 187 257 Hagen K. S. 164 Hagen W. R. 238 Hager L. P. 243 Haggith J. W. 387 Hague D.N. 341 Hagyard S. K. 159 206 Hahn E. 120 285 361 Hahn J. 139 140 Hahn R. L. 353 Haiduc I. 168 Hails M. J. 44 249 Haim A. 232 255 Hain H. 169 Haire R. G. 193 362 365 Haitko D. A. 322 Haku E. 350 Hakushi T. 25 Halasa A. F. 14 Halbert T. R. 159 220 Hall F. M. 380 Hall J. R. 309 Hall K. P. 335 Hall L. D. 378 Hall M. B. 13 108 Hallaba E. 381 Hallam M. F. 314 Halldin C. 377 Hallenga K. 24 Haller K. J. 118 134 Haller T. M. 259 Hallnemo G. 324 Hallway F.,332 Ham J. H. IV 330 Hamada M. M.,381 Hambright P. 334 Hampel B. 121 Hampl R. 381 Hanaki A. 148 262 Hancjk K. W. 239 Hancock R. D. 240 270 331 Handlir K. 132 Hanecker E. 70,72 Hani R.120 121 Hanich J. 157 189 202 Hanisch M. 377 Hanke U. 188 Hankey D. R. 289 Hanna W. G. 321 Hannongbua S. V.,25 Hanrahan C. P. 7 Hansa J. 169 Hanson B. E. 303 Hanson R. N. 381 Hanus J. 379 Hanusa T. P. 57 259 Hanzel D. 183 Happe J. A. 80 Harada Y. 5 Haraga H. 327 Harding M. M. 278 826 Hardy M. 380 Hardy R. J. 377 Hare P. M. 210 Hargittai M. 190 191 264 Harkaway S. A. 270 Harland J. J. 129 Harlow R. L. 145 Harmalker S. P. 22 Harmon B. N. 350 Harms K. 21 110 167 187 Harriman A. 225 Harris G. M. 165 Harris G. S. 177 Hams G. W. 227 Hams R. L. 147 Harrison A. 382 Harrison A. T. 199 Hamson D. 357 Harrison D. O. 332 Harrison J. F. 12 Harrison L.E. 126 Harrison P.G. 131 Hamson R.,382 Harrison W. D. 357 Harrod J. F. 303 Harrowfield J. M. 200 241 Harry D. 342 Hart F. A. 357 Hartl H. 174 176 189 Hartley F. R. 308 Hartley J. G. 7 Hartmann G. 162 Hartmann H.-M. 22 Hartstock F. W. 326 Haruki E. 161 Harvey M.,289 Haschke J. M. 363 Hasegawa E. 148 242 Hasegawa T. 371 Haset J. 339 Hass A. 190 Hassan F. S. M. 312 315 333 Hassan I. 92 Hasselbach K. M. 241 Hasselkus C. S. 166 Hasserodt-Tailiaferro C. 328 Hassett K. L. 236 Hata K. 374 Hata N. 380 Hatano M. 342 Hatfield W. E. 236 272 325 326 Hathaway B. 328 Hatzikraniotis E. 169 Hau K. R. 148 Hauge R. H. 231 232 255 Haupt S. G. 92 Hausen H.-D.79 Hauser A. 241 342 Haushalter R. C. 8 173 174 Havlas Z. 17 Hawecker J. 281 Hawker D. W. 125 Hawkins B. L. 194 380 Hawkins M. 107 180 Hawkins R. T. 32 Hawkins S. M. 122 297 Hawthorne M. F. 56 60 Hay C. M. 335 Hay G. W. 378 Hay R W. 330 Hayashi A. 169 Hayashida H. 276 Hayes S. E. 341 Haymore B. L. 277 Hazel N. J. 222 Hazell R.G. 269 He M. Y. 368 Healy P. C. 322 333 Heath G. A. 280 283 291 Heath J. R. 349 Heaton B. T. 325 Hebecker C. 348 Hebel D. 175 Heckman G. 80 Hedberg K. 184 252,257 Hedberg L. 252 257 Heddon D. 311 Heeg M. J. 193 360 361 Heerman L. 85 Heggeli D. E. 381 Heiland J. L. 239 Heineman W. R. 224 Heinrich F. 388 Heinzer J.13 Helbert M. 176 Helgeson R. C. 28 Heller G. 75 Hellriegel L. 328 Helm C. 199 Helm L. 199 Helms J. H. 272 Heltzel K. E. 268 Helus F. 371 372 377 Hempleman A. J. 301 Henary M. 269 330 Hencher J. L. 339 Henchman M. 139 Hencsel P. 125 401 Henderson S. G. D. 183 Hendrickson D. N. 236 237 240,241,245 255 256 257 Hengge H. 183 Henkel G. 165 223,345 Henkelmann J. 62 71 Hennricks W. 180 Henrick K. 280 286 335 Henriksen L. 172 Henry B. 331 Henry M. 258 Henry P. M. 256 Hensen K. 129 Heppert J. A. 41 215 Herak R. 303 Herber R. H. 232 Herberhold M. 165 Herberich G. E. 64 73 Herbert D. E. 362 Herbst J. F. 351 Hercules D. M. 6 239 Herdweck E.135 Herm R. R. 80 Herman G. 278 Heiminek S. 56 Hermann H. 219 Hermann N. 225 Herrmann W. 234 Herrmann W. A. 135 228 Herscheid J. D. M. 378 Hertl W. 175 Herzmann H. 381 Hess H. 168 Hessen B. 44 Hessner B. 64 Hettich B. 111 187 Hettich R. L. 231 Heughebaert J. C. 30 Heughebaert M.,30 Heumuller R. 139 Hevendehl H. 128 Hewes J. D. 60 Heyding R. D. 8 Hiang Y. 383 Hiatky G. G. 306 Hibbert R. C. 136 140 192 200 232 233 263 Hibble S. J. 5 Hibino J.-I. 341 Hietanen S. 339 Higa K. T. 369 Higgins T. 127 Higuchi M. 329 Higuchi T. 302 Hildebrand D. L. 193 364 Hildenbrand H. 62 Hilgenfeld R. 24 Hilinski E. F. 176 Hill C. L. 225 Hill D. T.338 Hill H. A. O. 333 Hill R. 133 Hill R. H. 312 Hillier I. H. 267 Hills A. 208 Hilmes G. L. 355 Hilpert K. 5 Hilscher G. 362 Hinchliffe A. 178 Hinode H. 151 Hirabayashi T. 371 Hiraki K. 276 Hirao A. 18 Hiratani K. 18 158 Hirayama F. 19 Hirobe M. 378 Hirotsu T. 387 388 Hitchcock P. B. 23 61 94 121 122 127 168 297 308 315 Hiyama Y. 44 Hjuler H. A. 84 85 Hladik O. 373 Hlatky G. G. 193 Hnatowicz V. 374 Ho M. K. 350 Hobey W. D. 240 Hoch D. J. 222 Hodges R. V. 138 Hodgson D. J. 31 325 Hodgson K. O. 213 238 Hoeberg T. 376 Hofer K. 128 Hoekstra A. 378 Hoelsa J. 351 Horlein R. 135 Hoff C. D. 257 Hoffman B. M. 248 260 Hoffman D. A. 215 Hoffman D.M. 214 217 Hoffman J. C. 325 Hoffman R. 152 336 Hoffman R. A. 352 Hoffmann F. M. 7 Hoffmann G. G. 96 Hoffmann H. M. 144 Hoffmann K. P. 264 Hoffmann P. 137 Hoffmann R. 172 236 361 369 Hoffmann S. K. 264 325 326 Hofmann P. 121 361 369 Hofs H.-U. 156 Hoier H. 15 Hoizumi K. 388 Hojo M. 157 Holah D. G. 258 Holdcroft G. E. 330 Holden H. D. 286 Holden J. G. 173 Holecek J. 132 Holland H. L. 93 Hollander F. J. 45 306 Hollands R. E. 315 Holloway J. H. 177 352 Holloway M. K. 120 Holm R. H. 160 164 166 200 202 213 238 272 340 Author Index Holman B. L. 382 Holmes J. M. 129 143 Holmes R. R. 129 130 143 Holstvoogd R. 351 Holt E. M. 30 127 192 251 256,308 321 Holt P.L. 109 Holtbekk T. 372 Holton D. M. 8 Holwerda R. A. 163 330 Homborg H. 247 Hommes H. H. 10 Honda K. 102 Honig B. 17 Hooley J. G. 194 Hope E. G. 171 191 Hope H. 15 261,297 Hoppe R. 9 Hoppenheit R. 189 Horak Z. 387 Horikoshi S. 329 Horiuchi K. 380 381 Horn E. 240 241 335 Horn G. M. 239 Homer L. 72 Horrocks W. de W. 355 Horst W. 380 Hortelano E. 19 Horvath I. T. 289 Horwitz C. P. 30 249 251 Horyn R. 352 Hoshino N. 94 Hoskins B. F. 144 160 Hosmane N. S. 39 54 Hostetler C. K. 210 Hou Z. 359 Houk K. N. 12 Houng M.-P. 152 Hounslow A. M. 329 Housecroft C. E. 38 Houvanian N. 200 Horvath I. T. 160 Howard C. G. 16 Howard J.A. K. 60 253 Howard W. F. 133 Howarth 0. W. 52,54 105 199 Howe R. G. 363 Howells N. D. 314 Howes A. J. 283 Howie R. A. 75 91 Hop J. J. 93 Hradilek P. 381 Hrasdil M. 375 Hrbek J. 7 Hsieh J. C. 357 Hsieh T.-C. 205 Hsu P. M. 379 Hsua W. L. 122 Huan N. Q. 382 Huang J. 358 Huang L. 381 Huber F. 144 Huber W. 13 Author Index Hubert-Pfalzgraf L. G. 75 Hubner T. 169 Huch V. 122 Hucknall D. J. 363 Hudgens R. A. 245 Hudnik V. 332 Hudson M. J. 330 Huennekens J. 4 Hurter H.-U. 79 Huffman J. C. 23 39 44 57 148 191 200 202 214 215 216 217 223 259 277 291 305 339 Hugel R. P. 265 Hughes A. N. 258 Hughes D. L. 339 358 Hughes L. A. 359 Hughes M.A. 332 341 Hughes M. N. 136 Huie C. W. 4 Huigi A. D. 199 Hull G. W. 171 Hummel H.-U. 24 Humphrey P. A. 277 Hunter B. K. 8 Hunter R. 89 Hunter W. E. 344 358 360 Huntley C. M. 130 Huppmann P. 174 189 Hurst G. D. 35 Hursthouse M. B. 16 83 158 166 190 196 248 276 283 286 289 291 292 294 301 309 331 343 356 357 Hurter H.-U. 153 Husbands J. M. 331 Hussein M. A. 331 Huszar I. 372 Hutchings G. J. 89 Hutchings L. L. 159 Hutchins L. G. 378 Hutchinson J. 208 Huttner G. 136 140 143 146 174 283 343 Hutton A. T. 315 325 Hyde A. R. 161 237 Hylandes M. D. 379 Hynes M. J. 263 Ibanez A. 151 Ibers J. A. 155 171 199 245 248 260 277 Ibuka T. 324 Ice R.,373 Ichimura A.165 224 Ichimura K. 388 Ido T. 377 383 Iftikhar K. 355 Iggo J. A. 289 Iino S. 387 Iinuma K. 381 Ijadi-Maghsoodi S. 124 Ikariya T. 283 Ikawa H. 98 Ikeda I. 381 Ikeda S. 90 Win L. A. 372 Il’inskii A. L. 352 Illuminati G. 344 Il’yasova A. K. 205 Imai T. 35 Imai Y. 267 Imamoto T. 74 360 Imamura H. 350 Imamura T. 211 Imanaka N. 153 155 353 Imoto S. 364 371 Imran A. 318 Imre J. 380 Inagaki M. 339 Inamoto N. 312 Ingletto G. 224 Innocenti P. 44,165 248 272 Inoue H. 161 Inoue K. 174 Inoue M. 5 158 321 Inoue M. B. 158 321 Inoue O. 378 Inoue S. 94 Inoue Y. 25 374 Inoue Z. 92 Interrante L. V. 271 Inuzuka K. 27 Iofa B. Z. 372 373 374 hie M.387 Irie T. 378 Iroshnikova N. G. 381 Isab A. A. 342 Isenberg W. 158 Ishida K. 388 Ishida M. 188 Ishii Y. 283 Ishikura T. 388 Ishimori M. 98 Ishiwata K. 377 Islamov T. 372 373 Isopov V. K. 367 Issa R. M.,331 Itagaki H. 284 Itie J. P. 362 Ito H. 270 Ito M. 87 Ito S. 36 Ito T. 6 94 101 267 270 326 340 Itoh K. 242 Ittel S. D. 6 Iturbe J. L. 386 Ivanov N. I. 88 Ivanov S. A. 374 Ivanovici E. 386 Iverfeldt I. 343 Iwai K. 257 Iwainsky H. 375 Iwamoto J. B. 65 Iwamoto K. 330 Iwamoto M. 379 Iwase I. 264 Iwata R. 377 383 Iyagba E. T. 86 Iyi N. 90 92 Izatt R. M. 24 25 32 Izatt S. R. 32 Izawa G. 379 Izquierdo A. 222 Izumo M.374 Jackman L. M. 20 Jackson A. R. W. 322 Jackson P. F. 286 Jackson W. G. 156 Jacobsen G. B. 43 312 Jacobsen J. K. 377 Jacobsen S. M. 6 Jacobson A. J. 199 Jacobson D. B. 231 232 259 Jagannathan R. 335 Jagannathan S. 240 Jaggi A. 326 Jaggi N. K. 248 Jagner S. 192 321 Jain V. K. 144 160 Jakeman R. J. B. 8 James A. P. 60 James B. R. 149 312 James D. W. 17 Jameson G. B. 160 Jamil Z. 319 Jamin N. 356 Jand J. 310 Jander J. 180 Janiak C. 120 Janichen K. 182 Janietz N. 161 Janikowski S. K. 267 Janke N. 17 Jankowska A. 328 Janoki G. A. 375 JanouSek Z. 56 Jansen M. 8 148 Jarauta M. P. 294 Jarret R. M. 13 Jasien P. G. 7 Jasim M. N. 380 Jasmin K.S. 159 Jastrzebski J. T. B. H. 15 21 324 Jasztal M. J. 54 Jaulmes S. 193 Jayaraman A. P. 371 Jeannin S. 329 Jeannin Y.,22 329 Jeffery J. C. 162 229 297 340 Jeffreys B. 165 Jeffs S. E.,96 Jelfs A. N. de M. 60 Jelinek T. 56 Jeminet G. 31 Jensen C. M. 312 Jerez A. 172 173 Jerschkewitz H.-G. 206 Jeske G. 361 Jesthi P. K. 35 Jewell C. F. 259 Jewiss H.C. 291 Jezierski A. 199 331 Jezowska-Trzebiatowska B. 199 213 Jiang Y. 336 Jian-Quan H. 218 Jiaxi L. 155 171 Jimbo K. 328 Jimenez C. 87 Jin J. 368 Jin T. 211 Jinaraj V. K. 381 Jingxing G. 280 335 Jin-Ling H. 218 Jivan S. 378 Jobe I. R. 312 J~rgensen,P. 269 Joh T. 312 Johansson G.172 353 Johnson B. F. G. 195 249 279,280 281 286 306 335 Johnson B. V. 122 Johnson C. E. 303 Johnson C. R. 255 Johnson D. C. 8 151 352 Johnson D. L. 380 Johnson G. K. 364 Johnson G. L. 179 Johnson G. R. A. 331 Johnson J. W. 199 Johnson N. P. 310 Johnstoem P. 377 Johnston R. L. 37 Jolibois H.,130 Jolly P. W. 308 Jolly W. L. 39 184 Jones A. G. 226 Jones C. M. 255 Jones D. A. 263 Jones D. J. 364 Jones J. G. 245 Jones L. H. 257 Jones M. 57 Jones M. D. 277 Jones P. G. 110 187 207 297 336 338 Jones P. J. 191 Jones P. R. 119 Jones R. 156 157 310 Jones R. A. 140 295 296 303 Jones R. H. 248 281 Jones S. C. 377 Jones T. 335 Jordan R. F. 280 Joseph K.283 303 Joshi K. 30 Joss S. 284 Jostes R. 159 214 Joule J. A. 11 Journaux Y. 327 329 Jousseaume B. 134 Jovanovic V. 387 Jove J. 155 174 364 Jubran N. 269 Juillard J. 3 1 Julien C. 169 Julien-Pouzol M.,193 Jumas J. C. 104 Jump G. A. 42 Jung W. 9 36 366 Juranic N. 265 Jurisic B. 258 Jurisson S. S. 156 Jurkschat K. 122 125 126 133 Jutzi P. 14 121 167 Kaas K. 336 Kabalka G. W. 377 381 Kabassanov K. 332 Kabir S. E. 286 Kabisch G. 18 Kachi S. 169 Kaden L. 223 Kaden T. A. 157 Kadish K. M. 99 101 243 244 Kaesz H.D. 280 Kafafi Z. H. 231 232 255 Kaga K. 188 Kahn O. 327 329 Kai F. 327 Kai Y. 27 Kaifer A. 27 Kaim W. 10 75 Kaiser S.L. 23 291 Kaitner B. 343 Kaizu Y. 94 Kaji K. 236 Kajiwara A. 237 Kajiyama T. 32 Kakamura N. 245 Kakihara H.,241 285 Kalbarczyk E. 324 Kaldis E. 350 Kalincak M. 380 Kalyuzhaya Ye. S. 336 Kalz W. 247 Kamarudin R. A. 286 Kambara T. 236 Kambas K. 169 Kamenar B. 343 Kamenskaya A. N. 358 Kameswari N. 352 Kamil W. A. 190 Kaminskij Yu. L. 388 Kampmann D. 73 Kamrahm S. 345 Kanamura M.,364 Kanatzidis M.G. 44 165 196 237 238 272 331 339 Kanda N. 254 Kaneda T. 27 28 Kaneko Y. 94 Author Index Kanev A. S. 383 Kang J. O. 333 Kang S. I. 19 Kanjolia R. K. 65 Kanno T. 388 Kant M. 185 Kanzaki T. 232 Kapfer C. A. 11 126 Kapitonov V. I. 367 Kaplan H.B.376 Kapon M. 218 Kapoor P. N. 89 315 Kapoor R. N. 89 Kappel M. J. 98 233 365 Kappes M.M. 4 Kappi R. 355 Kaps U. 72 Kapshukov N. V. 363 Karaghiosoff K. 138 Karasc F. E. 310 Karayannis N. M.,332 338 Karelin E. A. 374 Karim H. M. A. 387 Karlin K. D. 327 Karo S. 188 Karol T. J. 125 Karonik V. V. 351 Karpinski Z. J. 85 Karplus M.,238 Karraker D. G. 136 Karsch H. H. 94 121 Kasahara M. 283 Kasai N. 27 Kasina S. 380 Kastenmayer P. 373 Kasuga K. 329 Kasuya T. 351 Kathirgamanathan P. 148 159 Kato A. 31 Kato C. 36 77 Kato M. 94 340 374 Kato Y. 101 Katoh S. 387 388 Katsura T. 232 Katsuta H.,5 Katz H. E. 39 Kaucic V. 103 177 Kauermann H.160 Kauffmann T. 145 Kaufman C. M. 6,44 Kaufman L. 333 Kaufmann E. 7 12 Kauser A. R. 357 Kaushik N. K. 345 Kauzlarich S. 8 Kawa H.,10 Kawai K. 381 Kawai S. 152 Kawai T. 152 Kawamura T. 227 Kawanami O. 102 Kawano H.,283 Kawano S. 169 364 Author Index Kazankin Yu. N. 372 Kazika A. I. 267 328 Kazlowski J. A. 324 Kebarle P. 178 Keijsper J. 278 Keil T. 71 Kellenberger B. 312 Keller A. D. 343 Keller K. 22 114 Keller P. C. 70 Kelly P. F. 157 310 Kelso M. T. 270 Kematick R. J. 93 Kemmitt R. D. W. 277 318 Kemnitz E. 85 Kemp T. J. 366 Kempel V. S. 61 Kendrick R. D. 13 Kendrick Geno M. J. 261 Keniry M. A. 218 Kennard C. H.L. 44 328 Kennedy B.J. 211 240 244 247 327 Kennedy J. D. 44 46 49 51 52 105 Kennedy W. R. 269 273 Kent A. G. 292 Keong Y. C. 127 Keresztury G. 100 Kerr G. T. 91 Kerrisk J. F. 362 Kerschl S. 63 73 Kershaw R. 170 Kervennal J. 3 15 Kesavulu C. 327 Kesner L. 333 Kessissoglou D. P.,44 Keszler D. A. 155 171 Ketkar S. N. 214 Keyes Z. E. 239 Khaddar M. R. 342 Khalil R. M. 105 Khalilov K. S. 359 Khalkin V. A. 373 382 Khaloyanidi K. A. 84 Khan B. T. 333 Khan M. A. 100 339 Khan O. 262 Khan S. I. 16 308 Khan S. R. 93 Khan T. A. 70 Khandozhko V. N. 359 Khazaeli S. 24 Khazheeva Z. I. 101 Kherrmann Eh. 373 Khokhlova N. L. 366 Khrokhalev V. M. 379 Khuzhaev S. 374 Khyubener Z.374 Kida S. 234 326 Kidyarov B. I. 87 101 Kieboom A. P. G. 355 Kiel G. 22 115 116 Kiess H.,388 Kiessling M. 375 Kikkawa S. 171 Kikuchi Y. 32 Kildahl N. K. 240 Kilner M. 6 Kim B. 35 Kim D. 267 Kim E. E. 30 Kim H.,175 Kim H.-S. 286 Kim J. E. 260 Kim J.-R. 174 Kim K. S. 32 Kim M. 242 Kimizuka N. 92 Kimura E. 330 Kimura K. 25 33 Kimura M. 149 Kimura N. 232 Kimura S. 90 92 Kincaid J. R.,262 King M. K. 192 291 King N. 19 King R. B. 256 257 258 King R. E. 60 Kinkead S. A. 176 Kinoshita F. 387 Kinsch E. M. 160 Kinsley S. A. 359 Kirakoryan G. A. 353 Kirchhoff J. R. 329 Kirilov M. 23 Kirmse R. 193 223 224 Kirschenbaum L.J. 97 334 335 Kirste B. 134 Kirvan G. E. 273 Kisch H.,339 Kiselev Yu.M. 352 Kisenyi J. M. 144 300 Kish Z. Z. 101 Kitada K. 324 Kitaev G. A. 102 Kitagawa S.,269 Kitazawa S. 25 33 Kitazawa T. 242 Kitchen E. C. 124 Klabimovskii E. I. 351 Klabukov Yu.G. 374 Klabunde K. J. 259 267 Klabunde U. 6 Klapotke T. 197 Klas N. 145 Klaui W. 297 Klebe G. 128 129 192 Kleijn H.,324 Klein H.-F. 260 Klein J. 4 167 Kleiner N. 135 Kleiner T. 19 Klement U. 160 Klemperer W. G. 197 205 369 Kleywegt G. J. 342 Kliche G. 152 Klimova A. I. 381 Klingebiel U. 66 68 Klingelhofer P. 158 159 189 207 Klinov A. V. 374 Klinzing P. 189 Klivenyi G. 375 Klop E. A. 157 333 Kloster G.379 Klotzbucher W. E. 78 Klouda K. 364 Klumpp G. W. 13 Klusener P. A. A. 10 Knapp D. R. 376 Knapp F. F. jun. 379 381 Knapp K. K. 70 Knaus E. E. 372 379 Kneafsey B. 127 Kneuper H.J. 135 Kniazeva L. K. 60 Knickelbein M. B. 384 Kniep R. 173 182 Knierim K. D. 384 Knight J. D. 371 Knobler C. B. 28 60 174 280 335 Knoch F. 137 140 142 Knoechel D. J. 216 Knop O. 83 130 Knops G. H.J. N. 378 Knotek O. 373 Knox S. A. R. 255 280,281 Knuniants I. L. 344 Kobak V. V. 61 Kobayashi H.,94 327 Kobayashi N. 247 255 Kobayashi T. 386 Kobbova N. E. 359 Kober E. M. 217 239 Kobuke Y.,387 Koch J. 19 Koch L. 149 Koch S. A. 70 160 164 282 Koch W. 116 Kochubey D.I. 314 Kocka J. 169 Kodadek T. 246 Kodama G. 39,42,45,266 Kodera M. 247 Kocher J. 117 Koehler H.,375 Kolle P. 35 Kopf H.,197 Koppel H. 137 Koernyei J. 372 Koeroesi L. 375 Koster R. 54 78 Koetzle T. F. 39 Koga G. 322 Koga N. 246 Kohata S. 241 358 Kohsaka M. 165 203 406 Koide Y. 388 Koizumi K. 212 Koizumi M.,171 380 Kojic-hodic B. 191 333 340 Kojima M. 149 170 271 379 Kokot E. 270 329 Kolachkovski A. 373 374 Kolesmichenko V. I. 351 Kolina J. 377 Kolis J. W. 251 Kollman P. A. 28 Kolomiichuk V. N. 86 Kolopajlo L. H. 269 Koltunov V. S. 362 Kolyshev A. N. 97 Komiba N. 137 Komiya S. 338 Kondo Y. 101 Kondrashov Y. D. 267 328 Kondrashova S.V. 358 Koneva T. V. 372 Konings M.S. 255 Konishi H. 387 Konno M.,342 Kononenko I. R. 351 Konrad L. 379 381 Konstantinova A. I. 193 348 Konstantinovska-Djokic D. 380 Kontis S. S. 384 Koob R. D. 324 Kopelove A. B. 244 Kopf J. 23 Kopicka K. 381 Kordyukevich V. O. 374 Koresh Y. 269 Korfer M.,192 Kornev A. N. 134 Korotkin Yu. S. 374 Korp J. D. 135 Korshunov I. A. 363 Korte L. 144 Korvenranta J. 330 Kos A. J. 14 39 Kosaka M.,208 Kosarev A. G. 372 Kosek F. 169 Kosev N. P. 386 Koshiyama M. 247 Kosinski E. C. 209 Kosorukov A. A. 92 Kostadinov K. 384 387 Kostapapas A. 251 Kostikas A. 237 Kostka A. G. 360 Kosuge K. 169 Koten G.V. 324 Kothari P. J. 377 381 Kotun M.E. 240 Koulkes-Pujo A. M. 365 Kovacs I. 125 Koval C. A. 239 Koyama K. 85 Koyama T. 242 Author Index Kozak I. 381 Kujundzic N. 234 Kozhevnikova G. V. 100 Kukharenko S. V. 60 Kozhevnikova N. M.,101 Kulapina E. G. 93 Kozlov F. N. 102 Kuliev A. A. 103 104 105 Kozlova M.D. 372 Kulikov L. A. 386 Kozlowski H. 332 Kulikov N. I. 350 Kozlowski J. A. 15 Kullberg M. L. 311 312 Kozyreva-Aleksandrova L. S. Kulyukhin S. A. 358 372 Kumar K. R. 319 Krabbendam H. 13 Kumar R. 324 Kraft J. 164 Kumar Das V. G. 127 Kramer K. 118 Kumpfmuller F. 73 Krannich L. K. 65 Kunii S. 351 Krasulin Yu.L. 91 Kunimatsu K. 233 Krasutskii P. A. 267 Kunimatsu M.,233 Kratochvil B. 339 Kunz J.C. 41 Kratsky Ch. 183 Kunze G. 188 Kratsmar-Smogrovic J. 327 Kuo K. C. 260 Kraus R. J. 379 Kuob M.,90 Krause M. J. 16 300 Kuppers H.-J. 161 236 Kravtsov D. N. 343 Kuppusamy P. 330 Krebs B. 79 153 165 223 Kurata K. 381 345 Kurbanov T. Kh. 93 Kreissl F. R. 44 Kurchatova L. N. 372 Krentz R. 249 Kurganov A. A. 331 Kresge C. T. 91 Kuroda K. 36 77 Krestel M. 157 Kuroda R. 309 338 Kretschmann U. 173 Kuroishi T. 339 Krief A. 10 Kurreck H. 134 Krillova N. I. 60 Kursanov D. N. 220 Krishman C. V. 261 Kurtz D. M. 161,235 237 Krishnamurthy M.,334 Kushi Y.,265 Krishnan K. 5 Kushita K. 388 Krishnan V. 341 Kustin K. 199 Kritskaya I. I. 344 Kusumoto T. 74 Krivoruchko 0. P. 86 Kutty T. R. N. 153 Krogh-Jespersen K. 62 117 Kuwamoto T.233 182 Kuzina A. F. 223 Krot N. N. 362 365 Kuzina V. A. 87 Kroto H. W. 66 349 Kuz’mina T. S. 379 Kriiger C. 17,64,121 Kuznetsov I. Yu.,38 Krueger J. 352 Kuznetsov N. T.,38 83 348 Krupenchenko A. V. 350 Kuznetsova M.Ya. 373 Krutskaya T. M.,97 Kuznetsova N. V. 341 Krylov 0. T. 388 Kuznetsova 0. B. 376 Kryukova A. I. 363 Kvammen F. 167 Kubiak C. P.,311 312 Kvick A. 92 Kubin R. F. 150 Kvistle S. 191 Kubo K. M. 379 Kwan T. 6 Kuboniwa H. 18 Kwiatkowski E. 328 330 331 Kubota K. 342 Kwiatkowskii M. 330 Kubota N. 32 331 Kynast U. 158 189 207 Kucar S. 377 Kyselka P. 17 Kuchitsu K. 80 Kudelin B. K. 388 Laangstroem B. 377 Kudo K. 174 Ladwig G. 199 Kudo S. 264 Gubli M. W. 19 Kudo T. 119 120 Lauger P.30 Kudryashov V. P. 379 Lager G. A. 75 Kueng W. 376 Lagow R. J. 10 13 108 115 Kuhn N. 219 Lagowski J. J. 335 353 354 Kuhne R. O. 259 365 Kuila D. 244 331 Lagrange G. 243 Kuivila H. G. 125 Lagrange J. 368 Author Index Lagrange P. 368 Laguna A. 338 Laguna M. 338 Lahaie P. 169 188 Lahoz F. J. 295 296 Lahuerta P. 292 305 Lai R. D. 310 Laidlow W. G. 157 Laitinen R. 150 Lajunen L. H. J. 328 Lalor F. J. 70 La Mar G. N. 243 244,245 Lamb J. D. 24 25 Lamb J. F. 382 Lambard J. 45 368 Lambrecht R. H. D. 378 Lamm V. 169 La Monica G. 323 Lancas F. M. 385 Lance M.,45 366 368 Lanqon D. 243 Landon S. J. 258 259 Lane K. R. 231 249 Lanfredi A. M. M. 324 Lang G.245 Lang H. 136 Lang J. 36 Lang R. 66 Langford C. H. 272 Langley R. 334 Langrick C. R. 297 315,330 Lanzzeri S. 380 Lapina N. V. 91 Lappert M. F. 23 120 121 122 196 297 315 Lappin A. G. 273 Larsen F. K. 269 Larsen S. 340 Larson A. C. 104 105 Lartigue C. 350 Laruelle P. 193 Lasalmonie A. 93 Laska T. 305 335 Latos-Grazynski L. 243 244 245,247 262 271,331 Latour J.-M. 164 332 Lau C. 6 188 Lau K. H. 193 364 Lau W. M. 156 Laube T. 21 Laufer P. 379 Lauke H. 361 Laurence C. 176 Laurent J.-P. 328 Laureyns J. 103 Lautit A. 108 Lautii M.-F. 108 Lavallee D. K. 244 Lavallee D. V. 331 Lavery A. 322 Lavin M. 308 Law K.-Y. 200 Lawrance G. A. 200 266 Lawrence S.H. 39 Lawrence W. E. 224 Laxhuber L. 199 Lay P. A. 239 291 Laycock D. 352 Lazar J. 339 Lazar K. 239 Lazarev V. B. 101 104 Laznickova A. 379 Lazurkina T. Yu. 376 Leal O. 252 Lebedev N. A. 373 Lebedev S. A. 341 Leblanc A. 150 Le Borgne G. 200 le Bozec H. 248 Lecat J. L. 134 Leclaire A. 103 Lecomte C. 101 196 Led J. J. 225 Ledon H. 244 Lee C.-L. 312 Lee H. C. 242 Lee J. 7 Lee J. G. 118 Lee K. S.,294 Lee M. E. 119 Lee T. J. 357 Lee T. Y. 357 Lee Y.-C. 102 Lee Y.J. 56 Lee Y. W. 379 Leffers W. 130 Legendziewin J. 357 Legoux Y. 382 Legros J.-P. 271 Lehmkuhl H. 17 Lehn J.-M. 29 271 281 302 330 Lehner H. 305 Lei D. 117 Leigh G.J. 208 Lein G. M. 28 Leipoldt J. G. 9 Lejon T. 22 Lekies R. 186 Leland J. K. 167 Lelievre J. 84 Lellouche J. P. 376 Le Marechal J. F. 365 Lemke F. R. 312 Lemley J. T. 341 Lemmen T. H. 44 Lemoine P. 352 Le Nagard N. 172 Lenarda M. 311 Lense Meyer W. 88 Lentz D. 109 184 Leon A. A. 379 Leon A. S. 375 380 387 Leh V. 285 Leporati E. 263 Lepri A. 199 Lerch P. 386 Lerivrey J. 332 Lerman O. 175 Lesaar H. 191 Leschova I. F. 336 Leskela T. 351 Lester R. K. 44 238 Leung W.-P. 23 203 Leute V. 100 Leutkens M. L. 44 LeVan D. 184 Levan K. R. 361 Levanda 0. Yu. 223 Levason W. 171 191 291 Lever A. B. P. 247 Levin V. I. 372 Levy s.,375 Levy-Clement C.172 Lewandowski J. T. 199 Lewis D. B. 229 Lewis G. E. 229 Lewis J. 279 280 281 286 306,335 Lewis-Bevan W. 109 Lexa D. 245 Leyh C. 138 L'Haridon P. 36 L'Hkritier P. 36 Li B. Z. 379 Li M. K. 6 Li N.-H. 319 Li X. 344 Li X.-F. 360 Li Y.-J. 255 328 Libson K. 222 Lickfield G. C. 240 Lickiss P. D. 119 127 Liebeskind L. S. 259 Lieser K. H. 371 Liewald G. R.,22 Lifshits E. V. 91 Light G. C. 80 Likholobov V. A. 314 Liles D. C. 282 Lilga M. A, 312 Lillya C. P. 310 Limosin D. 164 332 Lin C.-H. 6 Lin J. D. 25 Lin T. H. 382 Lin Y.-T. 61 Lincoln J. 184 Lincoln S. 70 160 Lincoln S. F. 29 329 Lindelauf F. M. P. 380 Lindeyer J. 374 LindH G.C. 25 Lindner H. J. 21 Lindsay A. J. 283 Lindsay R. 232 Lindsell W. E.,280 Lindvedt R. L. 262 Linehan J. 295 296 315 Ling S. S. M. 312 Lingaiah P. 328 Liotta C. L. 378 408 Liou K.-F. 61 Lipka A. 144 Lipp E. D. 265 Lippard S. J. 234 235 Lipscomb W. N. 41 266 Lipshutz B. H. 15 324 Lipsztajn M. 85 Lis T. 32 Liston D. J. 210 211 244 Listwak S. J. 387 Li Tai Un 103 104 Littke W. 24 Little I. R. 340 Littlemore L. 356 Liu F. 70 Liu Q. 366 Liu S. 248 Liu Y. 349 383 Liu Y. F. 379 Liu Jingzhi 376 Livini E. 375 381 Llobet A. 21 328 Lloyd B. R. 314 Lloyd W. D. 341 Llusar R. 214 Lobov B. I. 83 Lochschmidt S. 138 Lock C. J. L.226 Lock F. M. 118 Lockhart T. P. 128 132 133 322 Lockley W. J. S. 376 Loebel J. 120 Loehr H. G. 27 Loehr T. M. 245 Logan N. 136 140 192 232 233 263 Loginov E. N. 373 Lohmann W. 332 Lohr E. 381 Loireau-Lozach A. M. 171 Loiseau A. 93 Lombos B. A. 99 Long G. J. 251 Long K. M. 245 Long M. A. 376 Longato B. 198 Longoni C. 267 Longshore R. E. 169 Loose W. 191 Loosli H.-R. 13 Lopez L. 11 Lorenz B. 223 Loren W.,343 Lorosch J. 330 332 Lo Schiavo S. 333 Lotz S. 116 Louie B. 239 Louie B. M. 99 292 Louis R. 330 Love A. H. G. 342 Lowe-Ma C. K. 150 Loyola V. M. 273 Lu F.-L. 246 Lucas J. 22 114 Luchinat C. 327 332 333 Lucy A. R. 253 308 Ludi A.284 Ludvig M. M. 188 Lueken H. 260 Luetkens M. L. jun. 202 Lugan N. 277 Luh T.-Y. 6 195 Lukas K. L. 10 Luke B. T. 7 62 Luke M. A, 315 Lukevics E. 24 Lukova V. N. 84 Lull R. 373 Lumbroso-Bader N. 356 Lumme P. 332 Luna M. 376 Lundqvist H. 377 Lundstrom T. 35 Lunsford J. H. 6 Luo Q.,354 Luski S. 127 181 182 Lusser M. 343 Lusty J. R. 158 Lutz H. D. 8 150 180 Lyall D. 382 Lyalushkin N. V. 363 Lycka A. 132 Lyle S. J. 353 Lyon O. 93 Lysek M. 183 Lyster D. M. 381 Lyutsko V. A, 87 Ma E. 310 Maas G. 343 Maatta E. A. 148 McAdam M. E. 341 McArdle P. 127 Macartney D. H. 273 McAuley A. 273 McAuley R. 373 McAuliffe C. A. 224 331 382 McCaffrey J.G. 5 McCall J. M. 202 McCarley R.E. 191 338 McCarthy K. E. 324 McCarthy M. G. 269 McClain. S. C. 4 McClelland B. J. 12 McCullough J. D. 174 McCurdy K. E. 109 MacCurtain J. 38 McDonald J. W. 213 238 MacDonald T. L. 246 McDonald W. S. 44 46 MacDougall P. J. 156 Mace J. M. 279 280 335 McEwan D. M. 312 315 McEwen C. S. 5 152 MacFarlane R. 180 McFarlane W. 8 75 McGarrity J. F. 13 Author Index McGhee W. D. 306 McGinn M. A. 232 McGinnis J. 161 237 McGlinchey M. J. 348 McGrath D. V. 308 McGregor B. C. 156 Machado R. M. 384 Machan V. 380 Machara N. P. 176 Machida R. 330 Maciaszek S. 258 Maciel G. E. 194 McIntyre E. 377 Mackay K. M. 257 McKechnie K.S. 177 McKee M. L. 20 41 McKee V. 322 332 McKenna P. 318 McKenzie A. T. 329 Mackenzie P. B. 292 McKinnan R. J. 266 Mackor A. 342 MacLean G. K. 168 McLendon G. 342 McLennan A. J. 312 McMahon K. C. 251 McMaster D. 342 McMillin D. R. 329 McMurry T. J. 245 McNair R. J. 297 McNaughton D. 66 MacNiel P. A. 307 McPartlin M. 280 286 335 McPhail D. B. 332 Macpherson K. A. 255,280 28 1 McQueen R. C. S. 335 McWhinnie W. R. 174 344 Maddock A. G. 241 384 386 Mador I. L. 4 Maeda M. 85 379 Maeda Y. 234 241 Maehara H. 326 Mannig D. 66 79 Maercker A. 10 Maes G. 179 Magata Y. 377 380 Magdesieva T. V. 344 Maggio M. S. 270 Magnuson V. R. 258 Magomedbekov E.P. 350 Mahadevan C. 342 Mahajan D. 293 Mahdi W. 14 Mahfouz R. M. 386 Mahmood T. 156 188 Mahmoud K. A. 281 Maier G. 62 71 117 182 Maier N. A. 60 Maier-Borst W. 371 372 377 Mailman R. B. 376 Maire J. C. 344 Maisch R. 75 Maiti P. 66 Author Index 409 Maitlis P. M. 94 290 300 Manzanares C. 61 Martynenko L. I. 352 354 Maiya G. B. 341 Majumdar D. 35 Mak T. C. W. 159 282 328 329 342 Manzano B. R. 338 Manzer L. E. 202 Maoyu S. 155 171 Mar B. M. 382 Martynova N. S. 84 Maruyama K. 11,344 Maruyama Y.,374 Marwick A. J. W. 318 Makagonova L. N. 372 374 Makani T. 171 219 Marangoni G. 310 March L. A. 343 Marynick D. S. 249 Manilli L. G. 259 265 266 Makarov A. M. 379 Marchenko V. I. 87 332 Makhmutov F. A. 372 Marchesini A.333 Marzotto A. 367 Maki I. 9 Makinen M. W. 260 Makino T. 271 Marchi A. 224 Marcotrigiano G. 328 Marcus H.,248 Masamune S. 35 133 292 Masaquer J. R.,342 Mascarenhas Y. P. 343 Maklachov A. G. 372 373 Marder T. B. 60 Mascharak P. K. 213 238 Makowka B. 138 Maresca L. 309 318 Masciocchi N. 324 Maksimov G. M. 205 Maksimova S. I. 199 Maksimovskaya R. I. 205 Malati M. A. 371 Margerum D. W. 269,273 Margrave J. L. 231 232 255 Marin R. M. 174 Marinas J. M. 87 Mashiko T. 246 Masienkov S. B. 91 Maskaeva E. V. 344 Maskin T. 387 Malek A. 218 Maleyev V. I. 267 328 Mali A. 294 Maringgele W. 72 77 Markham D. P. 289 315 333 Marko L. 257 Mason J. 277 Massa W. 14 Massacesi M. 332 Malinin A. B. 372 Marks T. J. 197 361 368 369 Massey A. G. 145 Malisch W. 75 146 Markwell A. J. 336 Massiff G.83 Malito J. 218 Marler D. O. 218 Masters A. F. 272 Maller R. K. 376 Mallouk T. 194 Malmborg P. 377 Maroney M. J. 235 Maroy K. 167 Marques E. W. 258 Masters J. C. 246 Mastryukova T. A. 379 Masuda H.,227 Malmqvist M. 377 Marques M. P. M. 357 Masuda T. 155 Malpass J. R. 91 Maltbie D. J. 369 Marques R. O. 386 Marquet-Ellis H.,45 Masumoto K. 379 Matassa L. C. 198 Mal'tseva N. N. 83 348 Marr G. 92 Matheis W. 80 Malyshenkov A. V. 373 Marriot J.-P. 255 Mathieu J. P. 381 Mamatkazina A. Kh. 372 373 Mamt W. A. 240 Mathieu R. 253 Man V. F. 25 Marsch M. 21 167 Mathis C. A. 384 Manabe O. 27 32 Marsden C. 297 Matijevic E. 233 Manassero M. 267 Marsden C. J. 176 188 Matinez-Gallo J. M. 343 Manceron L. 11 107 Marsden H. M. 109 183 Matisons J. G. 277 335 Mancini M.S. 348 Marshall G. L. 171 Matsamune S. 118 Manders W. F. 132 133 Marsich N. 324 Matsubara N. 233 Manes L. 363 Martell A. E. 31 89 98 149 Matsubara S. 341 Manfredotti A. G. 324 234 261 Matsubayashi G. 163 Mangani S. 264 331 332 Marti V. P. J. 66 Matsue T. 255 Mange A. 345 Mani B. 90 Mani D. 297 Martin B. D. 198 Martin D. R. 65 75 Martin J. 292 Matsukawa K. 388 Matsumoto H.,134 Matsumoto J. H.,80 Mani F. 166 297 329 Martin J. C. 177 Matsumoto K. 329 Mani R. S. 371 380 Martin J. L. 191 339 Matsumoto N. 241 329 Manivannan V. 126 Martin L. L. 200 Matsumura C. 39 80 Mankuta M. E. 126 Martin L. R. 252 282 286 Matsuo T. 8 Manley B. C. 10 Martin R. M. 7 Matsushita T. 331 Mann B. E. 249 290 292 Martin T. P. 7 Matsushita Y. 148 242 300,318 Martin V.A. 209 Matsuura T. 383 Mann K. R. 256 307 Manners I. 300 Martinengo S. 258 296 Martinez M. 148 159 Matteson D. S. 35 Matthes K. E. 330 Manning P. J. 286 Manohar H.,332 Martinez M. L. 168 Martinez-Camera S. 309 342 Mattuci L. 332 Matusukawa S. 242 Manoharan P. T. 330 ManojloviC-Muir L. 221 303 Martinez-Ripolli M. 292 330 Martin-Frhre J. 22 Matyushenko N. N. 91 Mauermann H.,361 312 314 Martin-Polo J. J. 222 Mauk A. G. 245 Manotti-Lanfredi A. M. 309 Martin-Rovet D. 177 Maurice L. J. 25 318 Martinsen T. 332 Maurin M. 104 Mansani R. 268 Martinsin J. 260 Mauser F. 381 Manuel C. P. 292 Martir W. 6 Maverick E. 28 Manuel G. 119 Martone D. P. 273 Maves C. K. 210 410 Mavnn 1. F. 83 Mawatari K. 242 Mawby R. J. 276 Mawhorter R. J. 7 Mayer W.J. W. 179 Mayo R. 303 Mayo S. L.,333 Mays M. J. 286 Mazany A. M. 335 Mazid M. A. 309 338 Mazurek W. 327 329 Meade T. J. 149 271 Meadows J. H. 360 Mealli C. 166 248 263 294 Meanwell N. J. 300 Meenackers A. A. C. M. 351 Meerschaut A. 171 Mehandra S. P. 149 Mehler K. 17 Mehrotra R. C. 99 144 160 275 Meidine M. F. 312 Meier J. L. 332 Meier T. 158 190 Meier W. 213 Meina D. G. 43 47 164 323 Meinema H. A. 102 Meintjies E. 282 Mekhdiev R. Yu. 359 Melchiar F. 375 Meli A. 44 164 166 323 Meller A. 72 77 121 Melnik M. 200 206 327 Melton T. 240 Mena P. 380 Menabue L. 325 328 331 332 341 Mendelsohn M. H.,175 Menjbn B. 192 315 Mentasti E. 97 334 Merbach A. 329 Merbach A. E. 199 Mercer J.R. 379 Mercer W. C. 257 Mercier R. 130 363 Merkel C. M. 65 75 Merlo F. 8 Mertens J. J. R. 382 Mertens P. 8 Mertes K. B. 31 Mertes M. P. 31 Merz K. M. jun. 343 344 Mesebauer B. 310 Messina A. 327 330 Mestres L. 168 Metiu H. 7 Metter J. 144 Mettler F. A. 379 Muelewaeter L. 377 Meunier F. 281 Meunier-Piret J. 122 126 Mews R. 110 115 156 158 162 186 187 189 190 Meyer B. 155 Meyer B. R. 388 Meyer G. 191 Meyer G. D. 373 Meyer H. 24 62 310 Meyer T. J. 218 239 Meyer W. 73 Meyers G. A. 270 Meyers G. F. 13 108 Meyerstein,. D. 269 365 Micchiche R. P. 47 Micera G. 327 332 367 Michaels F. M. 270 Michalezyk M. J. 117 Michalowicz A. 263 Micheloni M. 157 331 Michels M. 139 Michl J.65 117 Midollini S. 44 161 164 165 238 248 263 272 323 Miessen H.-J. 155 Migita C. T. 234 Mikaine P. 99 Mikawa H. 174 Mikelsons M. V. 222 Mikheev N. B. 358 Miki K. 27 Mikulski C. M. 332 338 Mikulski J. 372 Mikuriya M. 326 Milenkovic S. M. 373 Miles A. D. 289 Miles R. J. 31 Milestone N. B. 87 Millar M. M. 237 282 Millar M. N. 164 Millauer H. 115 Miller J. 373 Miller M. A. 45 Miller R. D. 134 Miller T. J. 65 72 Mills C. F. 159 206 Mills N. K. 333 Mills R. M. 253 Mills W. H. 255 Milne C. R. C. 292 301 Milne J. 169 188 Mimoun H.,265 Minami T. 172 Minchin N. J. 338 Minelli M. 209 Minemura M. 134 Minghetti G. 313 338 Mingos D. M. P. 36 37 57 275 277 314 315 335 Mini N.359 Minkwitz R. 182 186 187 Minor P. C. 247 Miravitilles C. 267 292 Mireev V. A. 102 Mironov V. P. 379 Misemer D. K. 93 Mishin V. Ya. 367 Mishra A. 190 283 Mishra K. C. 242 Author Index Mishra S. P. 385 Mis’ko Yu. S. 374 Misono M. 7 Misra M. C. 122 315 Missen P. H. 147 271 Misu N. 94 Misumi S. 27 158 Misyetti Z. 381 Mitani M. 85 Mitchell M. L. 242 Mitchell T. N. 125 Mitewa M. 206 332 Mitler F. K. 183 Mitra S. 384 Mitta A. E. A. 375 379 380 387 Mittag E. 375 376 Mittal P. K. 160 Mityakhina V. S. 373 Miyachi Y. 387 Miyake C. 364 Miyamae H. 329 Miyamura K. 271 Miyawaki R. 75 Miyazaki O. 27 Miyazima M. 269 Mizsawa E. A. 56 Mizuno H. 367 Mizuta M. 328 Mo S. H. 384 Moberg C.327 Mochel V. 14 Mockler G. M. 270 329 Moebius S. 374 Mockel R. 259 Mohwald H. 199 Moerlin S. M. 384 385 Mohammed A. T. 168 185 Mohr R. 239 Mohri T. 92 Moinet C. 248 Moingeon P. 382 Moise C. 368 369 Moiseev I. I. 314 Mojapelo B. S. 234 Mokhosoev M. V. 101 103 Molla M. 332 Mollenhauer M. N. 39 54 Molloy K.C. 126 131 Molter M. 387 Momenteau M. 245 Moncrieff D. 267 Mondal J. U. 65 75 Moneti S. 166 297 Money J. K. 148 200 Monge A. 173 Mongeot H. 44 Monheim B. 191 Monier J. C. 103 Monjushiro H. 90 Monkenbusch M. 388 Monma M. 377 Monnanni R. 3333 Montanan F. 29 Author Index Montenero A. 224 Montfort W. R. 30 Montiel-Montoya R. 246 Moody D. C. 370,373 Moody G.J. 33 Moody W. E. 270 Moon S. D. 248,281 Moore D. S. 149 276 294 Moore J. H. 156 Moore L. S. 338 Moore M. F. 255 256 Moore P. 262 267 330 Mootz D. 144 Morante S. 332 Mordovin V. P. 351 More K. M. 243 245 Morehouse S. M. 308 Moreland C. G. 239 Moreland D. W. 19 Moreton A. D. 341 Moretti J. L. 382 Morgan C. R. 27 Morgan R. J. 80 Morgentern-Badarau I. 238 326 Mori W. 329 Moriarty R. M. 175 Morii H. 27 Morikawa N. 382 Moritz R. 173 Moritzen P. A. 165 Morizawa Y. 341 Morley C. P. 167 Morokuma K. 116,267 Moroney P. M. 315 Morosin B. 104 105 Morozkova V. E. 97 Moms G. A. 159 206 Moms J. 280 335 Moms J. H. 36 40 43 44 47 164 323 Moms J. L. 156 Morris M. L. 324 Moms N.L. 160 Momson E. D. 286 Momson J. A. 81 Morss L. R. 363 369 371 Mortenson L. E. 213,238 Morton C. E. 281 Morton J. R. 202 266 Morton S. 308 Mosbo J. A. 210 Moshitzky P. 376 Moshkovsky Yu. Sh. 332 Moskalev P. N. 374 Moss K. 38 Mosset A. 272 330 343 Mossoyan-Deneaux M. 341 Mostafa A. B. M. G. 372 Motais B. 365 Motekaitis R. J. 31 234 Motevalli M. 16 83 283 291 292 Motoki R. 374 Motori A. 325 Motoyama I. 257 Mountford P.J. 380 Moussa S. O. 380 Moussari M. 357 Moyer R. O. 232 Moynihan K. J. 160 Mrwa A. 225 Mtetwa V. S. B. 222 Mucha J. 381 Mudryi V. V. 104 Mugge C. 125 130 133 Mullen K. 14 108 Muller A. 159 163 203 214 Muller D. 169 Muller F. 15 Muller G. 95 119 121 175 267 Mueller H.384 385 386 Mueller T. 387 Muller U. 156 157 158 159 168 185 189 202 206,207 211,220 Muller W. 362 Mueller-Buschbaum H. 352 Muller-Warmuth W. 79 153 Mueller-Westerhoff U. T. 256 Munch A. 22 Muenzenberg A. 379 Muir K. W. 221 312 314 Mukaida M. 241 285 Mukherjee P. 66 Mukherjee R. 240 Mulazzani Q. G. 250 Mulhaupt R. 6 Mulvey R. E. 22 38 Munakata M. 269 Munoz J. 380 Mura P. 166 276 Murai T. 188 Murakami S. 133 Muramoto K. 376 Murano Y. 379 Muraoka T. 134 Murata K. 90 Murati I. 258 Murch B. P. 236 Murguia M. A. 260 Murmann R. K. 148 267 Murray B. D. 261 Murray H. H. 111 335 Murray K. S. 211 240 244 247 327,329 Murray S. G. 171 Musaeva A. N. 98 Musaeva F. N. 98 Muscatello A.C. 366 Myasoedov B. F. 365 Myasoedov N. F. 376 Myers C. 90 Mynott R. 17 Nadel L. G. 92 Nadvornik M. 132 411 Nafie L. A. 265 Nagahara T. 329 Nagai H. 350 Nagai Y. 134 Nagami S. 18 Nagamine K. 388 Nagao Y. 161 Nagarajan K. 376 Nagase S. 119 120 Nagashima K. 75 Nagata Y. 117 Nagel C. C. 278 Nagle K. R. 281 Nagren K. 377 Naidu R. R. 327 Naidu R. S. 327 Nijera C. 343 Nakahama S. 18 Nakahara A. 329 Nakai I. 75 Nakajima K. 170 Nakajima T. 380 Nakajima Y.,331 Nakamoto K. 162 Nakamoto M. 209 Nakamura A. 10 165 203 209 237 340 361 369 Nakamura S. 32 Nakanaga T. 80 Nakanishi K. 199 Nakano T. 246 Nakao R. 117 Nakao Y. 329 Nakashima K. 133 Nakashima M. 383 Nakashima S.257 Nakasuska N. 233 Nakata M. 237 Nakatsuji H. 4 Nakatsuji Y. 25 Nakatsuka K. 329 Nakhmetov S. M. 101 Nakomoto K. 262 Naldini L. 324 Nalewajek D. 255 328 Nam W. 54 Nanini V. 331 Nanny K. H. 381 Nappa M. J. 247 Narain R. P. 184 Narasimhan D. V. S. 380 Narayana C. 9 Nardelli M. 130 333 Nardi N. 248 264 Nardin G. 311 Narendra N. 32 Narten A. H. 353 Narula A. K. 89 Narula C. K. 66 69 81 102 Naruse Y. 374 Naser D. W. 239 Nash K. L. 366 Nashida Y. 326 Nass U. 187 412 Natile G. 309 318 Navarro-Ranninger M. C. 309 Nazarov A. S. 193 Nazhat N. B. 331 Neda O. 155 Nee M. W. 246 Needham F.-L. 381 Neenan T. X.,243 Nefedov V. D. 383 Negishi E.-I. 341 Negishi H.5 Neher-Neumann E. 339 Neidle S. 309 Neidlein R. 169 Nelson A. J. 213 Nelson D. A. 312 Nelson R. H. 136 Nelson S. M. 322 Nelson W. H. 133 Nelson W. J. H. 286 Nepveu F. 326 Nesmeyanov A. N. 372 375 Nesterova M. P. 388 Netzer F. P. 350 Neugebauer D. 44 175 Neugebauer W. 14 Neugroschel R. 155 Neumann W. P. 117 134 Neuse E. W. 234 Neve F. 315 Nevell T. G. 363 New L. 276 Newkome G. R. 309 Newman L. J. 306 Newman S. P. 375 Newsam J. M. 159 220 Newton G. W. A, 372 373 Newton W. E.,213 238 Ng B. 54 Ngen Guin’Maj 373 Nguen Kong Chang 373,374 Nguyen H. L. 32 Nguyen S. L. 324 Nhan D. D. 382 Ni C.-L. 265 Nicholls B. S. 278 Nicholls D. 195 Nicholson B. K. 257 335 Nicholson J.R. 159 163 206 323 Nicholson T. 327 Nickel S. 361 Nickerson D. F. 249 Nickles R. J. 378 Nicolb F. 301 Nie C.-S. 159 214 Niecke E. 140 183 Niedenzu K. 70 72 Niedenzu P. M. 70 Nielsen F. S. 340 Nielsen S. A. 24 Nierlich M. 45 366 368 Nieteschmann K. 130 Nieuwenhuizen M. S. 355 Nihei Y. 90 Niki K. 350 Nikitenko S. I. 354 Nikolaev V. M. 374 Nikonorov Yu.I. 194 Nikonov V. N. 372 Nilsson J. L. G. 377 Nilsson M. 192 321 Nilsson P. V. 297 305 335 Nishida S. 149 Nishida Y. 234 Nishide H. 148 149 242 Nishihara Y. 371 378 Nishikawa E. 158 Nishioji H. 386 Nissen H. 330 Nitsche H. 365 Nixon D. W. 243 Nixon J. F. 168 308 312 315 Noble R. D. 239 Nocek J. M. 235 Noel D. 25 Nolle D. 73 Noth H.35 66 68 69 70 72 73 79 81 102 Nogami H. 329 Nogami T. 174 Nohr R. S. 92 Noiret M. D. 189 Noll S. 376 Noltemeyer M. 22 72 77 114 168 207 Noltes J. G. 102 Noodleman L. 236 Noordik J. H. 342 Norman J. G. 236 Norman N. C. 39 142 146 167 219 249 Norseev Yu. V. 373 382 Norton J. R. 198 Norton S. 12 Nosco D. L. 165 NOSOV, A. A. 373 Novak A. 108 Novak E. V. 103 Novgorodov A. F. 373 374 Novikov P. D. 388 Novikova M. I. 267 328 Nowak G. 381 Nowell I. W. 126 343 Nowogrocki G. 103 330 Nozaki H. 341 Nozaki T. 375 379 Nuber B. 228 329 Nunes M. T. 380 Nunisto L. 353 Nunn C. M. 60 Nunn M. 263 Nurlaila B. S. 380 Nusstein P. 142 Nutt W. R. 95 Oakes J. 232 Oakley R. T. 142 157 Author Index Oatis J.E. jun. 376 Oberdorfer F. 377 Obergfell P. 384 Oberhammer H. 109 170 183 184 188 Oblova A. A. 223 O’Brien P. 31 206 208 244 O’Brien S. C. 349 Occhiello E. 325 Ochaya V. O. 357 Ochi N. 276 Ochrymowycz L. A. 164 331 O’Connor C. J. 329 O’Connor M. J. 327 329 Oda Y. 387 Odell B. 161 238 Odom J. O. 95 Oduwole D. A. 90 Ohlmann G. 206 Oesterle R. 72 Oft B. 150 Ogata N. 387 Ogawa H. 312 Ogden J. S. 191 Ogihara T. 31 Ogino H. 163 Ogle C. A. 13 Ogorevc B. 332 Ogura K. 234 254 Oh B. 54 Oh S. M. 236 O’Hare D. 228 286 Ohe K. 174 Ohkubo K. 267,322 Ohman L. O. 88 Ohmer J. 164 Ohmomo Y. 381 Ohmura A. 350 Ohno H. 8 Ohsato H. 9 Ohsawa Y. 239 Ohst H.73 Ohta H. 380 Ohta K. 116 Ohta S. 241 358 Ohtani T. 104 Ohuchi H. 5 Ohya T. 245 330 Ohyoshi A. 241 329 358 Ojo J. F. 266 Oka K. 117 Okada R. 381 Okada S. 351 Okada T. 158 Okarma P. J. 13 Okawa H. 241 326 Okawara R. 133 Okazake H. 265 O’Keefe M. 97 Okey J. N. 342 Okujara T. 7 Olbrich G. 116 Olby B. G. 166 276 Ol’dekop Yu. A. 60 Author Index Oldfield E. 218 242 Oldham C. 339 Olesen P. H. 330 Oliva C. 315 Olivan A. M. 351 Oliver B. N. 333 Oliver G. 380 Oliver J. P. 310 345 Olivier M. J. 192 Olivier-Fourcade J. 104 151 Ollerenshaw T. J. 161 238 Olmstead M. M. 15 22 23 261 271 296 297 Olofson J. 305 335 Olsen A. 98 104 Ol’shevskaya V. A. 61 Olson S. 208 Olsson L.-F.177 Olsson T. 324 Oltiola E. 332 Oh E. M. 199 Olubuyide O. 266 273 Omar H. A. A. 262,267,330 Onak T. 54 Onaka S. 101 Onan K. D. 325 Ondo B. M. 265 O’Neill M. E. 37 38 Ong C. C. 32 Onoue S. 104 Onstott E. I. 354 Oohashi K. 382 Ooi K. 387 Ooi S. 329 Oosthuizen H. E. 282 Ootsuka N. 372 Opelanio-Buencamino L. R. 385 Operti L. 153 Oppermann H. 188 Oram D. E. 297 Orama M. 330 Orama O. 143 Orazzoni F. M. 315 O’Reilly E. J. 328 342 Orikata T. 27 Orioli P. 264 331 332 Orlandini A. 44 164 165 248 263 272 323 Orlova V. A. 376 Oro L. A. 292 293 294 295 296 Oroschin W. 360 Orpen A. G. 255 280 281 289 300 339 Orrell K. G. 160 166 Ortega R. 314 Ortiz J. V. 361 Ortiz de Montellano P.R. 246 Orvig C. 226 Orville-Thomas W. J. 176 Osa T. 247 255 Osborne A. G. 315 Osborne J. H. 147 236 Oshima K. 341 Oshio H. 162 Osso J. A. jun. 373 Ossola F. 45 Ossowski T. 328 Osteryoung R. A. 85 O’Sullivan T. 237 282 Osvath P. 273 Otake M. 87 Otero Arean C. 92 Oth J. F. M. 13 Otsuka T. 245 Ott E. 75 Ott J. 297 333 Otto H. 313 Otto P. 66 72 Ouili Z. 150 Ouvrard G. 150 153 Owari M.,90 Owunwanne A, 388 Ozarowski A. 325 Ozawa T. 6 148,262 Ozin G. A. 5 234 Paap F. 263 Pacey G. 27 Pachaly B. 78 Packett D. L. 312 Paddock N. L. 142 Padiou J. 352 Padma D. K. 183 Paetzold P. 68 71 73 Paez D. E. 348 Page C. J. 8 Pagenkopf G. K. 269 272 Pages M. 155 174 364 Pahil P.K. 327 Pahlmann W. 176 Pain G. N. 358 Paine R. T. 370 Painter S. K. 381 Paintz M. 381 Pakawatchai C. 322 Pakulski M. 142 146 219 249 Pal S. 240 321 Pala M. 29 Palamidis E. 361 Palaniappan V. 284 Palenik G. J. 100 271 Palenik R. C. 271 Paleodimopoulis E. 372 Palermo R. E. 255 280 Palkina K. K. 199 Palmer M. H. 156 Palmer M. R. 4 Palmer S. M. 248 Palmieri G. 344 Pampaloni G. 203 Pan W.-H. 159 Panek K. J. 374 Pankowski M. 251 Panyushkin V. T. 353 Panzer B. 102 Paoletti P. 157 330 331 Paoletti S. 355 Paolucci G. 367 369 370 Papaefthymiou V. 237 Paparizos C. 167 338 Papasergio R. I. 322 Papazian L. M. 246 Paping L. R. M. 327 Pappenhagen T. L. 273 Paquette J.180 224 Paradellis T. 372 Parasassi T. 223 Pardhy S. A. 283 Pardo M.-P. 152 345 Parise J. B. 88 96 Parish R. V. 338 Park B. 11 Park W.-B. 31 Park W. S. 11 Parkanyi C. 341 Parkanyi L. 125 Parker D. 271 302 330 Parker D. A. 324 Parker K. O. 258 Parker W. O. 259 Parkhill L. 46 Parkin G. 6 Parlow A. 176 Parmar S. S. 330 Parnes H. 377 Parnis J. M. 5 Parshall G. W. 358 Parvez M. 312 315 Pascal J.-L. 181 263 271 325 Pascard C. 29 Pasman P. 339 Pasquali M. 324 Pasquetto A. 224 Passmore J. 168 182 185 188 Pasynkiewicz S. 324 Pate B. D. 378 Patel P. 11 Patel R. C. 233 240 Patel S. N. 5 Patel V. D. 160 Paticio L. C. 380 Patil P. R. 165 272 339 Patnaik A. 385 Patricia J. J. 13 Patrick J.M. 277 279 338 Patrick V. A. 322 Patten K. O. 179 Paudler W. W. 188 Paul H.-H., 332 Paulson J. F. 139 Paulus H. 325 332 Pauwels E. K.J. 380 Pavivic D. 258 Payer A. 152 Payne M. P. 25 Payne N. C. 122 Pazos Perez M. P. 195 414 Peacocke T. A. H. 385 Pearson W. B. 93 Peart B. J. 309 Pebler J. 159 174 Pechurova N. I. 354 Pecoraro V. L. 98 233 235 Pedrosa de Jesus J. 296 Pedulli G. F. 79 Peeling J. 158 Peix G. 169 Pekala M. 92 Pelizzetti E. 239 Pelizzi C. 130 263 324 326 333 Pelizzi G. 130 263 326 333 Pellacani G. C. 325 328 331 Pellinghelli M. A. 168 Pellizer G. 311 Pelter A. 10 Pena O. 352 Peng C. T. 375 376 Pepermans H. 133 Peplinski Z. 331 Percheron-Guegan A.350 Perego M. 267 Peregudov A. S. 343 Peresh E. Yu. 101 104 Perevalova E. G. 220 336 Pereyre M. 134 Perez G. 383 Perez P. L. 292 Perfiliev Yu. D. 383 386 Periasamy M. 9 Peringer P. 343 Perito R. P. 261 Perkins A. C. 380 Perkins P. G. 7 Perlmutter M. M. 378 Perlmutter-Hayman B. 100 Perotti A. 330 Pemn A. 172 Persaud L. 272 Persico D. F. 115 Persson I. 343 Pertessis-Keis M. 384 Perutz R. N. 300 Peruuini M. 139 153 166 297 310 Pesce G. 11 Petelenz B. U. 372 Peter L. 155 Peters E. M. 111 187 Peters J. A. 355 Peters J. M. 377 Peters K. 168 Peters R. 286 Petersen T. T. 360 Peterson E. E. 362 Peterson J. R. 193 354 362 365 Peterson J. S. 35 292 Peterson M. L. 35 Peterson M.W. 245 246 Peterson R. A. 18 Peterson R. C. 92 Petraud M. 130 134 Petrov B. V. 374 Petrov. E. S. 359 Petrov G. 23 Petrov K. I. 91 101 Petrovskii P. V. 344 359 Petrucci S. 5 Pettit L. D. 308 Peysson Y. 351 Pez G. P. 4 Pezeshk A. 265 Heifer S. 201 Pfisterer H. 213 228 Pham; T. N. 11 Pham-Thi M. 363 Philippot E. 104 Phillips N. H. 11 Phillips R. C. 24 Pichat L. 376 Pichova D. 381 Pickardt J. 75 285 Pickett C. J. 161 Pickup P. G. 85 Pico C. 172 Pidcock A. 122 Pieroth M. 139 Pierpoint C. 262 267 330 Pierrot M. 341 Piers W. E. 294 Piette J. L. 377 Piggott B. 212 Pignolet L. H. 297 305 335 Pikul S. 324 Pilbrow J. R. 331 Pilkington R. S. 168 Pimm M. V. 380 Pina F.250 Pinillos M. T. 293 294 295 338 Pinkert W. 168 Pinkerton T. C. 222 Piontek K. 24 Piovesana O. 167 335 Piraino P. 301 333 Pisareva I. V. 61 Pitteri B. 310 Piu P. 327 Pizzotti M. 318 323 Platt A. W. G. 166 Pleiek J. 56 Pliego 0. H. 379 Pocev S. 343 Podlaha J. 339 Podlahova J. 339 Poe A. 227 Poggi A. 330 Pohl S. 14 118 Poilblanc J. 280 Polanek A. 92 Poleva G. V. 87 Poliakoff M. 219 Polk M. 140 Pollmer K. 18 Author Index Polm L. H. 278 Poltarzewski Z. 91 Polunkin E. V. 343 Pombeiro A. J. L. 223 Pombrik S.I. 343 Pomeroy R. K. 249 252 282 286 Pommerening H. 73 Ponticelli G. 332 Poojary M. D. 332 Poon N. L. 80 Poonia N. S. 30 Pope M. T. 22 160 Popeko A. G. 374 Poplawska J.324 Pople J. A. 7 17 62 Popo A. 369 Popov A. I. 24 25 102 352 Popov B. I. 351 Popov S. O. 356 Popova G. L. 388 Porchia M. 45 Porotnikov N. V. 91 101 Porta F. 318 Porter L. C. 328 Porzio W. 325 Posner A. M. 89 Posner G. H. 11 Possagno E. 383 Postal W. S. 332 Potel M. 151 352 Potgieter I. M. 9 Potier J. 181 263 325 Potier P. 271 Potter B. 111 187 Potts A. W. 156 Poutasse C. A. 129 143 Poveda M. L. 207 Powell D. R. 312 329 Powell G. L. 215 226 Powell P. 227 Power D. 39 Power J. M. 289 Power P. P. 15 22 122 261 Powers L. S. 246 Prabhakar S. 371 Pradervand G. O. 357 Prakash I. 175 Prakash O. 175 Pramuro E. 239 Prasad K. U. 32 105 Pratt J. M. 266 Pratten S. J. 16 Predieri G.130 263 326 Preece M. 149 Preetz W. 192 Preiss H. 194 Prenzel H. 182 Preston K. F. 202 Pretorius J. A. 282 Preut H. 144 187 Pribanic M. 234 Pri-Bar I. 376 Price S. J. 338 Author Index Prigodich R. V. 32 Pringle P. G. 312 315 333 Prins B. 328 Prins R. 333 Prinzbach H. 24 Pritzkow H. 62 105 Pro R. 93 Prokin E. S. 374 Prokopchuk Yu. Z. 367 Prokopovich V. P. 60 Proniewicz L. M. 262 Proud G. P. 303 Prout K. 23 222 Prozorovskaya Z. N. 103 Ptasinsky K. J. 351 Puddephat R. J. 312 314 Puff H. 128 Puga J. 286 Puigdomenech I. 353 Pujari M. P. 330 Pulla Rao C. H. 340 Pullin D. E. 107 Pyrz,J. W. 234 Qian H. Q. 379 383 Quaglia L. 377 Que L. 234 235 236 Queignec M.153 Qui T. 103 Quici S. 29 Quidacciolu R. 268 Quill K. 126 131 Quin J. 19 Quing-jin M. 242 Quinn R. 245 Quinting G. R. 39 Quirk J. P. 89 Raabe G. 117 Rabalais J. W. 70 Raban M. 19 Rabenstein D. L. 342 Rabi N. A. 377 Rabinovitz M. 4 167 Rack E. P. 385 Radanovic D. J. 303 Radar R. A. 329 Raddaccio L. 265 Radecka-Paryzek W. 357 Radha R. 352 Radonovich L. J. 267 Radunz A. 187 Rae A. L. 234 Rae D. C. 266 Raets D. 377 Raghavachari K. 7 Raharinirina A. 118 Rahman A. F. M. 310 345 Rai A. K. 144 160 Raikas T. 330 Rainer M. J. A. 332 Raithby P. R. 275 279 281 286 306 335 Rajasekhar B. 352 Rak V. 364 Raleigh C. J. 149 261 Ramachandraiah A. 331 Ramachandran J. 376 Ramachandran R.89 Ramamoorthy N. 371 Ramasami T. 235 Ramsden C. A. 309 Ramshesh V. 386 Randaccio L. 259 266 Randolph C. L. 256 Range K.-J. 24 102 Ranger G. 262 Rankin D. W. H. 94 130 139 172 188 Rao B. S. M. 382 384 385 Rao C. P. 272 Rao J. M. 10 Rao L. F. 365 Rao M. N. S. 157 Rao P. N. 333 Raper E. S. 322 Rapin J. R. 382 Rashin A. A. 17 Rasmussen P. G. 303 Raston C. L. 23 196 203 322 Rasuvaev G. A. 134 Ratermann A. L. 340 Rath N. P. 30 192 321 Ratier M. 130 Rauchfuss T. B. 150 251 370 Rausch M. D. 121 360 Raveau B. 103 Raven S. J. 300 Ravert H. T. 377 Ravindar V. 328 Ray R. 35 Raybuck S. A. 246 Raymond K. N. 98,233 235 356,365 Read G. 149 294 Read J. I. 33 Rebane K. K. 30 Rebizant J.363 Reddy A. S. R. 7 Reddy K. V. 169 Reddy P. G. 385 Reddy R. R. 7 Reddy V. K. 7 Red'kin A. N. 100 Reed A. E. 13 Reed C. A. 56 182 242 332 Reed D. 22 36 43 Reed D. L. 239 Reed J. W. 266 Reed R. W. 157 Reedijk J. 261 263 326 328 330 333 342 343 Reedy P. E. 297 Rees C. W. 156 Rees S. B. 33 Reeves R. L. 270 Rehder D. 227 Reich H. J. 11 Reich I. L. 11 Reich P. 206 Reichley-Yinger L. 266 Reier F. W. 361 Reiff W. R. 239 Reinen D. 325 Reinking M. K. 311 Reinsch-Vogell U. 159 214 Reisel L. 185 Reisenauer H. P. 62 71 Reisner G. M. 218 Reizig K. 140 281 Rendon-Diaz Miron L. E. 153 Renner M. W. 244,245 247 27 1 Rentzeprix P. M. 176 Resce J. L. 240 Rest A. J. 281 Reston K.F. 266 Rettig G. 371 Rettig S. J. 99 142 292 294 307 Retuert P. J. 168 Reuter H. 128 Revathi R. 153 Rey N. 104 Rey P. 164 Reynolds C. D. 276 Reynolds J. R. 310 Reynolds P.A. 239 Reynolds W. L. 266 Rheingold A. L. 183 251 257 259 280 286 3 11 Rheude U. 110 Rhodes B. A. 380 387 Rhodes L. F. 305 308 325 Rice D. A. 153 165 192 Rice E. H. N. 107 Rice K. C. 378 Ricevuto V. 311 Richards J. P. G. 310 Richards P. 380 381 Richards R. L. 223 Richardson E. K. 188 Richardson J. F. 157 160 Richardson R. M. 245 Riche C. 29 Riche F. 381 Richert J.-L. 315 Richey H. G. 17 Richman R. M. 246 Richoux M.-C. 225 Richter M. 381 Rickard C. E. F. 285 Ridberg Ya. 371 Rideout J. 343 Ridgley D.H. 170 Ridnour L. 244 Rieck D. A. 5 Rieck J. S. 351 Riede J. 95 Rieger J. A. 379 416 Rieger J. H. 352 Riehl J. P. 355 Riemer P. W. F. 92 Riess J. G. 75 Riffel H. 22 168 Rigano C. 18 Rigg D. J. 156 Rigo P. 377 Riley P. E. 233 Rillema D. P. 330 Rimland A. 377 Rimmer J. 302 Rios A. M. 27 Risenspire K. C. 378 Risse W. 253 Ritchey J. M. 370 Ritchie I. M. 203 Ritzhaupt G. 18 Rivers D. S. 246 Rivibre H. 281 Rivibre P. 117 Roath S. 380 Robard D. 387 Robbins D. J. 239 Robbins M.K. 239 Roberts B. P. 66 Roberts R. M. G. 128 Robertson H. E. 94 139 172 188 Robine A. 265 Robins S. E. 52 Robinson G. D. jun. 377 Robinson J. G. 92 Robinson S. D. 149 166 276 277,294,301 Robinson W.R. 329 Robinson W. T. 164 264 Robison T. W. 26 Robles A. M. 375 380 387 Rocamora M. 267 Rochani S. 326 Rode B. M. 25 332 Rode E. 303 Rodehuser L. 342 Rodesiler P. F. 343 Rodger A. 265 Rodgers K. R. 148 Rodler M. 107 Rodley G. A. 32 Rodman G. S. 307 Rodriguez A. 168 Rodriguez Pasques R. H. 371 Rodriguez-Ubis J. C. 29 Roduner E. 388 Rodygin A. S. 379 Roecker L. 164 Roemer J. 376 Roesky H. W. 22 114 168 207 Rogers J. R. 327 Rogers R. D. 207 360 Rogozev B. I. 373 Rojas S. 297 Rollins R. W. 159 Rondan N. G. 12 Roodt A. 9 Root J. W. 384 Rooze H. 180 Roper W. R. 285 Rorabacher D. B. 164 331 Rosales M. J. 275 Rosan A. M. 150 Roschenthaler G.-V. 187 Rosen R.P. 198 Rosenberg L. 326 Rosenthal M. S. 378 Rosevear A. 374 Rosi M. 332 Rositani F. 91 Ross I. 364 Ross R. 305 Rossat-Mignod J. 351 Rossetto G. 45 369 370 Rossi A. R. 191 Rossi K. J. D. 303 Rossi M. 265 Rossi R. 224 Roth W. J. 202 339 Rothwell I. P. 200 202 Rottenberg D. A. 378 Rotunno T. 261 Roundhill D. M. 311 Rousseau B. 376 Rousseau G. 324 Roussi P. 119 Roustan J. L. A. 251 Roux P. 30 Rouxel J. 150 152 153 Roy A. 197 Roy J. N. 242 Royle L. 382 Rozen S. 175 Rozenkov S. B. 383 Rozibre J. 171 219 263 Rubezhov A. Z. 343 Rubin B. H.,95 Rubini P. R. 342 Rubinson J. F. 213 238 Rubtsov E. M. 367 Rudenko N. P. 374 Rudgewick-Brown N. 240 Rudman A. 355 Ruther R. 144 Ruhl B.L. 70,256 Ruiz J. 300 Ruiz J. P. 75 Ruiz-Amil A. 342 Ruiz-Vatero C. 173 Ruminski R. R. 330 Rummel S. 225 Rummens C. P. J. 327 Rund J. V. 70 Rush J. D. 334 335 Rush P. K. 46 57 323 Rushing C. R. 65 Rushman P. 286 Russell D. H. 146 249 Russell D. R. 177 318 Author Index Rustamov P. G. 101 Rustichelli F. 363 Ruth T. J. 378 Rutkovskii Yu.I. 83 Ruud A. 372 Ruzic-Toros Z. 191 Ryan M. D. 245 Ryan R. R. 257 330 Ryan T. A. 195 Rybakova L. F. 359 Rypdal K. 228 Rytter E. 191 Ryzhov M. G. 267 328 Rzaev R. Z. 98 Rzepa H. S. 156 Saadalla-Nazhat R. A. 331 Saak W. 14 Saar J. 265 Saarinen H. 330 Sabat M. 166 248 294 Sabrowsky H. 8 Saburi M. 271 283 Saccavini J. C. 380 Sacconi L.166 297 Sadek S. A. 379 Sadler G. 256 Sadler P. J. 309 338 Saeki M. 371 383 Saenger W. 19 24 Saeur S. 330 Safa K. D. 119 Saionov V. V. 102 Sage J. T. 235 Sahai R. 86 Sahbari J. J. 23 Sahlberg C. 376 Said F. F. 339 St. Julien D. J. 5 152 Saito M. 283 Saito Y. 87 284 Saji H. 371 377 378 381 Sakaguchi H. 350 Sakahara H. 380 Sakai T. 254 Sakai Y.,270 386 388 Sakaki S. 267 322 Sakamoto H.,25 Sakane K. 387 388 Sakata Y.,158 Sakuragi M. 388 Sakurai H. 211 Saladini M. 330 332 341 Sake B. 351 Sales K. D. 356 Salifoglou A. 238 Sallans L. 231 249 Salomon M. 5 Salopek M.A. 193 364 Salt N. J. S. 300 Salvatore F. 339 Salvino J. M. 21 Salzer F. 140 Sambre J. 377 Author Index Sammartano S.18 Samoilov A. M. 102 Samuel J. 379 Sanau M. 305 Sanchez A. 343 Sanchez J. P. 193 Sanchez R. 11 Sanchez-Burgos F. 254 Sinchez-Delgado R.A. 285 286 Sancho A. 330 Sandell J. 15 Sander W. 107 Sandrolini F. 325 Sandstrom M. 343 Sanger A. R. 294 345 Sanhu K. M. 35 Sano H. 257 Sansoni M.,267 324 Santos C. de 0. P.,343 Santure D. J. 202 215 216 Sapper H. 332 Sapse A.-M. 7 Sardella D. J. 80 Sargeson A. M. 200 241 264 269 Sarisaban S. 94 Sarkar A. B. 160 Sarkar B. R. 371 Sartain W. J. 280 Sarychev D. A. 373 Sasada Y. 276 Sasaki A, 388 Sasaki K. 27 Sasaki M. 5 Sasaki Y. 204 Sass C. S. 188 Sasse W. H. F. 239 Sastry K. A. 381 Sastry M. I. S. 180 Sastry S.342 Satchell D. P. N. 80 Satge J. 117 118 Satija S. K. 252 Sato F. 10 322 Sato H. 267 Sato K. 74 Sato M. 70 153 160 208 245 265 330 Sato T. 35 Sato Y. 265 Satoh M. 374 Sattelberger A. P. 44 202 215,216 Sattizahn J. E.,371 Satyanarayana N. 342 Sau A. C. 129 143 Sauer J. 134 Sauer R. 4 Saunders D. R. 276 Saunders V. R. 267 Saussine L. 265 Saux A. 134 Savage S. 241 Saveant J.-M., 245 Savitskii E. M. 351 Savoia D. 125 Savost’yanova T. P. 351 Sawada S. 103 Sawyer D. T. 222 244 Sawyer J. F. 301 Sax A. 116 Saxena A. K. 127 Sazonova. I. G. 89 Scanlon J. C. 199 Scarrow R. C. 233 235 Schaber P. M. 255 328 Schachschneider G. 380 Schack C. J. 136 177 Schade C. 11 Schafer A.118 Schafer H. 140 Schaefer J. 277 Schaeffer C. D. 122 Schar M. 4 Schafer H. 153 169 173 191 Schafer U. 173 Schaffer C. E. 264 Schaffner K. 219 Schappacher M. 246 Schark R. 186 Schat G. 125 344 Schauer C. K. 341 Scheer M. 122 Schefer J. 264 Scheidsteger O. 136 143 146 174 Scheidt W. R. 56 78 182 242 247 Schemm R. 146 Schenck T. G. 292 301 Scherer 0.J. 140 Schiavo S. L. 301 Schiffer H. 141 Schilling B. E. R. 16 120 Schimkowiak J. 207 Schipper P. E. 265 Schirber J. E. 104 Schiue C.-Y. 378 Schlegel H. B. 182 Schleid T. 191 Schlemper E. O. 148 267 Schlesinger K. 199 Schleuederberg J. 381 Schleyer P. von R. 4 7 11 12 14 15 39 62 120 Schlichte K. 17 Schlogl R. 54 Schluter E.,14 167 Schmall B.377 Schmand J. 154 Schmid G. 68 71 73 121 Schmidbauer H. 75 94 95 139 142 175 Schmidkonz B. 165 Schmidpeter A. 22 138 Schmidt B. M. 144 Schmidt H. E. 381 Schmidt H. R. 137 Schmidt J. 125 Schmidt K. 225 Schmidt M. W. 119 Schmidt R. E. 159 160 209 Schmitt R. K. 216 Schmitz D. 155 Schmitz G. 180 Schmitz K. 163 Schmitzer C. 362 Schmulbach C. D. 339 Schnick W. 8 148 Schnieders C. 14 108 Schock L. E. 18 361 Schoebrechts J. P. 85 Schoemaker D. P. 36 Schonheir W. 328 Scholes C. 342 Schollhorn R. 152 154 Schork R. 110 Schott D. 376 Schram E. P.,45 Schramm D. N. 4 Schramm S. 218 Schreier E. 206 Schreurs A. M. M. 333 Schrieber H. D. 363 Schriver L. 179 Schriver M.J. 168 Schrobilgen G. J. 171 173 177 189 342 Schroder E. 68 Schroeder T. 207 297 Schroter P. 169 Schroth-Pollmann M. 333 Schubert U. 116,260 Schubiger P. A. 372 SchuC F. 13 Schumann U. 23 Schuenke A. 382 Schuh W. 128 Schuhn W. 140 Schultz R. A. 26 27 Schumacher C. 159 160 209 Schumacher E. 4 Schumann H. 120 219 285 358 361 Schumann M. 267 Schurz K. 118 Schwabe L. 329 Schwanitz-Schuller U. 193 Schwartz C. 205 Schwartz L. H. 248 Schwartz M. 66 Schwartz R. W. 150 Schwarz H. 116 Schwarz H. A. 260 Schwarzbach R. 373 Schweda E. 207 Schweitzer K. 9 36 Schweizer W. B. 21 Schwertfeger W. 115 Schwesinger R. 24 Schwotzer W. 214 218 226 305 368 Scimar C. N. 166 Sciora E.350 Scotti M.,297 Scrivanti A. 305 Scudder M. L. 164 272 Sebald A. 124 Secco F. 100 Secomb R. 272 Seddon E. A. 285 Seddon K. R. 275 Seebach D. 13 21 Seeber R. 365 Seeberger M. H. 140 303 Seela J. L. 223 Seeman J. I. 255 Seevogel K. 78 Segal J. A. 281 Segawa M. 204 Segel J. A. 23 Segel S. L. 8 Seghi B. 331 Sehgal M.L. 330 Seidel G. 54 Seiders R. P. 262 Seignette P. F. A. B. 278 Seip R. 139 Seitz D. E. 381 Sekhar C. V. 227 Sekhar V. C. 357 Sekiguchi Y.,165 203 Sekine T. 374 Selegue J. P. 280 Selevich A. F. 87 Selig H. 177 194 Sellman D. 283 Semelhago G. 310 Semenenko K. N. 93,350 Semenov V. V. 134 Semenova G. V. 102 Semrad E. E. 101 Sen A. 356 Sen B. 6 44 Sen D.24 Senatore L. 261 Senho S. 387 Sensui Y. 383 Seppelt K. 111 170 174 187 188 189 Sergent M. 151 172 352 Serrano R. 135 228 Sertic M.,258 Seseke U. 168 Seshadri T. P. 32 Seshasayee M. 342 Sethulekshmi C. N. 236 Setkina V. N. 220 Seto K. 78 Setzer W. N. 4 Severengiz T. 144 Sevost’yanov Yu.G. 372 374 Sgamellotti A. 332 Shade J. E. 122 Shafice F. 134 Shahnazary A. 171 Shaia M. 218 Shakoor A. 17 Shalaevskij M. R. 374 Sham W. L. 31 Shamir J. 127 181 182 Shantarovich V. P. 388 Shantha Nandana W. A. 185 Shapkin G. N. 314 Shaplygin I. S. 101 Sharma H. L. 382 Sharma K. K. 326 Sharma R. B. 385 Sharpe N. W. 131 Sharrock P. 200,206 327 Shaver A. 310 Shaw B. L. 289 297 312 315 325 333 Shawkataly 0.B. 335 Shcherbina T. M. 57 344 Sheldrick G. M. 21 22 72 77 110 114 158 167 168 187 207 297 336 338 Sheldrick W. S. 22 75 138 Shelly K. 56 182 242 Shelton M. E. 148 Shen M. 354 Shen Q. 187 Shen Defu 376 Shepherd R. E. 255 Shepherd R. G. 20 Sheppard J. C. 377 Sheppard R. N. 212 Sheridan J. B. 253 Sherman D. 277 Sherry A. D. 357 Sherry L. J. S. 318 Shershuk V. G. 87 Shestakov B. I. 374 Shestakova 1. A. 374 Shevchenko S. G. 128 Shevchenko V. P. 376 Shibue A. 338 Shieh H.-S. 283 Shih J. S. 24 Shihua W. 234 Shim I. 202 Shimbarev E. V. 363 Shimizu K. 241 Shimizu T. 342 Shimo H. 326 Shimoni M. 376 Shimoyama Y. 87 Shinkai S. 27 32 Shinoda S. 218 284 Shinomoto R.366 367 Shiokawa J. 153 155 350 353 Shirai M. 27 Shirazi A, 242 243 Shishiba Y. 387 Shishkov A. V. 375 Shiu K.-B. 70 Author Index Shiue C.-Y. 377 378 Shklover V. E. 267 Shklovskaya R. M. 87 101 Shoemaker C. B. 36 Shohoji N. 363 Shokawa J. 353 Sholtova A. V. 91 Shomeker K. 373 Shono T. 25 33 331 Shore S. G. 39 2 Shreeve J. M. 109 114 156 167 183 184 187 188 190 Shreider V. A. 344 Shriver D. F. 30 249 251 252 Shum W. 197 Shuvalov B. N. 373 Shying M. E. 373 Shyu J. Y. 6 Shyy Y. J. 348 Sicignono A. 30 Siddiqi Z. A. 70 Siddiqui M. Z. 184 Sidorov G. V. 376 Sieber W. J. 44 Siebert W. 35 62 64 105 Siedle A. R. 343 Siegemund G. 115 Siegfried-Hertli L. 157 Sienko M. J. 5 151 152 352 Sigel G.E. 22 Sigwarth B. 136 143 Sigwarth S. 146 Sijtma S. K. 380 Sik V. 160 166 Sikka S. K. 350 Silaghi-Dumitrescu I. 168 Silat’ev A. I. 372 373 Silber H. B. 260 339 Silver J. 128 148 Silver M. E. 245 Silvestre J. 152 Simhon E. D 160,202 Simmie J. 127 Simmons C. J. 328 Simmons N. D. 162 Simolo K. 342 Simon A. 8 111 187 191 193 199 Simon J. P. 93 Simon W. 19 Simonet B. 243 244 Simonetta M.,12 Simonnin M.-P., 251 Simonov E. F. 375 Simons G. 72 Simopoulos A. 237 Simpson A. F. 219 Simpson B. R. S. 388 Simpson M. B. 219 Simpson P. W. G. 325 Simpson S. J. 248 281 Sims H. E. 374 Sing K. S. W. 87 Author index Singaram B. 35 Singh B. 89 Singh H. B. 174 344 Singh M.357 Singh S. 180 Singh U. C. 28 Singh Y. P. 275 Singleton E. 282 283 Sinha M.P. 5 Sinharoy S. 352 Sinistyna G. S. 374 Sinn E. 42 58 169 240 241 260 264,270 329 Sinnema A. 355 Sinnreich J. 373 Sinotova E. N. 383 Sirmokadam N. N. 54 Sironi A. 286 296 332 Sissoko I. 86 Sita L. R. 118 292 Sitran S. 367 Sitzmann H. 140 Siwap G. 54 Sjoberg S. 88 328 Sjoegren I. 377 Skala L. 377 Skapski A. C. 159 314 Skarda V.,239 Skelton B. W. 277 279 338 Skevyakova E. P. 91 Skibsted L. H. 336 Skiha 0.V.,363 Skobelev N. K. 374 Skoda L. 66 Skomorokhova N. G. 351 Skorik N. A. 100 Skorobogaty A. 331 Slima I. 17 Slater I. D. 333 Slawin A. M. Z. 30 302 Slebocka-Tilk H. 175 Slegers G.377 378 Sletten E. 332 Sletten J. 327 332 Sligar S. G. 246 Slinkin A. A. 351 Sloan J. B. 93 Sloane N. J. A. 275 Slob C. 13 Slovokhotov Yu. L. 336 Smailes D. L. 367 Small R. W. H. 95 96 Smalley R. E. 349 Srnieja J. A. 279 Srnirnov V. A. 100 Smirnov V. V. 373 Smirnyagina N. N. 101 Smit C. N. 118 Smith A. G. 382 Smith A. J. 300 Smith A. K. 278 286 Smith B. M. 333 Smith D. E. 265 Smith D. J. 335 Smith D. ON. 65 Smith G. 291 328 342 Smith G. L. 33 332 341 Smith G. S. 350 Smith J. D. 8 61 80 94 Smith J. V. 92 Smith K. M. 32 Smith P. D. 191 339 Smith P. H. 356 Smith P. J. 127 Smith R. M. 31 Smith S. J. 121 Smith T. D. 331 Smith T. J. 216 Smith W. E. 6 333 335 338 Smolander K.327 Smyth M. R. 332 Snaith R. 20 22 38 Sneddon L. G. 42,47 57 Sneeden R. P. A. 364 Snow J. T. 133 Snow M. R. 240 241,327 331 335 Snow S. A. 42,45 266 So K. K. 184 Sodhi G. S. 345 Sokol E. A. 374 Sokolov V. I. 344 Sola J. 166 Sola M. 331 341 Solache R. M. 374 Solans X.,21 168 267 292 309 Solberg T. N. 363 Sole C. 380 Solladit-Cavallo A. 218 Solntsev K. A. 38 Solomonik V. G. 89 Soloshenkov P. S. 367 Solouki B. 117 182 Solov’ev S. M. 367 Soltis M. 54 Somerville R. G. 57 Somorjai G. A. 364 Sonnenberger D. C. 363 369 Sono M.,243 Sonogashira K. 312 Sontum S. F. 242 Sood A. 166 Soong S.-L. 70 160 Sooriyakumaran R. 11 Sorai M. 236 Sorbier J. P. 341 Sordo J. 343 Sorrell R. M.335 Sosa C. 182 Soto-Tuero L. 330 Souaya F. R. 321 Soubeyroux J.-L. 155 Souka L. 379 Soules R. 310 Soulie E. 45 Sowa T. 227 Sowerby D. B. 144 263 Spalding T. R. 38 39 Spangenberg M. 155 Spartalian K. 235 245 Speckman D. M. 60 Speier G. 327 Spek A. L. 13 157 309 333 340,343 Spencer C. M. 249 300 Spencer J. N. 126 Spencer J. T. 137 Speranza M. 376 378 Spett B. 375 Spiering H.,241 Spirlet J. C. 362 Spiro T. G. 242 246 Spitsyn V. I. 223 352 362 374 Spool A. 235 Sportelli L. 332 Spotswood T. M.,29 Springs J. 249 Sprinkle C. R. 147 305 Squattrito P. J. 155 Squiller E. P. 17 Squires R. R. 231 249 Sreelatha C. 102 Sridevi D. 169 Srihari S. 328 Srivastava M. N. 341 Srivastava P.C. 381 Srivastava R. S. 133 167 Srivastava S. C. 380 Srivatsa G. S. 244 Srokowski D. 312 Stach J. 193 223 224 Stadler E. 254 Stahl K. 220 Stam C. H. 15 21,278 324 Stamm U. 260 Stamper J. G. 12 108 Stanco V. I. 381 Standke B. 148 Stanley G. G. 258 Stanton C. T. 80 Stanton J. L. 248 260 Starke M. 225 Starkova M. 387 Starodubtseva E. V. 351 Starosta V. I. 104 Starowieyski K. B. 16 dtassis C. 350 P’audigl R. 73 Stauffert P. 361 369 Stavropoulos P. 291 Steevensz R. S. 102 Steggerda J. J. 305,335 Stein E. 252 Stein L. 177 Stein P. 14 311 Steinbach H.-J. 192 Steinbach J. 381 Steinfink H. 153 171 Steinhaus R. K. 269 Steinkruger F. J. 373 420 Steinmetz G. R. 265 Steinseifer F.145 Stejskal E. O. 277 Stelluto S. 367 Stepanov Yu. P. 351 Stephan D. W. 160 198 262 327 332 Stephensm D. S. 110 186 Stephenson T. A. 280 283 29 1 Stem L. J. 234 Sternal R. S. 369 Stems R. A. 246 Stershic M. T. 161 243 Steudel R. 149 150 168 Steuer H.-A. 72 Stevens R. E. 279 Stevens W. C. 161 237 Stevenson G. R. 18 249 Stewart C. A, 145 Stewart J. J. P. 120 343 Stewart J. S. 72 Stewart L. E. 19 Stewart S. W. 328 Stezowski J. J. 14 15 Stibr B. 56 Stiefel E. I. 158 159 206 Stille J. K. 312 Stobart S. R. 255 280 301 307 Stoddart J. F. 30 302 Stover H. D. H. 25 Stollmaier F. 191 199 Stolyarov I. P. 314 Stolzenberg A. M. 161 243 Stomberg R. 208 Stone F. G. A. 57 60 162 229 289 297 340 Stone-Elander S.377 Stoppioni P. 139 153 166 297 310 Storch W. 66 72 Storozhenko D. A. 87 Storr A. 99 292 Storvick J. P. 269 272 Stoutland P. O. 306 Strahle J. 207 Straiti P. 91 Stramel R. 37 Stranford G. T. 155 Strasser B. O. 24 Straughan B. P. 340 Strauss E. M. 150 168 Strauss H. W. 381 Strauss R.,149 Strauss S. H. 189 245 Streib W. E. 200 Streitweiser A. 120 359 Strelets V. V. 60 Strelow F. W. E. 372 Strinna Erre L. 367 Strologo S. 198 Stroppel K. 121 Strouphauer A. D. 378 Strouse C. E. 312 Strub W. 388 Struchkov Yu.T. 61 220 267 336 Strumolo D. 258 Strunin B. N. 220 Stucky G. 342 Stuger H. 183 Stumpe R. 14 Stumpf K. 105 Stynes D. V. 248 su w.-Y. 11 Subak E.J. 273 Subrahmanyam Ch. 342 Subramanian G. 375 Suda Y. 388 Sudakov L. V. 363 Sudheedra Rao M. N. 168 Suehiro M. 379 Suematsu Y. 388 Suss-Fink G. 278 Sugasaka K. 387 388 Suggs J. W. 294 Sugie M. 39 Sugihara H. 158 Sugita N. 174 Sugiura Y. 360 Suh M. P.,267 Suib S. 232 Suib S. L. 251 364 Sukhova L. K. 93 Sukhoverkhov V. F. 194 Sukiyati Dj. 381 Suleimanov G. Z. 359 Sulfab Y. 331 Sullivan B. W. 239 Sullivan J. C. 365 366 Sumita K. 371 Summers M. F. 265 266 Surnner C. E. 265 Sun J. G. 379 Sun T. T. 377 Sun Y. 234 Sundaralingam M. 235 Sundermeyer J. 207 Sundermeyer W. 110 186 Sundoro-Wu B. M. 377 Sung S. S. 236 Sunley G. J. 300 Sunshine S. A. 199 Suprenant L. M. 124 Surat L.L. 91 Suresh B. S. 183 Susaki J. 342 Susareva T. M. 84 Suslick K. R. 245 Suslick K. S. 246 Sustmann R. 4 Sutcliffe L. H.,168 Sutcliffe V. F. 314 Sutin N. 260 261 293 333 Sutter J. R. 334 Sutton D. 335 Suzuki A. 35 Author Index Suzuki K. 378 Suzuki N. 74 Suzuki S. 329 Suzuki T. 211 Suzuki Y. 374 Svaerd H.,377 Svara J. 185 Svoboda K. 375 Swaminathan P. K. 32 Swarny S. J. 328 Swanson B. I. 252 Swany C. S. 352 Sweeney W. V. 161 237 331 Sweigart D. A. 242 244 245 Swepston P. N. 361 Swiatek R. M. 324 Swinnea J. S. 153 171 Swisher R. G. 42 58 Sykes A. G. 148 159 235 Sylva R. N. 86 Sylwestrzak M. S. 124 Symons M. C. R. 330 343 388 Syrota A. 382 Syutkina 0. P. 359 Syvert R.G. 177 Szarek W. A. 378 Szarvas T. 387 Szoerenyi A. 388 Szokolyi L. 388 Szpakowska M. 328 Szpoganicz B. 89 Szterenberg L. 213 Tabacoo M. B. 80 Tabard A. 101 243 246 Tabata M. 344 Tabuchi T. 371 Tabushi I. 247 367 387 Tachikawa E. 371 Tachikawa T. 383 Tachiki S. 32 Tack L. M. 107 Tadzer I. 380 Taga T. 227 Tagaki W.,31 Tagliavini E. 125 Tahara T. 78 Tajai H. 237 Tajik M. 191 291 Takagi M. 371 Takagi N. 388 Takahashi H. 388 Takahashi K. 234 Takahashi S. 78 312 Takahashi T. 388 Takai N. 388 Takakuwa M. 353 Takami M. 80 Takamoto H. 388 Takano Y. 163 Takase H. 388 Takatsuna K. 134 Takayasu 0..371 Author Index Takeda J. 165,203 Takei W. J. 352 Takekawa S.90,92 Takeo H. 39,80 Takeshita M.,254 Takeuchi H. 85 Takeuchi N. 388 Takeuchi T. 371 Takeuchi Y. 9 Takiguchi H. 382 Talan P. 381 Talbot A. G. 6 Talele L. T. 152 Taliaferro C. H. 98 Tamate K. 378 Tamaura Y. 232 Tamres M.,303 Tamura H. 7 Tamura J. 21 1 Tamura K. 90 Tan M.,354 Tanaka A. 371 377 Tanaka C. 381 Tanaka J. 232 260 Tanaka K. 209 Tanaka M.,27 97 233 344 Tanaka N. 264 Tanaka T. 163 209 211 Tandon S. S. 332 Tang N. 354 Tang T.-H. 156 Tang Y. N. 383 Tangi A. 44 Tanigawa H. 27 Taniguchi A. 342 Taniguchi H. 359 Taniguchi M.,151 Tanimura K. 321 Tanner S. F. 25 Tanner S. P. 224 Tapp N. J. 87 Tarantelli F. 332 Tarantelli T. 167 335 Tarascon J. M.,151 171 352 Tarasconi P.130 324 333 Tarasov V. P. 353 Targos T. S. 198 Tasaka Y. 174 Tate D. 14 Tate J. R. 328 Tatematsu Y. 101 Tatemitsu H. 158 Tatjanenko L. V. 332 Tatsumi K. 165 203 361 369 Tattershall B. W. 168 Taube H. 291 Taura T. 24 Tavano E. 373 Taylor B. F. 300 Taylor D. M.,381 Taylor J. G. 42 54 Taylor L. C. 333 Taylor M.J. 286 335 339 Taylor N. J. 280 Taylor P. 185 Taylor R. G. 23 Teare F. W. 378 Tedenac J. C. 174 Teixidor F. 21 328 Tekink E. R. T. 160 Tellefsen M.,350 Tellinghuisen P. C. 164 264 Temofonta T. A. 352 Tempest P.A. 364 ten Hoeve W. 377 Tenorio D. 374 Tensfeldt D. 192 Teo B.-K. 36 213 252 275 Teo S.-B.,331 Teoh S.-G. 331 Teplyakov V. V. 372 Tera J. 133 Terakawa T.237 Ter-Akop’yan G. M.,374 Ter Harr L. W. 325 Terheijden J. 309 Tero-Kubota S. 94 TeIzic N. 387 Teske C. L. 155 Tessier-Youngs C. 252 Tetrick S. M.,192 226 283 29 1 Teuben J. H. 44 TkC A. 9 Thakur A. K. 387 Thanabel V. 245 Theobald F. 130 Theocharis C. R. 87 Theriot L. J. 333 Thevenin T. 155 174 364 Thewissen M.W. 342 Thiele G. 191 Thimmaiah K. N. 341 Thom V. J. 270 Thomas A. C. 360 Thomas G. 322 331 Thomas G. J. N. 167 Thomas J. D. R. 33 Thomas J. M.,97 Thomas J. O. 90 Thomas M. 240 Thomas P. M.,328 Thomas R. 332 Thomas R. W. 193 Thomas-David G. 282 Thometzek P. 313 Thompson A. J. 239 Thompson J. S. 324 327 Thompson L. K. 326 Thompson M. E. 366 Thompson M.R.,56 60 Thompson R.G. 245 Thomson C. 43 Thorburn I. 149 Thorne A. J. 120 121 Thornton-Pett M. 16 44 49 51 52 196 248 289 291 315 325 421 Thrasher J. S. 169 189 Thyagarajan G. 319 Tiekink E. R. T. 144 Tien V. 155 Tilley T. D. 135 Timken M.D. 237 240 241 Timmer K. 342 Timofeev S. A. 384 Timofeeva G. I. 314 Timokhin S. N. 374 Timoshenka M. M. 344 Timper J. M.,355 Ting Y.-S. 245 Tinkham M.L. 8 Tinnemans A. H. A. 342 Tiripicchio A. 292 295 296 309,314 Tiripicchio T. 318 Tiripicchio-Camellini M.,292 Tissier C. 31 Titova T. F. 91 Tittel F. K. 349 Tobia S. K. 321 Tocher D. A. 284 291 335 Tocher J. H. 284 Todd L. J. 57 259 Todorovski D. 387 Todorovsky D. S. 384 Toftlund H. 330 Togni A.315 Tohge N. 172 Tokareva A. G. 101 Tokui T. 378 Tolbert M.A. 348 Tolksdorf I. 234 Tollefson N. M. 142 Tolman C. A. 247 Tolstaya T. P. 57 344 Toma H. E. 254 Tomas A. 155 Tomis M.,192 315 Tomblin C. 32 Tomilov N. D. 97 Tomilov N. P. 87 Tominaga T. 378 386 388 Tominaga Y. 342 Tomiyasu H. 147 366 Tomlinson A. A. G. 330 Tomursa K. 383 Tondreau G. A. 242 245 Toney J. H. 197 Tong W. G. 5 Tonn B. 262 Tooley P. A. 251 Tooze R.P. 291 Toradi C. C. 338 Toriumi K. 267 270 326 Torizuka K. 371 378 380 38 1 Toropova M.A. 383 Torvestad D. 387 Toscano P. J. 265 368 369 Tossell J. A. 156 Toth A. 324 422 Toth G. 375 381 Toth I. 86 Toupet L. 248 Towle D. K. 326 Toyota K.312 Tozaki K. 170 Trapane T. L. 32 105 Trautwein A. 246 Traylor T. G. 242 246 Trefonas P. 134 Tregloan P. A. 98 270 Tregubova I. V. 91 Tremblet M. 155 Tremmel J. 190 264 Trgu E. F. 168 Trichet L. 152 Trinquier G. 137 248 Trivedi M.A. 90 Trofimenko S. 70 Trogler W. C. 312 Trombini C. 125 Tronova I. N. 372 Trots S. V. 353 Trotter J. 99 142 292 Trotter P. J. 270 Troutner D. E. 380 Trouve B. 130 Trsic M. 157 True D. D. 382 Trueblood K. N. 28 Truong T. N. 118 Trusscot C. E. 179 Truter M. R. 25 Trzcinska-Bancroft B. 335 338 Tsai D. J. S. 35 Tsai H. 161 Tsai M. D. 348 Tsai T. C. 348 Tsang A. C. H. 66 Tsao C.-H. 4 Tsay Y.-H. 17 Tsetskhladze T. V. 383 Tsibakhashivili N. Ya.383 Tsirlin V. A. 374 Tsubonmura T. 267 Tsuchida E. 148 149 242 Tsuchiya S. 242 350 Tsuji K. 94 Tsukui K. 372 Tsurita Y. 87 Tsurumi T. 98 Tsygandi L. P.,103 Tuck D. G. 100 102 324 339 Tukada H. 255 Tulka J. 169 Tulyathan B. 286 Tumidajski P. J. 84 Tundo P. 330 Tung M. S. 6 Tuong T. D. 358 Turff J. W. 191 Turner J. J. 219 Tutai J. 379 Tyrell D. L. 379 Tzschach A. 122 125 126 130 133 Ubeda M. A. 292 Udagawa S. 98 Ueda T. 302 Ueda Y. 169 Uemura S. 174 Ueno S. 237 Uenosono S. 171 Ueyama N. 209 237 Ugai Ya. A. 102 Ugo R. 314 Ugozzoli F. 324 Ulanovski I. L. 331 Ullenius C. 324 Uma V. 166 Umani-Ronchi A. 125 Umeda S. 27 Underhill A. E. 330 332 Ungvary F. 257 Unny I.R. 276 Upmacis R. K. 219 Upton M. W. 147 Urabayashi M. 169 Urata M. 339 Urate K. 98 Urbanska J. 332 Urgelles M. 149 294 Uny D. W. 32 105 Uruska I. 328 Usachenko V. S. 372 373 Ushio J. 4 Usiatinsky A. Ya. 344 Usbn R. 192 315 338 Ustynyuk Yu. A. 344 Usyatinsky A. Ya. 61 Utsuno S. 329 Vaalburg W. 377 Vachuska J. 364 Vaglio G. A. 153 Vahrenkamp H. 297 Vainas B. 333 Vaira M. D. 297 310 Vaknin D. 194 Valade L. 271 Valderrama M. 297 Valencia N. 285 Valensin G. 199 Valent A. 327 Vallarino L. M. 367 Valle G. 367 van Bekkum H. 355 Van Binst G. 133 Vance C. T. 272 Vancik H. 117 van de Casteele C. 377 378 van der Helm D. 360 van der Heyden H. 339 van der Kerk G. J. M. 340 van der Merwe M.J. 270 van der Vlugt H. C. 374 Author Index van der Walle T. 377 van der Walt T. N. 372 373 van der Zouwen-Assink E. A. 342 van Dijk T. H. 377 Van Doren T. P. 171 van Driel G. J. 261 342 van Duyneveldt A. J. 193 van Eldik R. 164 239 Van Engen D. 324 van Haver D. 377 Vanja P. 380 van Koten G. 15 21 157 278 309 333 Van Landuyt J. 93 van Meersche M. 122 126 Van Neu F. 104 Vanquickenborne L. G. 263 Vanryckeghem W. 382 van Stein G. C. 157 333 Van Swaaij K. P. M. 351 Van Tendeloo G. 93 van Wolput J. H. M. C. 327 Vardhan H. B. 345 Vargaftik M. N. 314 Vargas M. D. 286 Varma R. S. 381 Varret F. 255 Vasaros L. 382 Vastag S. 257 Vauchskii Y. P. 267 328 Vazhnov A. K. 91 101 Vdovkina T.E. 101 Veenboer J. T. 382 384 Veenstra S. J. 35 Vegas A. 75 Veidis M. 325 Veiga M. L. 172 Veit A. 145 Veith M. 122 Veknis J. E. 183 Velazco M. I. 381 Venable T. L. 47 Venanzi L. M. 297 305 315 333 Venkatachalam C. M. 32 105 Venkatachalam T. K. 22 Venkatasubramanian K. 30 Venturi M. 250 Venturini M. 100 Verbetskii V. N. 93 Verbruggen R. 382 Verdera E. S. 375 380 387 Veres K. 376 381 Vergamini P. J. 104 105 Verkade J. G. 137 Verkruijsse H. D. 10 Verlashkin P. G. 354 Vermeer P. 324 Verschoor G. C. 328 Vesala A. 355 Vetter J. 227 Vezzosi I. M. 330 Vicat J. 103 Author Index Vicente J. 292 336 Vichi E. J. S. 252 Vidal M. 381 Viggiano A. A. 139 Vigner D. 45 366 Vigner J.368 Vijayakumar V. 350 Vikis A. C. 180 Vilcek S. 380 Villarroya B. E. 296 Villemin D. 91 Vifias J. M. 309 Vincent B. R. 130 Vincent J. 373 Vincent J. S. 381 Vincenti M. 239 Vinitskii D. M. V. 38 Vinke I. C. 309 Vinogradova I. G. 83 Vishnikin A. B. 103 Visser G. W. M. 378 Viswamitra M. A. 32 Vishwanath C. K. 31 Viswanathan B. 352 Vitali D. 226 Vitali F. 263 326 Vitl S. V. 267 Vitt S. V. 328 Vittal J. J. 122 342 Vogtle F. 19 27 Vogel E. J. 332 vogt o.,349 Volden H. V. 16 120 182 Volkert W. A. 380 Volkov A. F. 381 Vollhardt J. 10 21 Volostnykh V. B. 388 Volovkina T. E. 87 Volpe P. 383 Volynkin V. M. 84 Von Barner J. H. 84 325 von Niessen W. 267 von Schnering H. G.168 Vora M. M.,377 381 Voronin A. S. 367 Voronkov M. G. 128 Vorontsov A. V. 383 Vos J. G. 332 Vos M. 13 VOUNOPOUliS G. 372 Voyevodskaya T. I. 336 Vriens P. H. A. 327 Vrieze K. 157 278 333 Vucina J. L. 373 Wachdiat N. 380 Wachter J. 160 161 213 Wada H. 36 77 Wade K. 37 38 Wade R. S. 243 Wadle H. 212 Wadsworth C. L. 134 Waeber M. 283 Waghmare S. 384 Wagley D. P.,385 Wagner G. 119 Wagner H. 191 Wagner H. N. 377 Wagner T. 97 Wakihara M. 151 Wakita H. 172 353 Walker A. 310 Walker F. A. 247 Walker G. T. 7 20 Walker M.P. 91 Walker N. P. C 158 166 190 286 291 294 309 322 331 343,356 Walker T. G. 4 Walkinshaw M. D. 311 Walkup C. M. 80 Wallace D. W. 335 Wallbridge M. G. H. 42 46 54 61 Walsh J.263 Walters M. A. 246 Walther B. 310 Walton G. N.. 385 Walton R. 192 214 226 283 291 Walz L. 325 326 329 Walz R.,190 Wan C. 315 Wandiga S. O. 144 Wanek P. M.,373 Wang D. 24 Wang E. 232 Wang F. 350 Wang G. 350 Wang J.-X. 6 Wang R. J. 3 15 Wang S. 160 286 289 Wang T. S. T. 380 Wang X. 350 383 Wang X. Y. 379 Wang Z.-T. 58 264 Wannowius K. J. 328 Wanzke W. 186 Ward J. R. 262 Ward J. W. 363 Wardle R. W. M. 314 Warmsley J. F. 128 Wamer K. R. 70 Warrens C. P. 158 166 190 309 Washbum L. E. 377 Wasserman H. J. 370 Wasznak J. V. 171 232 Watabe M. 208 Watanabe H. 134 Watanabe M.,378 Watanabe T. 102 162 Waterfeld A. 110 115 186 187 Waters J. M. 213 336 Watkins C.L. 65 Watkins J. M. 255 Watkins S. F. 311 Watson A. D. 272 340 Watson P. L. 358 Watta B. 134 Watts J. D. 12 108 Way H. 326 Way J. D. 239 Wayan R. S. 380,381 Wayda A. L. 360 Wayland B. B. 303 Weakley T. J. R. 75 Weber D. C. 92 Weber K.-L. 114 168 Weber L. 140 281 Weber S. 66 Weber U. 136 146 Webster M. 291 Wedd A. G. 327 329 Weetall H. H. 175 Wehrmann R. 62 Wei C. 169 Wei C.-Y., 39 Weidenbruch M. 118 Weidlein J. 340 Weinhold F. 13 Weinland R. 290 Weinreich R. 372 Weisman R. B. 109 Weiss E. 23 75 Weiss J. 157 161 236 329 Weiss L. 332 Weiss R.,246 265 357 Welch A. .I., 40 43 52 57 183 Welch D. A. 52 Welch M. J. 384 385 Welcman N. 186 Weller F. 156 189 Wells C.P. 380 Wells G. B. 260 Wells P. R. 125 Wenderoth B. 11 Wenzel M. 380 Werner H. 290 313 Werner P.-E. 327 Werth M. T. 237 Werthmann R. 9 Weselucha-Birczynska A. 264 Weser U. 333 Wesolek D. M. 144 Wessely H. J. 119 West B. O. 210 211 244 West D. X. 330 West J. T. 247 West R. 78 117 118 134 Westall W. A. 353 Westdahl M. 327 Westeppe U. 17 Westera G. 380 Westerhaus A. 195 Westwood N. P. C. 109 156 Whangbo M.-H. 150 152 Whelan J. 292 Whelan T. 38 424 Whidden T. K. 185 188 White A. H. 23 200 203 239 241 277 279 322 328 333 338 White B. D. 26 White D. L. 233 235 White G. S. 198 White P. S. 168 182 185 188 197 203 348 Whiteley M. W. 253 Whiteley R. H. 315 Whitelock J.D. 291 Whitfield H. J. 98 104 Whitmire K. H. 146 250 Whitten E. H. 239 Whittle R. R. 17 142 198 250 257 356 Whittlesey B. R. 140 296 Whyman R. 219 Wiberg N. 118 119 Wicholas M. 262 Wickel U. 169 Wickenkamp R. 125 Wickman H. H. 238 326 Wickramasinghe W. 3 10 Widen L. 377 Widrig C. 376 Wiebe L. I. 372 379 Wieber M. 144 Wieghardt K. 161 234 236 240 326,329 Wieners G. 388 Wiesmeizer W. G. R. 342 Wietelmann U. 66 Wietfeldt-Haltenhoff S. 143 Wilbur D. S. 378 379 Wilhelm D. 14 15 Wilhelmy R. B. 233 Wilke J. 22 Wilkins C. J. 164 264 Wilkins P. C. 234 244 Wilkins R. G. 234 244 Wilkinson D. L. 360 Wilkinson G. 16 83 196 248 283,291 292 Willard R. J. 246 Willem R. 133 Willert-Porada M.66 Willett R. D. 325 Willey G. R. 144 Williams A. A. 333 Williams D. J. 30 156 157 302 310 Williams D. M. 153 165 192 Williams D. R. 33 332 341 Williams G. D. 250 Williams I. D. 235 Williams M. L. 277 279 Williams N. R. 372 Williams P. G. 376 Williams R. F. X. 334 Williamson M. 259 Williamson M. M. 225 Williamson M. W. 95 Williard P. G. 21 Willing W. 189 202 Willis A. C. 277 Willis C. J. 262 327 Willner I. 151 281 342 Wilson A. A. 377 Wilson B. A. 256 Wilson C. L. 94 Wilson D. R. 6 Wilson G. M. 222 Wilson R. D. 136 Wilson S. R. 237 256 Wilson W. D. 332 Wilson W. W. 136 191 Wimmer F. L. 310 Winchell H. S. 382 Wingfield J. N. 25 339 Winiecki A. M. 251 Winkler P.-P.,343 Winsel K.375 Winter G. 144 Wipff G. 28 Wirth D. 144 Win B. 376 Wiseall B. 90 Wishart J. F. 291 Wislan-Nelson P. 136 Withnall R 107 119 180 Witly H. 260 Wittebort R. J. 236 Wochner H. 191 Woehler S. E. 236 Wojnowski W. 168 Wold A. 170 Woldring M. G. 377 Wolf A. P. 373 375 377 378 383 384 385 Wolf C. 24 Wolfel V. 182 Wolfer K. 79 Wolmershauser G. 140 219 Wong C.-M. 168 182 Wong D. W. 380 Wong H.N. C. 195 Wong K.-Y. 282 Wong S. F. 212 Wong W. K. 283 371 Wood B. 8 Wood F. E. 295 297 Wood S. 352 Woodcock C. 252 295 Woods M.,365 Woodward P. 253 Woolery G. L. 246 Wool€ A. A. 5 Woolley R. G. 37 233 Woollins J. D. 49 156 157 158 166 190 309 310 Woon T. C. 326 Wormhoudt J.139 Worrall I. J. 95 96 Worsfold D. J. 13 Wovkulich M. J. 294 Author Index Wrackmeyer B. 54 63 73 124 Wright A. H. 281 Wright D. A. 205 Wright K. M. 25 Wright L. J. 87 Wright P. J. 92 Wright S. C. 249 Wright T. C. 295 Wrighton M. S. 256 257 Wrobleski D. A. 370 Wu J. G. 358 Wu J. L. 382 Wu T. S. 152 Wu Y. 383 WU Y.-D. 12 Wude F. 272 Wuest J. D. 192 Wussow K. 150 Wyeth P. 380 Wynants C. 133 Wynberg H. 377 Wynd A. J. 52 Wynne K. J. 92 Wyrick S. D. 376 Xiang G. 368 Xian-Ti L. 218 Xie Z. M. 136 Xin X. 160 Xin-Sheng L. 97 Xu F. 245 Xu G. X. 358 Xu S. 368 xu x. 15 Xu Z. H. 358 Xue Z. 384 Yadav S. K. S. 284 Yagi M. 379 Yakoviev I. I. 84 Yakovlev I. I. 193 Yakshin V.V. 366 Yalpani M. 78 Yamada H.,328,387 Yamada K. 388 Yamada S. 97 Yamaga M. 242 Yamagishi A. 238 Yamaguchi K. 18 Yamaguchi K. S. 222 Yamaguchi Y. 155 353 Yamamoto K. 302 Yamamoto S. 80 109 151 Yamamoto T. 342 372 388 Yamamoto Y. 11 324 329 344 Yamamoto Y. L. 377 Yamanaka S. 276 Yamao M. 388 Yamasaki S. 254 Yamasaki T. 378 Yamashita A. 330 Yamashita M. 101 Author Index Yamashita Y. 339 Yamauchi K. 155 Yamazaki N. 18 Yamazaki T. 387 Yanagi T. 371 Yang P.-H. 61 Yang R. 354 Yang Y.-C. 262 Yang Y. Y. 254 Yannoni C. S. 13 Yano H. 33 Yano S. 265 267 270 Yano T. 133 Yanovskii A. I. 36 61 Yaroslavtsev A. B. 103 Yasuda H. 10 340 Yasunaga T. 5 Yatsimirski A.314 Yavari A. 236 312 Yavari B. 128 Yeh A. 255 Yeh S. M. 365 Yellowlees L. J. 291 Yelon W. B. 351 Yeshurun Y. 194 Yeung E.-S. 4 5 Yim M. B. 260 Yip W.-H. 328 342 Yoder C. H. 126 Yohannes P. G. 31 Yokayama M. 247 Yokohama A. 380 Yokoi F. 379 Yokoyama A. 378,380 381 Yoneda F. 324 Yoneda H. 265 Yonekua Y. 378 Yoneyama Y. 242 Yonezawa T. 4 227 Yoshida T. 302 Yoshifuji M. 312 Yoshikawa S. 265 267 270 271 283 Yoshimura C. 241 Yoshimura T. 211 Yoshino T. 234 Yoshino Y. 283 Yoshizawa A. 367 Young C. G. 206,209 Young C. M.,332 Young D. A. 265 Young G. B. 314 Young J. P. 193 365 Young R. 247 Young S. J. 312 Youngkyu D. 202 Yuan H. S. H. 16 Yuan J.-J. 4 Yuan Y. 266 Yuasa M.148 149 242 Yurchenko A. G. 267 Yus M. 343 Yvon K. 264 Zabel M. 24 Zabel V. 19 Za Chan Gen 103 Zacharias P. S. 322 331 Zacharie B. 192 Zagorodnikov V. P. 314 Zahn T. 160 161 165 Zaidi S. A. A. 70 Zaidi S. R. A. 70 Zaika D. 73 121 Zaikovsky V. I. 314 Zaima H. 209 Zajtsev V. M. 372 Zajtseva N. G. 373 Zakharkin L. I. 61 Zakharova I. A. 332 Zaki A. 382 Zaki F. S. 381 Zalkin A. 359 367 370 Zamaraev K. I. 314 Zanazzi P. F. 167 203 226 335 Zanchini C. 325 326 327 330 333 Zanella P. 45 365 369 370 Zangrando E. 259 266 Zanirato P. 72 Zanobini F. 248 264 Zarembowitch J. 262 Zavadskaya N. N. 388 Zaworotko M. J. 307 Zayas J. 57 Zaykoski R. E. 329 Zbinden D. 329 Zekany L.86 Zelenka L. 64 Zelinski A. 373 Zellers E. T. 272 Zelnickova J. 387 Zemek J. 377 Zemlicka M. 327 Zenkert K. 290 313 Zerger R. P. 232 Zeug N. 339 Zeuner S. 219 Zhang C. S. 181,271 325 Zhang H. 359 360 Zhang P. 383 Zhang Q. 349 Zhang Q. X.,379 Zhang Y. 11 Zhao Xialing 376 Zhenghao L. 379 Zhjkov B. L. 374 Zhukova L. V. 102 Zhuravelva E. L. 374 Zhuravleva I. L. 359 Zhuzhgov E. L. 194 Ziebarth R. P. 8 36 Ziegler M. L. 160 161 165 213 228 Ziegler T. 267 Zielkiewicz J. 328 Ziessel R. 281 Zijlstra J. B. 377 Zilm K. 194 Zilstra J. B. 377 Zimmermann M. 159 214 Zink J. I. 250 254 Ziolo R F. 174 Zitter K. 154 Zmbova B. 380 Zolliker P. 264 Zora J. A. 127 Zoroddu M. A. 268 324 Zozuliu A.J. 370 Zsinka L. 372 Zsolnai L. 136 140 143 146 283 343 Zuagulis M. 272 Zubieta J. 160 205 327 Zubieta J. A. 160 208 Zubreichuk Z. P. 60 Zucchini U. 93 Zuckerman J. J. 80 120 121 127 132 Zvagulis M. 332 Zvara I. 374 386 Zverev M.P. 388 Zwack P. R. 247 327 Zybill C. 175 Zyubina T. S.,88

ISSN:0260-1818    

DOI:10.1039/IC9858200389

出版商:RSC    

年代:1985

数据来源: RSC